Correlats de l’anxiété langagière

Author(s): Sylwia Łuszczyńska / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2016

There is a large variety of language anxiety correlates. Some of them have been investigated individually, while others in big clusters. They come from various spheres of student functioning: they are personal and educational, though the impact of social factors in affecting language anxiety has so far been neglected. In the article a global picture of language anxiety correlates is presented. It is argued that the correlates can be divided into three basic groups: personal, educational and out-of-school. Within the personal group there were: gender, place of residence, and general anxiety. The educational correlates included forms of FL achievement, student’s attitude to the FL teacher and subject, FL task difficulty, coping and language learner beliefs. The social (out-of-school) correlates of language anxiety comprised social support, economic strain and critical events. It seems that these factors, varying in space (intra- to interpersonal dimensions), are closely related to levels of language anxiety.

Стихотворная психотерапия в практике кризисной помощи

Author(s): Maria Arpentieva / Language(s): Russian,Georgian Issue: 18/2017

The article is devoted to poetry therapy as one of the most effective methods of psycho therapeutic work with children and adults, in particular, work aimed at overcoming negative experiences and attitudes, difficulty in functioning and human development, in the implementation of productive choices in complex situations and the complexities of relationships with yourself, others, the world at large. Poetry therapy – individualized,productive and efficient, developing trust in the world and to yourself that creates the experience of security professional and the method of ordinary care and self-help, which not only improves the human condition, but also allows you to create/activate the required attitude (intention) on changes, activities, understanding and/or transformation/development of the relations. Poems usually have a very significant psychological «charge»,giving a person the opportunity to relax and escape from oppressive or frightening experiences and ideas and to transform their direction to discover and explore their true needs. Purposefully created a thematic collection of poetry activates inner resources, awakening and «adds» energy, involving all aspects of personality and inner strength. This brings the person to the state of creative inspiration and so similar to his psycho therapeutic catharsis. Poetic therapy is, therefore, a very powerful system of healing approaches, comparable with the passage of deployed training programs or long-term counseling.Preparation and reading (silently or aloud, alone, expert, family or in front of a large audience) how small poems (containing only a few verses), called rather jokingly «stations» (little verse), or even «odnostishies» (one-line verse) and great poems, including verse poems and fairy tales, as the Central component of poetry therapy allows the person to change the understanding of strategy understanding. For a particular person productive and effective are not all poems, but mainly those that meet his inner intentions, that is «in tune» the internal and external world, his understanding of himself and the world, feelings and ideas of man. Therefore, even a poem, pleasing, and contribute to activation of internal resources in most people and is considered for this reason treatment, for any individual client may be «broken» or even destructive. The psycho therapeutic (healing) potential of poems for a person is due to the fact that they describe the modes of movement of heroes in the inner and outer world. The poem in the poem reveals the tendency of the person to comprehend himself and the world in difficult life situations. Readers can use poetry by readers as a tool that promotes directed activation of the processes of internal development and «removal» of internal, including psychological, problems. Verses lead a client «beyond» his personal history into broader contexts: into the contexts of internal and external search for the meanings of life, the meanings and directions of changing attitudes toward oneself to the world. Specialists often used poetic therapy alone, but they can be used it also to supplement routine, waiting on other psycho therapeutic methods. Thus, together with music therapy it is the so-called singing therapy. Through the comprehensive analysis and composing poems by the client or by the client to help the client: 1. to fill the gaps individual history, to actualize the displaced, «unknown» customer moments of personal history in particular, to Supplement the common information; 2. to form a new view of the situation, to move to a new level of understanding, change attitudes and behavior; 3. display internal and external conflicts of a client, their relationship, give the client the chance to understand them; 4. to create an alternative understanding of ambiguous situations, actions and people; 5. to create confidence in the solve ability of the problem, importance of finding and activity in the way of her decisions. Poems often reflect important elections in the life of a person seeking to become a person and partner: 1. the choice to live in reality, understand and accept the world, never ceasing to learn, the choice of humility and obedience in discipleship, life, 2. the acceptance of the world and their life, and acceptance of the difficulties and monotony of the world (life), the choice of preparedness for trials, difficulties, 3. the choice to be happy, confidence, trust, refusal to despondency and distrust, anxiety, emptiness, relationships, alienation, loneliness, 4. self-determination, activity, subjectivity, «non-adaptive activity», healthy discipline, understanding of their place in the world, the choice like particles of the universe, 5. The choice of non-attachment («inner silence»), calmness, peacefulness and non-aggressive, 6.choice respect the choice itself, authenticity, sincerity, honesty, truth, and also the diligence, 7. selection of respect for their work, talent, purpose, not the things,the rejection comparison, vanity, 8. the choice of love, kindness and attention to people, respect for other merits, achievements, and making mistakes, weaknesses, 9. The choice of acceptance and gratitude to adulthood, life satisfaction, its present, past and future. Interpretation of poetry need to consider socio-cultural and spiritual religious aspects of understanding itself, and of almost any kind, and especially philosophical poems and verses devoted to initiations and transitions, spiritual and social transformation, helping a person to understand and efficiently meet life’s crisis.

