Метаезикът и металингвистичната функция на езика

Author(s): Mariyana Stefanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 14/2014

The article starts with the statement that the metalinguistic studies look for ways of clarifying the mechanisms for learning the language and the reflexive attitude of the interlocutors with respect to the language facts and their exploitation. The main statements discussed are: 1) In linguistics metalanguage is a specially created one with the aim to describe the natural language; 2) On the basis of that Roman Jacobson states his idea about the metalanguage function of the language proposing his model of communication; 3) There is more general understanding of the metalanguage as “a hidden language in the used one.” A summary is made that the ability for carrying out metalanguage operations is the guarantee that the language individual could control the meaning of his/her proposition as well as their partner’s.

EKPHRASIS – A SUGGESTION OF PARALLEL READING “TEXT-IMAGE”

Author(s): Alina Marcela Banea / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2009

L’article essaye de donner réponse à la question suivante : qu’est-ce qu’ un ekphrasis?, tout en énumérant une série de définitionsdonnées jusqu’ici à l’ekphrasis. L’article commence par quelquesconsidérations générales sur la relation entre l’œuvre d’art littéraire etcelui visuel. Ensuite, il y a un encadrement chronologique et étymologiquedu terme/concept d’ekphrasis. Une place spéciale est accordée à quelquesthéoriciens de l’ekphrasis, tels que: Murray Krieger, Linda Hutcheon, A.W. Heffernan, Dan Grigorescu, Erwin Panowsky. L’ekphrasis n’est pas laseule modalité par laquelle on associe la littérature à la peinture, mais il ya aussi d’autres alternatives: la picturalité et l’iconicité. Au niveaunarratologique/méta-narratologique/métanarratif, il implique également lacomplémentarité des concepts de trans-textualité, transposition,intertextualité, commuabilité (Kristeva, Gennette, Baudrillard). Ces troistechniques ne s’excluent pas ; au contraire, elles interactionnent,collaborent dans l’acte de lecture et d’interprétation. L’ekphrasis est l’artde décrire des œuvres d’art, la représentation verbale d’une représentationvisuelle.intertextuality, ekphrasis, metanarrative, trans-textuality,transposition, interchangeability

МОВЛЕННЄВИЙ ПОРТРЕТ СУЧАСНОГО ЛІКАРЯ (ЛІНГВОПРАГМАТИЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ)

Author(s): Tetyana Leshchenko,Maryna Zhovnir / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2018

The article is dedicated to one of the central notions of anthropocentric linguistics – lingvopersonology. This thesis presents different views on the problem of personality as a complicated phenomenon, which can be showed from linguistic point of view. The new scientific linguistic paradigm has led to the emergence of scientific areas focused on the analysis of discourses, speech genres and speech acts. The purpose of the study is to describe the speech portrait of a modern doctor. The author has focused on the linguopragmatic aspect of making different speech portraits. This way clearly expresses the axiological orientations of the communicant. The main task is the analysis of his main discourse features and the characterization of the medical thesaurus. Methods of research are determined by its goals and objectives. Among the general scientific methods used in this article are observation, description, systematization. The methodological base is augmented by the method of discourse analysis. It is used to find out discursive features and relevant contexts. Elements of sociolinguistic analysis were used for determining the influence of extra linguistic factors on the formation of the investigated speech personality. The scientific novelty of the work is in the fact that for the first time it presents and describes the discursive personality of a modern physician in a linguistic and cognitive aspect. Conclusions. Nowadays doctor is commonly a highly qualified, educated, skillful person. He is a representative of the modern Ukrainian medical industry. It was found that his immanent speech characteristics are education, professionalism, responsibility, selflessness, morality. On the other hand, it should be poented out that deviations from the specified behavioral standards are revealed. The author has fixed in the medical discourse negative behavioral standards: illiteracy, self-interest, irresponsibility. According to the research, social and professional responsibilities sometimes may contraste with self-interest.

POUR UNE DÉFINITION DE L’IDIOLECTE

Author(s): Anca Lungu Gavril / Language(s): French Issue: 10/2017

The paper makes a synthesis of definitions given by linguists about the concept called IDIOLECT and presents pros and cons whether it should be considered a scientific notion to be researched as one. All definitions include terms like - individual, language, singularity, behaviour -, and linguistic works analyse language starting from its first material reality which is the individual speech. Some French researchers tried to find the reasons why the idiolect is minimized, to conclude that it derives from its vagueness and the impossibility to identify and theorize its characteristics (Détrie, Remi-Giraud), while others stated that the idiolect is always characterized by Repetition and Singularity (Barberis). Opposing idiolect to already recognized other scientific notions like Style, Sociolect or Dialect represents a key argument to making out of language a polylecte formed of numerous idiolects.

