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The author presents an innovative understanding of parallel economic convergence and proposes alternative methods of its measurement. The authors discusses examples of empirical studies that make use of the concept of parallel convergence in different contexts.
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The author presents an innovative understanding of parallel economic convergence and proposes alternative methods of its measurement. The authors discusses examples of empirical studies that make use of the concept of parallel convergence in different contexts.
More...
Costs related to undertaking studies are one of the less studied aspects of the growing interest in higher education in Poland. Every year, hundreds of thousands of households in Poland allocate considerable funds for this purpose. In order to continue their education, young people not only invest heavily, but also often postpone the decision to enter the labor market, and thus lose the income from work that they could obtain by becoming professionally active after graduating from secondary school. At the same time, significant funds for higher education are allocated by the state. The presented results of the analyzes were prepared as part of the research project "Social and economic determinants of study choices of people aged 19–30", carried out by a team from the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw on behalf of the Educational Research Institute. The authors identify the mechanisms involved in contacts between the four main stakeholders of the higher education process: public and private universities, students (and their households) and the state. Using the latest methodological approaches in the field of experimental economics and conditional choice, they attempt to measure the size, structure and differentiation of higher education costs from the perspective of both the student and the university.
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Costs related to undertaking studies are one of the less studied aspects of the growing interest in higher education in Poland. Every year, hundreds of thousands of households in Poland allocate considerable funds for this purpose. In order to continue their education, young people not only invest heavily, but also often postpone the decision to enter the labor market, and thus lose the income from work that they could obtain by becoming professionally active after graduating from secondary school. At the same time, significant funds for higher education are allocated by the state. The presented results of the analyzes were prepared as part of the research project "Social and economic determinants of study choices of people aged 19–30", carried out by a team from the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw at the request of the Educational Research Institute. The authors identify the mechanisms of contacts between the four main stakeholders of the education process at the higher level: public and private universities, students (and their households) and the state. Using the latest methodological approaches in the field of experimental economics and conditional choice, they attempt to measure the size, structure and differentiation of higher education costs from the perspective of both the student and the university.
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Costs related to undertaking studies are one of the less studied aspects of the growing interest in higher education in Poland. Every year, hundreds of thousands of households in Poland allocate considerable funds for this purpose. In order to continue their education, young people not only invest heavily, but also often postpone the decision to enter the labor market, and thus lose the income from work that they could obtain by becoming professionally active after graduating from secondary school. At the same time, significant funds for higher education are allocated by the state. The presented results of the analyzes were prepared as part of the research project "Social and economic determinants of study choices of people aged 19–30", carried out by a team from the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw at the request of the Educational Research Institute. The authors identify the mechanisms of contacts between the four main stakeholders of the education process at the higher level: public and private universities, students (and their households) and the state. Using the latest methodological approaches in the field of experimental economics and conditional choice, they attempt to measure the size, structure and differentiation of higher education costs from the perspective of both the student and the university.
More...
Costs related to undertaking studies are one of the less studied aspects of the growing interest in higher education in Poland. Every year, hundreds of thousands of households in Poland allocate considerable funds for this purpose. In order to continue their education, young people not only invest heavily, but also often postpone the decision to enter the labor market, and thus lose the income from work that they could obtain by becoming professionally active after graduating from secondary school. At the same time, significant funds for higher education are allocated by the state. The presented results of the analyzes were prepared as part of the research project "Social and economic determinants of study choices of people aged 19–30", carried out by a team from the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw at the request of the Educational Research Institute. The authors identify the mechanisms of contacts between the four main stakeholders of the education process at the higher level: public and private universities, students (and their households) and the state. Using the latest methodological approaches in the field of experimental economics and conditional choice, they attempt to measure the size, structure and differentiation of higher education costs from the perspective of both the student and the university.
More...