Ксенологический подход в психолингвистике и литературоведении: метаязыки взаимопонимания

Author(s): Maia Nachkebia / Language(s): Russian Issue: 17/2016

This article analyzes xenological approach in psycho linguistic research: the analysis of the understanding possibilities and limitations, meta-languages understanding. Discusses the results and processes, paradoxes and mechanisms of interaction between man and the world, including in the reading context. Substantiates the idea that reading will require changes in the understanding of oneself and the world and assume this change will lead to the transformation of representations of the person, including the infinity of its own resources, time and space in his life. Main statements of the author’s model of human existence, uniting self-existence, In to (other)-existence and co-existence of people and the world, it is noted that the widening and deepening of awareness of oneself and the world is associated with the development of these components and their harmonious interaction. it is concluded that the reading result for human consciousness will be the development of his self-awareness as a person, the selection is in itself the most important, humanity constituting aspects of the growth of respect for life and the world in General.Another pushes its boundaries at the expense of “I”, thanks to him. Moreover, the knowledge “I am” about Her there is nothing that initially there would be a Stranger. Even concepts and ways of dealing with them arises in communication with Others taken over or designed – existing as a reality created by Another before, or arising as a result of implementation of Your communication needs with Others.Find out the current situation life values and meanings are the most important indicator of human nature, his deep-lying internal areas, defining a particular understanding of oneself and the world, preferences in the selection of the meta-languages of understanding.. Understanding as a unity of fact and its assessment requires “acceptance of another”,suggests her pre-knowledge. Understanding the future gives the sense of the present, is the process of (self -) designing, based on the experience of the past and its reconstruction in the current situation of the interaction: the ability to extract meaning and edification possible only when the reader took the author’s proposed message. If the message is “Dialogic intentions”, its provocation by the author in the text not observed, the reading of the text is so unlikely and unwarranted, that even the efforts of the understanding are often doomed to failure. Understanding as a synthesis of understandings – unguaranteed experience of co-existence, their construction and build relations between the author of the text and its reader. However, the will to meaning and the effort of understanding and understanding, increases the chances to be understand: at least at the momentary level, try entering and staying in the flow, in the inter textual and End notes “the gaps and layers in the ineffable and hidden intentionally or unconsciously – from the author and his reader.Do a person report or does not give, but in the book he’s looking for Another, and also the understanding of ourselves and the world that this other can give. The ability of the subject to understand and be understood is only possible because there is Another: the communication or communications is going beyond Yourself, outside Your to the Other,connecting Themselves with the Other. Don’t be Another, there would be no understanding. Understanding there is always a mutual or shared understanding: understanding of event co-existence. Own, not recognizing themselves and their boundaries, and would remain undeveloped, “at rest” in self-sufficiency: as described in various cosmologies and mythologies of the absolute. This is the return to the “peace of self-existence” and occurs when one or the other part of Your is out of contact with internal or external Others, or when she gets herself in and with a particular goal, passing through a chain of “incarnation – the transformation-the implementation of” from alien existence to the event and self-existence.Trying to fathom how someone else can deal with the fact that the Alien is not: the illusion of Otherness is also common, as the illusion of its invincibility. In the dialogue,in the process of understanding, according to the formation and development of “co-existence”, many of the transformations and returns to His own, is a series of processes.Faced with Other people are likely to be faced only with yourself. Knowing someone else in the historical or diachronic perspectives, the person usually considers the experience of Another only as a more or less clear version of the experience Itself. The only way to understand anything: that means nothing to the person from the point of view of the previous or anticipated experience, understood can not be. That understood, never has a definite meaning and completeness: understood is the result of the final at the moment in a given space point as part of a unified field of meaning of the Universe.There are three primary strategies for understanding themselves and the world.Understanding possible as “output” (the decision on the understanding) through belief in the truth, incompleteness and the impossible. These “outputs” unequal in the sense of “the exhaustion of symbolic resources” (ways of formation of the meaning of what is happening in his internal and external worlds). The first method involves the justification of hope for understanding, but neglecting and ignoring the dead ends, giving up their own efforts to understand the satisfaction of superficial “knowledge”. In the second case, the hope of the subject for understanding is not met, but the subject cares about them and understood that because of impotence (his or another) to understand the other and otherwise. In the third case the conclusion of the impossibility of understanding , and, especially , mutual understanding, has the effect of “beyond the limit” refusal of understanding and change,or the attempts the impossible as impossible (e.g. in the process of translation desire is suspended or emphathic understanding).