THE EARLY BIRD CATCHES THE WORM: BILINGUAL PRESCHOOL EDUCATION IN GERMANY – A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Andreas Rohde / Language(s): English Issue: 56/2001

Bilingualism or multilingualism is not the aberration supposed by those speaking a 'big language' but rather the default situation for the majority of speech communities in the world today. Based on this perspective, the psycholinguistic foundations of second language acquisition are explored in the first part of this paper and it is argued that bilingual education in a monolingual society should start as early as preschool. It is suggested that acquiring a second language does not represent any additional burden for young children but that it rather fosters cognitive development and flexibility. In the second part of the paper I take a look at different preschool programmes in Germany with a special focus on enrichment programmes. Two German bilingual preschools (L1 German/L2 English and L1 German/L2 French) are introduced and their structures discussed in some detail. It is argued that even in a situation where the use of the L2 is limited to preschool contexts, the children develop considerable linguistic skills in the new language.

PRONUNCIATION CLASSES: ACCENT IS NOT A CONCERN

Author(s): Lina Omran / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2016

This article discusses what should be taught in an adult-foreign-language or second-language-pronunciation class. Although many learners are concerned about their accent and their needs should be considered, mainly, intelligibility should be the focus. Intelligibility is achievable while accent elimination is hard to accomplish for adults if not impossible. In addition to some factors that contribute to intelligibility, such as intonation and stress, articulatory settings, sounds, and awareness, functional load is mainly related to intelligibility.

Editorial

Author(s): / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

Strategii de intervenție psihopedagogică în tulburările de pronunție

Author(s): Oana Petrenciu / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2019

Difficulties in articulation of sounds are common in speech and language therapy field. Their therapeutic approaches must be individualized The psycho-individual and age-specific features, as well as the characteristics of the type and degree of a certain disabilities, make speech therapy a unique, original, specific process.Through the present research we wanted to highlight the uniqueness of the speech therapy sessions, as we follow the classic approach, we can give a specific note to the activities carried out by innovative methods, techniques and means of teaching applied to a distinct category of pupils, those with intellectual disabilities.The research methodology include the purpose, objectives, research hypotheses, the research approach and the description of the group of participants, emphasizing the description and the usefulness of the ” Paşi prin lumea sunetelor ” application both as an assessment and as an intervention tool.

Narativi kod dece

Author(s): Jasna Levinger / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1/1987

Review of: Svenka Savić, "Narativi kod dece", Institut za južnoslovenske jezike Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, Prosveta, Novi Sad, 1985.; by: Jasna Levinger

Gramatika govora

Author(s): Naila Hebib-Valjevac / Language(s): Bosnian,Serbian Issue: 2/1981

Review of: Branko Vuletić, "Gramatika govora", Grafički zavod Hrvatske, Biblioteka Teka, Zagreb, 1980.; by: Naila Hebib-Valjevac

О разочаровании в русском языковом сознании

Author(s): Andrey Evgenyevich Bochkarev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02/2018

This paper explores the ways of displaying disappointment in the Russian language in order to show how the analyzed emotional concept varies in relation to the main values in some typical disappointment-situations.

Code Switching in Ethiopian Primary and Secondary EFL Classrooms: A Comparison of its Extent and Types

Author(s): Dereje Assefa Sime / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This study explores the practice of Code Switching (CS) in Ethiopian EFL classrooms. To this end, two EFL teachers were observed and audio-recorded for 6 sessions (3 sessions for each). Responding to the extent and types of CS used in the EFL classrooms, the analysis of the classroom interaction transcripts revealed that the use of CS was prevalent, and it was recognized that the participant EFL teachers practiced CS based on the learners’ grade levels. Regarding the extent of L1 use in EFL classes, word count was used as a unit of analysis, and from the total teachers’ language use, the average percentage of L1 use at the elementary school level was 31.9%; on the other hand, there was 17% L1 use at secondary school level. Similarly, four patterns or types of CS were used during the observation in both grade levels: Intra-sentential, inter-sentential, extra-sentential (tag) and intra word CS. Among these, intra-sentential CS was used more frequently (53%) from the total CS patterns at the elementary schools (grade 7) level; in contrast, inter-sentential CS was the main (38.6%) type of CS practiced at the secondary school (grade 9) level. Therefore, with the avoidance of intra-word code switching, it would be appropriate to acknowledge other types of CS as a strategy for teaching English in the EFL classroom discourse like Ethiopia, but its frequency should keep in view of the grade levels of the students.

