Съдебни протоколи от XVI век за процедурата по определяне на границите на селското землище и екологичната среда в селища от старозагорската каза

Author(s): Milena Petkova-Encheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Sixteenth century is the time of dramatic expansion and demographic changes for the Ottoman Empire. A certain impact on people's everyday life has the environment and more specifically environment consequences in the means of increasing population, changing patterns of production, transitions from nomadic to settled agriculture communities. The village territory and the peasants' agrarian activities are of great importance for the economic history researchers, ethnologists and scholars interested in the Ottoman Empire and more specifically in the reclamation of the agrarian space. The present paper examines the procedure on fixing the boundaries of the village territory as it was recorded in the judicial records - huccets, included in the detailed (mufassal) defter of 1570 containing information on the vakifs of Pasa sanack. The judicial records refer to the village territories of four settlements - Kul Ibrahim, Sruca Reis, Boazkesen and Hizir bey on the territory of the kaza of Stara Zagora during the 16th century. The examined copies of huccets give detailed information about the two main elements of the village territory - arable lands and pastures, but also provide data on the environment of parts of the territory of the kaza of Stara Zagora.

Аскери чифликът - вакъфът - държавата. Чифликът на мютевелията на вакъфа на Софу Мехмед Паша от началото на XVIII век: генезис, развитие, злоупотреби, печалба

Author(s): Paulina Andonova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The debate of the identification and definition of the askeri cifliks lies at the center of the Ottoman economic history. Their existence arises important questions related to the balance in the Ottoman classical economic and social system based on the state land property, the legitimacy of the political power of the Ottoman ruling class and the revenue collection of the agrarian surplus. A typical case of land usurpation and private control over the appropriation of the agrarian surplus can be investigated in the detail thanks to a wealth of historical data consisting of tax registers (tapu-tahrir defters), inventories of vakf's revenues and complaints against the ciflik-owner dated from 16th to the beginning of 18th century. The foundation and practice of administrator (mutevelli) of the Sofu Mehmed Pasha's and Mustafa Aga's vakfs (charitable donations), in the beginning of the 18th century demonstrates the genesis of such farms by occupation of abandoned lands. In addition, the investigation of the genesis and character of Veli Efendi's ciflik shows different ways of violation of the land law by the ciflik-owner as a result of his attempts at accumulating land, power and riches. The information included in the documents concerning the case of the ciflik presents the importance of political and economic factors such as the impact of the military campaigns on the population and the possibility of usurpation of abandoned lands as a result of the flight of the villagers for creating big askeri cifliks. The administration and control over the vakf's revenues and properties as part of the ciflik-holder's official duties are also of great significance for making high profits through concealing the ciflik's population and workers, misappropriation of arable lands and tax evasion. In other words the investigation of the case of the Veli Efendi's ciflik sheds light on the basic debatable questions in the Ottoman historiography related to the genesis and development of the askeri cifliks in the Ottoman Empire and some violations of the law and taxation by their holder, especially during 17th-18th centuries.

Integracja ubezpieczeń środowiskowych i systemów zarządzania środowiskowego według ISO 14001 – raport z badań

Author(s): Malwina Lemkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is a summary of research on the actual and potential integration of environmental insurance and ISO 14001 environmental management systems (EMSs) in Poland. The aim ofthe research is to analyze the relationship of the above-mentioned instruments of environmental risk management and to identify the factors determining the propensity of enterprises to implement such elements of the system that will increase the usefulness of ISO 14001 standards for insurance purposes in the future. The data for the study were obtained through an asynchronous group interview conducted on the Bulletin Board platform among insurance sector experts and through a survey of organizations that implemented the ISO 14001 system in Poland. Template analysis of qualitative data, supported by narrative techniques and statistical analysis based on the chi-square test of independence, U Mann–Whitney test, Kruskal–Wallistest, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used to interpret the data. Environmental management systems according to ISO 14001 are not, in their current form, used in the process of providing insurance cover for environmental risk. Organizations managed according to ISO14001 rarely design and implement solutions useful to insurers. The latter, however, are statistically significantly correlated with the awareness attributes of the organization. Awareness attributes were also strongly related with the variables describing the propensity to implement additional – useful for insurance purposes – EMSs elements. The strongest motivators for the above, however, were of a non-insurance nature (e.g. obtaining tax credit).