Билингвальная репрезентация психических состояний на ассоциативном уровне

Author(s): Ekaterina Mihailovna Alekseeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The paper presents and discusses some results of the cross-cultural (German-Russian) scientific research on the realized component of bilingual associative representation of mental states with psychosemantic means. The native speakers of German whose foreign language is Russian (B1 – B2 level of the European classification) and the native speakers of Russian whose foreign language is German (B1 – B2 level) have participated in the experiment: 49 Germans aged from 18 to 25 years (9 males and 40 females) and 55 Russians aged from 18 to 22 years (12 males and 43 females). Two test groups (19 and 26 people, respectively) and two control groups (30 and 29 people, respectively) have been analyzed. The participants of the experiment have been asked to rate the associative proximity of the offered words – concepts of mental states – on a three-point scale.

ФУНКЦІЙНО-КОМУНІКАТИВНИЙ РІВЕНЬ ЛІНГВОПЕРСОНИ: ЗАКОНОМІРНОСТІ САМОРЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЛІНГВОПЕРСОНИ

Author(s): Anatoliy Zahnitko,Nadiia Zahnitko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 6/2018

The main kinds of linguo-personology with differentiation of the general linguo-personology, linguo-cultural and linguo-cognitive personology, social linguo-personology, linguo-personology of the self-realization and self-esteem were determined in the article. The principles of consistency and contrast were characterized as decisive for linguo-personal descriptions. The basic features of the categories of person, linguo-person and personalism were determined. Functional-communicative level of linguo-person was characterized with defining of its basic characteristics, traceability of typological implementations along with verbal-semantic, motivational and cognitive ones.

Fluența verbală (semantică și fonemică)

Author(s): Carolina Bodea-Haţegan / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 2/2018

This article defines verbal fluency, with both its ways: semantic verbal fluency and phonemic verbal fluency trying to answer to the fallowing question „Is Verbal fluency and indicator for linguistic or a cognitive development?”. In order to answer this question this article mentions lots of researches regarding all the area in which verbal fluency tests are used. Among these areas we can mention: linguistic area, neuropsychological area, psychiatric area. The practical aspect regrading verbal fluency is ensured through the proposed assessment and training tasks both for semantic and phonemic verbal fluency. The way Romanian psychological tests compress verbal fluency is another aspect approached in this article, in order to ensure for the reader, the possibility to have a global image about verbal fluency and its concert materializations.