Costs related to undertaking studies are one of the less studied aspects of the growing interest in higher education in Poland. Every year, hundreds of thousands of households in Poland allocate considerable funds for this purpose. In order to continue their education, young people not only invest heavily, but also often postpone the decision to enter the labor market, and thus lose the income from work that they could obtain by becoming professionally active after graduating from secondary school. At the same time, significant funds for higher education are allocated by the state. The presented results of the analyzes were prepared as part of the research project "Social and economic determinants of study choices of people aged 19–30", carried out by a team from the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw at the request of the Educational Research Institute. The authors identify the mechanisms of contacts between the four main stakeholders of the education process at the higher level: public and private universities, students (and their households) and the state. Using the latest methodological approaches in the field of experimental economics and conditional choice, they attempt to measure the size, structure and differentiation of higher education costs from the perspective of both the student and the university.
More...
Costs related to undertaking studies are one of the less studied aspects of the growing interest in higher education in Poland. Every year, hundreds of thousands of households in Poland allocate considerable funds for this purpose. In order to continue their education, young people not only invest heavily, but also often postpone the decision to enter the labor market, and thus lose the income from work that they could obtain by becoming professionally active after graduating from secondary school. At the same time, significant funds for higher education are allocated by the state. The presented results of the analyzes were prepared as part of the research project "Social and economic determinants of study choices of people aged 19–30", carried out by a team from the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw at the request of the Educational Research Institute. The authors identify the mechanisms of contacts between the four main stakeholders of the education process at the higher level: public and private universities, students (and their households) and the state. Using the latest methodological approaches in the field of experimental economics and conditional choice, they attempt to measure the size, structure and differentiation of higher education costs from the perspective of both the student and the university.
More...
Costs related to undertaking studies are one of the less studied aspects of the growing interest in higher education in Poland. Every year, hundreds of thousands of households in Poland allocate considerable funds for this purpose. In order to continue their education, young people not only invest heavily, but also often postpone the decision to enter the labor market, and thus lose the income from work that they could obtain by becoming professionally active after graduating from secondary school. At the same time, significant funds for higher education are allocated by the state. The presented results of the analyzes were prepared as part of the research project "Social and economic determinants of study choices of people aged 19–30", carried out by a team from the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw at the request of the Educational Research Institute. The authors identify the mechanisms of contacts between the four main stakeholders of the education process at the higher level: public and private universities, students (and their households) and the state. Using the latest methodological approaches in the field of experimental economics and conditional choice, they attempt to measure the size, structure and differentiation of higher education costs from the perspective of both the student and the university.
More...
Costs related to undertaking studies are one of the less studied aspects of the growing interest in higher education in Poland. Every year, hundreds of thousands of households in Poland allocate considerable funds for this purpose. In order to continue their education, young people not only invest heavily, but also often postpone the decision to enter the labor market, and thus lose the income from work that they could obtain by becoming professionally active after graduating from secondary school. At the same time, significant funds for higher education are allocated by the state. The presented results of the analyzes were prepared as part of the research project "Social and economic determinants of study choices of people aged 19–30", carried out by a team from the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw at the request of the Educational Research Institute. The authors identify the mechanisms of contacts between the four main stakeholders of the education process at the higher level: public and private universities, students (and their households) and the state. Using the latest methodological approaches in the field of experimental economics and conditional choice, they attempt to measure the size, structure and differentiation of higher education costs from the perspective of both the student and the university.
More...
Costs related to undertaking studies are one of the less studied aspects of the growing interest in higher education in Poland. Every year, hundreds of thousands of households in Poland allocate considerable funds for this purpose. In order to continue their education, young people not only invest heavily, but also often postpone the decision to enter the labor market, and thus lose the income from work that they could obtain by becoming professionally active after graduating from secondary school. At the same time, significant funds for higher education are allocated by the state. The presented results of the analyzes were prepared as part of the research project "Social and economic determinants of study choices of people aged 19–30", carried out by a team from the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw at the request of the Educational Research Institute. The authors identify the mechanisms of contacts between the four main stakeholders of the education process at the higher level: public and private universities, students (and their households) and the state. Using the latest methodological approaches in the field of experimental economics and conditional choice, they attempt to measure the size, structure and differentiation of higher education costs from the perspective of both the student and the university.
More...