Strategie de dezvoltare durabilă în regiunea Dyala şi oraşul Baquba din Irak

Author(s): Obeid Khalil Ali / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In recent decades, Iraqi historical cities have witnessed substantial urban and social changes that have turned them into unattractive places for living and investment, and where development potential has been ignored. The weakness of strategic plans regarding the consideration of the present urban development strategies has led to the random growth of the city, the distortion of cultural heritage sites and the quality of life in cities, generating social and environmental problems. That is why there is a need for the foundation of a territorial development strategy of Iraq and the studied area - the Diyala region and the city of Baquba, which is in accordance with the objectives of sustainable development at the world level and with modern urban regeneration approaches, which implies the improvement of the historical identity and cultural. The outcome of the development strategy of Dyala region and Baquba city must reflect the objectives of sustainable development and have a clear vision and strategic objectives in the short and medium term.

Zakończenie

Author(s): Edyta Małecka-Ziembińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Propunere listă de indicatori de performanţă pentru oraşul inteligent

Author(s): Lucian-Marian Pavel / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The notion of smart cities has emerged as an essential solution for tackling the significant challenges facing contemporary society, including rapid urbanization, climate change and globalization. Smart cities harness state-of-the-art technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to enhance various aspects of urban life, spanning from living conditions and work environments to information accessibility, social interactions and environmental sustainability. This technological integration offers numerous benefits, accelerating infrastructure development and improving residents' quality of life. Standardization and the incorporation of international standards, such as ISO 37120, ISO 37122 and ISO 37123 play a crucial role in assessing city performance. Romania's adoption of these standards represents a significant step towards evaluating and improving its cities. However, for efficacious implementation, it is imperative to develop implementation guidelines and provide support and training to local authorities. A comprehensive list of 95 performance indicators, categorized into six domains, can provide cities with essential tools for assessing and monitoring their progress towards becoming smart cities and promoting sustainable development. Customizing these indicators to match the unique characteristics of each city and fostering close collaboration with local communities, organizations and experts are crucial aspects for shaping and overseeing strategic objectives that positively influence the quality of life and sustainable urban development. This personalized approach is vital for the successful realization of smart cities.

Strategie firm w obliczu sankcji nałożonych na Rosję

Author(s): Beata Stępień,Szymon Truskolaski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: In this chapter, we analyse how companies responded to sanctions imposed on Russia after its invasion of Ukraine. We examine the impact of selected external (public-legal pressure, the size of sanctions and crisis caused by the war) and internal factors (strategic agility, code of ethics and sustainable conduct) on the degree of compliance with sanctions and the type of adaptation strategies adopted. Design/methodology/approach: The objects of the study are medium-sized companies from countries that have imposed sanctions (here, Poland, Germany and the US). The results come from an electronic questionnaire survey conducted in 2023 among 610 medium-sized companies operating in industries directly or indirectly affected by trade restrictions. Findings: The company’s code of ethics and the perceived severity of the crisis have the greatest impacton the approach to sanctions and respective adaptation strategies. At the same time, external and internal pressure affect companies in opposite directions, with consequences for their adaptation strategies.

Сервитути за енергийни обекти

Author(s): Gergana Boyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Easements for energy objects are distinguished by a number of characteristic features according to Bulgarian legislation. A key place among them is their nature as a type of limited property rights, which have undergone a change with the development of social relations in connection with the construction and exploitation of energy objects. As a result, a new category of easement rights has emerged, which theory and practice define as "quasipersonal". They are established for the benefit of certain persons in view of their activities, and not in view of the use of a specific property. The easements that arose during the operation of the repealed laws retain their effect if the energy objects are built in compliance with the relevant rules and norms. The Energy Act provides a special regime for the creation of these easements, as well as some restrictions related to their exercise. An essential feature is that the gratuitous exercise of easements for energy objects is permissible only as an exception, if it concerns real estate - public property.