Когнитивная дефиниция концепта СВОБОДА (по данным белорусского языка)

Author(s): Elena Rudenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 25/2013

This article was written as a result of my participation in the project EUROJOS: I had to discribe the concept of "freedom” in the worldview of the Byelorussian language speakers. Three types of data are discussed in the article: vocabulary, corpus (texts) and psycholinguistic data (quiz). The cognitive definition of the ``freedom” concept is modeled on the basis of these data in accordance with the methodological instructions of the EUROJOS project.

Opozycja swój / obcy w świadomości współczesnych rodzimych użytkowników języka i kultury ukraińskiej

Author(s): Swietlana Martinek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2008

The author investigates, from the cognitivist perspective, the US/THEM opposition in the consciousness of contemporary native speakers of Ukrainian. The study aims to reveal the archetypal reflexes of an old semiotic system and the changes it has undergone in the conceptual structures of present-day Ukrainians. An associative experiment has been used for the purpose. On the one hand, the data show the importance of the US/THEM opposition for contemporary speakers of Ukrainian, and on the other reveal the processes which take place in correlative conceptual structures: the broadening and changes in the sphere of US (belonging to us) / THEM (belonging to them), numerous oppositions between those spheres and active dependencies between components of these oppositions. Associative reactions allow one to explicate the connections between the US/THEM opposition and those of CLOSE/DISTANT or HOME/FOREST, which points to the existence of interlinked clusters within a holistic system of oppositions. Also discussed are processes which take place in the system of binary oppositions (asymmetry, the broadening of one of the terms at the expense of the other) and genre-related differences in the conceptualization of US and THEM. The very existence of binary oppositions, though with different hierarchies in different cultures, is a result of the functioning of a cognitive mechanism as a universal one. For example, concentric arrangement in the structuring of the space of US and THEM is viewed as a result of the processes of generalization and specialization co-functioning with a cognitive mechanism responsible for the formation of binary oppositions.

Zasady kategoryzacji

Author(s): Eleanor Rosch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2005

The authoress' work belongs to new cognitivist classics and constitutes the point of reference for a number of cognitively-oriented studies of language. The first part deals with the principles of categorization (the principle of economy and the principle of preserving the structures in the perceived world), which have a vertical dimension (dog - mammal - animal - living creature) and a horizontal dimension (dog, cat). In the vertical arrangement, one of the levels exhibits an especially high 'cue validity' and 'categorial resemblance'. This is the basic level, e.g. 'chair' in the series 'furniture - chair - kitchen chair'. Objects at this level share attributes, are used in the same way and look similar. Terms at the basic level are acquired first and used most frequently. The third and fourth part of the article deal with the horizontal dimension of categorization and with the process of structuring categories through prototypes. A description of an operational understanding of prototypicality is attempted. Finally, an analysis is offered of attributes, functions and contexts of objects as artifacts in culture-determined events.

Экспериментальный подход в портретировании концептов сферы свой/чужой

Author(s): Vladislava Ždanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 15/2003

This paper discusses possible criteria for the choice and testing of experimental stimulus-words, pointing to a general algorithm for the construction of associative and cognitive tests. The results of such experiments serve as the basis for a description of the domain OWN (US)/FOREIGN (THEM). The paper is based on reactions to the Russian stimulus-words 'patriotizm' (patriotism) and 'rodina' (homeland). In September 2001 associative and cognitive tests were carried out with approximately 100 students of the philological faculty of the Moscow State University (MGU). In the association experiment the informants were asked to give their spontaneous reactions to 30 lexemes. In the second, cognitive experiment, they were asked to define the lexemes in their own words. The analysis of the results of the experiments allows one to draw the following conclusions: both 'rodina' and 'patriotizm' are closely connected with the Second World War, which results from the patriotically-oriented school education. On the level of consciousness, a positive or neutral conceptualization of 'patriotizm' was predominant. One fifth of the answers in the cognitive test lacked a personal, subjective understanding of 'patriotizm'. 31% of the reactions in the associative experiment and 24% of the answers in the cognitive experiment showed a skeptical or even openly negative relationship to 'patriotizm', many of the informants treating it as an anachronism or something dependent on social stability. Similar results were obtained for the lexeme 'rodina'. The similarities with regard to the thematic choices and quantitative relations of the reactions to both 'rodina' and 'patriotizm' clearly point to a close connection between these words in the associative network in the linguistic awareness of native speakers of Russian. It is also an indication of a close distance of the concepts in the hierarchy of values.