Communication Strategies of Indonesian Bilingual School Students: An Analysis in One Way Communication Context

Author(s): Afitri Rahma Wati,Agus Widyantoro / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Considerable bodies of the study reveal that communication strategies are very critical in the communication process. They functioned to solve the linguistics insufficiency or breakdowns in communication and to help learners communicate effectively. Besides, undoubtedly, these strategies contribute not only in two-way communications but also one-way communications. This study was, therefore, to investigate how Indonesian EFL students in a bilingual school utilize communication strategies in their speech in the public speaking training and the reason why they use those strategies. The participants were 4 students from a bilingual boarding school. All of them were female who used Javanese as their mother tongue. The data were collected by observations and interviews. The students' speech performances during the speech training program were video recorded and then transcribed and analyzed. The result revealed that students tended to use self-repair, fillers and hesitation devices in their speech. They used self-repair and filler mostly when they needed time to think what they wanted to say. However, self-repair was also used by students when they were aware of their mistakes, so they repeated their utterances. Furthermore, the students’ linguistic limitation also became problematic in the students’ speech process. The study revealed that students lacked vocabulary and understanding grammar became an obstacle in students' speech.

Wielojęzyczność indywidualna jako problem badawczy lingwistyki. Przypadek Bronisława Malinowskiego

Author(s): Anna Mazur / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2019

The goal of the paper is to outline the methodological approach to a study of a multilingual person, and their linguistic output recorded in multilingual texts. It employs the set of conceptual and research instruments developed for the investigation of individual bilingualism and recorded bilingual speech, and uses them to explore the linguistic strategies of Bronisław Malinowski, an outstanding anthropologist and a multilingual person who consciously exploited the codes he knew in the process of creating multilingual texts – heterogeneous by their very nature, and yet cohesive. A multilingual text is a text in which several languages coexist, but always only two codes meet in a given point on the line of the text. Traces of the meeting of languages are visible in the form of transcodic markers. Their formal and functional analysis serves to examine the rules on which several languages have been introduced into a text, which can be an inspiration to outline the grammar of individual multilinguality.

Lexical Means Which Indicate the (In)Credibility of Media Contents (A Psycholinguistic Experiment)

Author(s): Andreana Eftimova / Language(s): English Issue: 3 (235)/2018

In reference to the frequent breach of Paul Grice’s maxim about truth, this article seeks answers to the questions: do Bulgarians recognize unreliable information in the media and what is the role of linguistic means in the process of interpreting the truth of the media contents? It discusses the results of an experiment aimed at verifying the roles of three groups of language expressions in forming a sense of credibility or unreliability of journalistic information among recipients.

HOW ARE THE WORDS OF TWO LANGUAGES STORED IN THE BILINGUAL BRAIN?

Author(s): Judit Navracsics / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The question of how bilingual people store linguistic information in their brain has been in the focus of bilingualism research for about 30 years now. Studies have been mushrooming to find out whether languages are stored in a unitary or a separated way. Research first concentrated on bilingual child language development, and first the unitary, later the separated hypothesis was proved. Psycholinguistic data gained from adult bilinguals have shown the complexity of the question, and still we have no definite answer. However, it has been discovered that there are influencing factors: age, proficiency level and manner of acquisition. The latest, neuroimaging methods in studying the multilingual brain enable us to see what is going on in the brain during multiple speech processing. There is no final answer yet concerning multilingual storage, but the influencing factors really have a major role, only we do not know which of them is primary. The latest research (brain mapping) proves that concepts are spread all across the brain in both hemispheres. Words are activated in different parts of the brain depending on their meanings (e.g. the ’top’ in areas related to numbers, clothing, buildings). Although each individual’s brain map is different, different people have the same concepts in the same areas, irrespective of the languages. If this is true, the question whether the storage of the two languages is unitary or separated has no relevance any longer.