Правна закрила на общоизвестните търговски марки и марки ползващи се с известност в страна с многомилионно население. Индийска правна система

Author(s): Mihaela Mihailova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

India is one of the few countries in the world with a definition of "well -known" in its national trademark law. India is also one of the last countries to ratify the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property. What are the legal and economic reasons for India to opt for a legislative approach for prior administrative registration of 'well-known' trademarks, given that the countries of the European Union abandoned this legal institution in their laws a decade ago?

Относно задължението на държавата за осигуряване на основното право на свободно предвижване

Author(s): Vasil Iliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article will examine the issue of the basic obligation of the state to ensure the basic right of free movement regulated in Art. 35, paragraph 1 of the CRC in the application of Art. 162 RTL. A review of the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Bulgaria regarding the provision of the right to free movement will be carried out. In conclusion, a reasoned conclusion will be reached, does it contradict Art. 162 RTL of the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria. The question will be raised regarding the need for de lege ferenda of Art. 162 RTL in the part in which it covers the application to Bulgarian citizens with a foreign national license to drive a motor vehicle, issued by a country that is not a member of the European Union, or by another state party to the Agreement on the European Economic Area, or from the Swiss Confederation.

Incidence of Fake News Shared on Social Networks and Risk Assumed by University Students

Author(s): Carlos Arturo TORRES-GASTELÚ,Joel Angulo-Armenta / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The objective of this paper is to analyze the perception of university students towards fake news by assessing the relationship between the incidence of fake news shared by themselves within their social networks and the risk assumed by students when sharing news they do not fully trust. Quantitative study through the application of a survey using a Likert scale applied to 313 students from different careers of the Faculties of Administration and Pedagogy of the Universidad Veracruzana in Mexico. Processing was carried out with descriptive and inferential statistics. The results point out the correlation between the risk assumed and the cases of false news shared indicating the existence of cases in university students with little predisposition to inquire into the reliability of the information, and who in turn, risk sharing it anyway. The variables of sex, age, semester, and educational program do not influence the risk that students assume when sharing news. However, students who claim not to share news they distrust also share fake news they do believe in on their social networks.

Model of a Neutralised Currency and Exchange System for Central Banks

Author(s): Peter Brass / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper describes a super-neutralised complementary currency as a currency and exchange system for central banks, independent of national interests which describes our world as a finite resource. The goal is a stable, crisis-proof financial system that meets the challenge of ecological and economic sustainability. In fact, it is more a unit of measurement then money, like the primal metre in Paris, but for money. Just as a uniform measure of length is important for natural sciences and technology, a fixed reference value for money can act like a Copernican turning point and could offer many benefits. This application leads to equality of weak and strong currencies. It enables weak economies to pursue an independent monetary policy and simplifies the path to monetary unions. It prevents speculation in the system. It creates a constraint to gradually reduce trade imbalances and enables over-indebted countries to get out of the debt trap.

The Impact of Inflation and Income Growth on Non-Performing and Restructured Loans: The Case of Bulgaria

Author(s): Violeta Todorova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper examines the relationship between non-performing and restructured loans, inflation and income growth in Bulgaria. The linear regression analysis shows that there is significant negative impact of inflation and income growth on NPLs and restructured loans for consumer credits and significant negative impact of inflation on NPLs and restructured loans for housing credits. There is no heteroscedasticity of the errors which proves that the coefficients are precise. Results show lack of multicollinearity, normal distribution of residuals and correct linear functional form of the model. However, there is autocorrelation of residuals and weak explanatory power. For improving the explanatory power of the linear regression model, more explanatory variables should be included - bank-specific, macroeconomic and institutional determinants.