Еще раз о стереотипах в этнолингвистике

Author(s): Elena Akimova,Aloyzas Gudavičius / Language(s): Russian Issue: 15/2003

The article presents the results of a small-scale psycholinguistic experiment, carried out within the framework of Jerzy Bartminski's methodology. The aim of the experiment was to identify the stereotypes of a Russian, Polish and Lithuanian in the eyes of Lithuanians. A hundred and fifty informants participated in the experiment: a hundred students and fifty city residents, aged 35-65. The results differ from those of earlier experiments with Polish and German students. In this experiment, the highest distinctive power can be attributed to the features of moral and social behaviour. The stereotypes in question point to the reversal of the correlation between the material and spiritual aspects of life. The experiment has confirmed the relative nature of stereotypes: the average rating of all three stereotypes among the older respondents is higher than among students. The authors briefly describe their own conception of a stereotype and its relation to word meaning.

Istraživanje posebnih jezičnih teškoća metodom kognitivnih evociranih potencijala (KEP)

Author(s): Marijan Palmović,Jelena Kuvač,Melita Kovačević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2007

New approach in the study of specific language impairment are based on the application of various techniques of functional brain imaging. These research allow for the investigation into the background mechanisms that cause impairment in language development and explain the behavioral data, i.e. features that are related to the language impairment. In this study a difference in language data brain processing between a SLI and a normal language developing (NLD) child was shown on a lexical decision task in an ERP paradigm. The results show a clear difference in electrophysiological response in the N400 component

La Notion de culture entre l'arabe et le francais; quelle difference!

Author(s): Fares Al ameri / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2019

This article highlights the terminological origin of the word culture in French and Arabic. It is a question of searching, in both languages, the origin of the word culture and to trace the history of its semantic evolution. It is important to show that culture previously belonged to a linguistic and semantic domain quite different from the one of current use. In French it was part of the field of plowing and working the land. As for its origin in Arabic, the word culture was, among other meanings of the same term, rather related to the craft of swords and daggers.

THE ROLE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING IN METAPHOR IDENTIFICATION: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Author(s): Vladimir Figar,Dušan M. Stamenković,Katarina Milenković / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2016

The paper endeavors to investigate the conceptual metaphor awareness via a psycholinguistic experiment done by Serbian grammar school and EFL students. The analysis is carried to determine the extent to which the students are aware of the differences between metaphor identification processes in the two languages and whether, in an attempt to offer satisfactory solutions, they resort to applying the mother tongue knowledge in case of not being able to interpret foreign language metaphors. The psycholinguistic experiment conducted in this research is composed of 28 metaphorical and non-metaphorical sentences in Serbian and English taken from the available corpora. The experiment was conducted by presenting the participants with equal stimuli,, where they were supposed to determine whether there is metaphorical content present in the sentences or not. In the final section of the research the results of the two analyses are compared to reveal that the assumptions we set off with were mostly correct. The obtained results suggested that language proficiency, the amount of exposure to L2 and direct formal instruction in various aspects of L2 are significant factors for fast and successful metaphor identification.