Leksički pristup hrvatskih govornika engleskog s različitim razinama jezičnog znanja

Author(s): Bojana Ćoso,Irena Bogunović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 87/2019

In Croatia, early exposure to English is enabled through early language learning programs as well as the media. The media plays an important role in incidental language learning. This, along with the fact that daily exposure to English is measured in hours, indicates that its status as a foreign language is changing, which offers a unique opportunity to investigate the relationship between language exposure, level of proficiency and lexical access. The main goal of this study is to explore lexical access in Croatian speakers of English, with different levels of proficiency. The investigation consisted of a questionnaire on language use and exposure, proficiency test and an experiment in which cross–language priming was combined with a lexical decision task. The experiment explored whether priming effect would occur in two conditions: associative and semantic relatedness and translation equivalence, in both language directions. Semantic relationship between words elicits shorter reaction time, suggesting that sharing similar meaning speeds up the recognition process in words from two languages. Even stronger effect was observed in the case of translation equivalents. Surprisingly, proficiency level was not significant. The results are discussed in the light of the Revised Hierarchical Model and the Bilingual Interactive Activation Model +.

Рече-поведенческие тактики приветствия в русском и китайском языках

Author(s): Aleftina Yuryevna Chernysheva,Wanjun Chang / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2018

The problem of “politeness of rapprochement” (as first defined by Т.V. Larina) concerning the speaking and behavioral tactics of greeting in the Russian and Chinese languages has been considered. Treating the success and effectiveness of greeting tactics use in these languages is relevant due to the ongoing intensification in economic, political, and cultural contacts between Russia and China. The linguistic and cultural features of the speaking and behavioral tactics of greeting in the Russian and Chinese languages have been identified. It has been proved that the similarity concerns the communicative orientation of the tactics for rapprochement with the interlocutor, as well as their structure, including the direct formula of greeting, treatment, and elements of fatal communication. The observed differences concern the national specifics in the use of the speaking and behavioral tactics of greeting in Russia and China. In Russia, the speaking and behavioral tactics of greeting are used either in one of the cultures – secular (profane) or religious (Orthodox), or in both cultures at the same time. The national specificity of the use of the speaking and behavioral tactics of greeting in China is associated with appeals and elements of fatal communication. Despite the presence of considerable differences between Russia and China, the socio-psychological distance between communicants in Russia is less than in China, where the judicial relations are determined by profession, position, and often family, i.e., almost exclusively based on the hierarchy of kinship. The national specificity of the use of elements of fatal communication reflects the centuries-old conditions of life of the Chinese nation.

Репрезентация психических состояний: речевые ассоциативные реакции немцев

Author(s): Ekaterina Mihailovna Alekseeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2018

The problem of universality and specificity in the associative fields of mental states has been investigated using the method of the associative experiment developed by means of the DMDX program. The time of speech response to the shown stimuli – concepts of 34 mental states – has been measured. The examinees (33 students of the University of Hildesheim (Germany) – 27 females and 6 males aged from 20 up to 24 years) were to give their first free associations to the mental states. Nouns, adjectives, verbs, and phrases became speech responses. The most important results as the following ones: 1. The average response time to the concepts of states shown on the computer monitor is 2225.6 milliseconds. 2. To concepts of 34 mental states examinees have given 635 associations – speech reactions, on average in 18.7 associations per state. Based on the obtained results, the main conclusions have been drawn: 1. The average time of speech associative response to names of mental states is significantly longer than the response time found in psycholinguistic studies where the task was naming the stimuli shown on the computer monitor in the form of separate words, phrases, or the whole sentences. 2. The speech responses to names of mental states can build a kernel (the most typical associations), near-kernel layers, and the periphery of associative fields. Only separate associative fields of mental states concepts have a kernel. Near-kernel layers and a rather densely filled periphery are characteristic for the major associative fields.

RECEPTIVNI RJEČNIK U ODRASLIH GLUHIH OSOBA

Author(s): Kristina Kobašlić,Ljubica Pribanić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2010

The aim of the study was to get general information about the receptive vocabulary in deaf adults. The objective was to establish the existence of any differences, or similarities, in the receptive vocabulary among deaf subjects in relation to: incidence of deafness in the family, the subject’s knowledge of sign language, dominant type of communication within the family, educational integration, self-training, and intelligibility of spoken language. The study was conducted by administering the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III-HR) on a sample of 22 deaf subjects aged between 19 and 65. Results indicate that there are statistically significant differences in the receptive vocabulary among deaf subjects in relation to the acquisition ofsign language, inclusion into mainstream forms of education, self-training, and inteligibility of spoken language. Subjects who had been trained in oral programmes and who learned sign language late had higher scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, as well as the subjects who were integrated into the mainstream education system. Self-training and spoken language intelligibility proved to be the most important factors of higher attainment.