The publication presents various applications of models in economics. Several texts explore the evolution of model approach in selected areas of economics, e.g. trade integration, theory of a multinational corporation, and interactions between monetary and fiscal policy. Other texts present the results of research studies on decision making in central banks, fertility, the impact of taxes and social transfers on household income, exchange rate, and environmental inequality. The book is dedicated to Professor Wojciech Maciejewski on his 80th bithday.
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There are numerous theoretical and empirical studies on interactions between monetary and fiscal policy. Even if the independence of central banks affects those interactions, it has rarely been directly included in those studies. In this chapter, we present two general approaches to empirical studies on interactions between those two policies and the possibilities for inclusion of independence of central banks in their modelling. Generally, the first approach has poor theoretic background and relies on simple models describing rules for fiscal and monetary policies. Those models also include proxies for some aspects of fiscal policy. Similarly, some simple measures usually address the independence of central banks. The second approach most often roots in the fiscal theory of the price level. The overwhelming majority of presented studies report a significant impact of the central banks’ independence in the form of a more sustainable policy using the first approach.
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The theory of economic integration dates back to the mid-20th century. In the 1970s, initial empirical studies on the effects of economic integration appeared during the first stage of the functioning of the customs union in the European Economic Community. Researchers mostly highlighted the customs union’s static effects: trade creation, trade expansion, and trade diversion. The gravity model of trade became the basic econometric model for the ex-post analysis of the effects of economic integration, usually implying the positive impact of the integration on the trade flow. However, the expansion of integration and the trade negotiations created a need for the ex-ante analysis of the effects of such activities. To this end, the simulation models were developed, in particular computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. Such models allow for the analysis of how the economy might react to the changes; however, their complexity limits their usability in public discourse.
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In this chapter, we estimate changes in income inequality in Poland from 2005 to 2017 that resulted from the changes in tax and benefit policy. We provide the theoretical background and describe the characteristics of the methods for such an estimation. Our results suggest that income inequality decreased (as measured with the Gini coefficient); however, the values of the measure varied in subperiods. We conclude that the changes in policy did not counteract the increase in income inequality during the economic slowdown, but they contributed to the decrease during the economic recovery.
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We present modified Lee–Carter models for modelling fertility. We analyse Polish Central Statistical Office data on total births by age of mothers in Poland from 1971 to 2018 and the age of mothers at the moment of giving birth to the first child in Poland from 1971 to 2017. Although Lee-Carter model was designed for mortality modelling and forecasting, we adapt it to highlight a direct relationship between the model parameters and the evolution of gross reproduction rate and the average age of giving birth to the first child, both in cross-sectional and cohort view.
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This chapter focuses on tertiary education, which is a rare subject in studies on education. We present the determinants of the development of doctoral studies in Poland during the last two decades. The supply determinants stemmed from legal and financial solutions. The situation on the labour market for doctoral degree holders shaped the demand, even if need for graduates of tertiary education outside of Academia is limited to particular fields of science and law.
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Although there are numerous theoretical frameworks and statistical tools, while modelling exchange rates researchers usually focus on one of the factors that shape the actual exchange rate. In this chapter, we present a model that allows us to consider non-stationary variables. Apart from this, we are also able to examine separately the impact of fundamental macroeconomic factors and market factors on exchange rates. For exchange rate PLN/EUR, our results support economic hypotheses.
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The complexity of the state’s functions and their relationships with economic activities are best analyzed within the political economy, although the social choice theory or methodological individualism are dominant approaches of the mainstream economics. In this chapter, we analyze the role of the state in creating the institutional order and realizing development goals. To this end, we refer to the functional triad of values-standards-goods. The triad also becomes a conceptual framework for seizing the importance of the market and civil society in the inspection and disciplining of the state’s activity.
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In this chapter, we analyze the circumstances that one should consider while deciding when to retire. In Poland, over 90 percent of workers decide to retire either at the retirement age or shortly after. However, the results of our models indicate that ability to compare the individual and the general life expectancy allows one to benefit from postponing retirement. The demographic causes and the current Polish pension scheme make the odds of profit in favour of women.
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