Возможность синонимических замен в устойчивых сочетаниях (экспериментальное и корпусное исследование)

Author(s): Vadim Alekseevich Belov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the degree of variation of collocations and idioms (phraseological units). The relevance of the study is that there are many collocations with different degrees of stability, but there are no criteria of stability/variation of collocations and idioms. Originality is connected with using mutual information statistical indicator for predicting the variability (stability) of collocations. Mutual information is a special statistical tool for measuring the collocation strength. The research method is based on the psycholinguistic experiment and the Russian National Corpus data. Two hundred and sixteen subjects took part in the experiment. The subjects’ task was to choose a synonym for a given context. For the experiment we selected 56 collocations with different degrees of stability, and then selected entries with these collocations from the Russian National Corpus. The results demonstrated no direct correlation between mutual information and the results of experiment. Therefore, it was assumed that the selection of syno­nyms in an utterance is affected by certain cognitive and pragmatic features: the idiomatic meaning of an utterance, the categorical meanings of the words in a collocation, the general meaning of an utterance, and the frequency of a collocation in modern speech.

Podstawowe problemy teorii świadomości językowej

Author(s): Krzysztof Maćkowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2020

The modern linguistics is gaining a more and more anthropocentric markedness. This contributes, among others, to increased interest in language awareness. This paper is intended to provide both an overview and a systematization. The threads it touches upon concern three issues. The author defines the very notion of language awareness, outlines the operating mechanisms of the mental base of speech, and identifies the subjects to whom language awareness may be attributed. Language awareness needs to be considered a separate mental structure being a fragment of the general human awareness. The structure has a dual nature. Some of its reserves are innate components, others are contents and dispositions obtained in the course of individual development. Both are responsible for language acquisition, coordinate language activities, and substantiate various judgments regarding speech as a portion of the collective life, i.e. a product of culture and a culture-building measure. The contents composing the broadly defined individual language awareness at the same time create the cognitive sphere, the pragmatic sphere, and the effective sphere. Obviously, specific language decisions are influenced by collective linguistic views. The speaker always gives in to supra-individual rules, which are an outcome of the states of collective consciousness.

S ALISOM DO ZEMLJE ČUDA I NATRAG Kontrastivna lingvostilistička analiza jakih pozicija u Carrollovu romanu „Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” i njihovih hrvatskih prijevoda

Author(s): Anita Runjić-Stoilova,Barbara Smajić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 8/2016

This paper deals with Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland as well as its Croatian translations by Antun Šoljan and Predrag Raos. The emphasis is on the linguistic and stylistic analyses of the original and its Croatian translations, noting the differences and similarities between the two. The theoretical part of the paper deals with children’s literature with an emphasis on the problem of its definition as well as its dual function and literary audience. Moreover, the position of Carroll’s novel within this genre is examined, noting which characteristics enabled it to establish itself as a pivotal work of fiction within the genre. Since this paper deals with Croatian translations of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, the problems and dilemmas concerned with translating a piece of literature are explored in addition to noting the factors which make translating this novel a challenging task for its translators. The second part of the paper deals with the linguistic and stylistic analyses of Carroll’s novel and its Croatian translations, focusing primarily on the phonetic and semantic levels and layers of the text. Through the prism of the so called strong positions of the novel, namely its title, the titles of the chapters, names of the characters and language games and experiments, the aim of this paper is to establish how and to what purpose Carroll uses the semantic and linguistic potentials of language. Also, the aim is to examine how Raos and Šoljan dealt with the challenge of translating Carroll’s unique style into Croatian and how their translations work within the context of the novel.

Editorial

Author(s): / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2019

Dezvoltarea competențelor profesionale ale specialiștilor în terapia tulburărilor de limbaj prin intermediul proiectului ERASMUS + „LINKS−Logopedists Interact for New Knowledge and Skills”

Author(s): Dorina-Anca Talaş / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 2/2019

The aim of this paper is to present the way the speech and language specialists developed their competences during the ERASMUS + project „LINKS−Logopedists Interact for New Knowledge and Skills”. In the first part of the article, there is a short presentation of the Erasmus + program, the participants and the aim of the project. In the second part of the article there is a short description of the main activities of the project and the conclusions. The short description of the course training activities is provided

Editorial

Author(s): / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2020

Editorial