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Gerontologiopedia, czyli starość w perspektywie logopedycznej

Author(s): Katarzyna Kaczorowska-Bray / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (9)/2017

Changes that accompany aging (both physiological and complicated by pathological processes) affect the course of linguistic communication. Communication problems of the elderly are more and more often perceived by psychologists and psychotherapists dealing with people of this age group. However, this subject has not been the focus of interest for linguists and speech therapists. Collective work Fri Gerontologopedia (2017), which will be released on the publishing market in autumn, is an attempt to combine research in the literature on language (communication) problems of older people.

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Reflections of Social Relations in the Language of Andrić’s Prose for Children and Young Adults

Author(s): Mirjana M. Stakić,Aleksandra V. Janković / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The paper examines the language of Andrić's prose on the example of his short stories “Deca” (Children), “Kula” (Tower), and “Prozor” (Window) written for children and young adults, interpreting social relations which represent their thematic, sociological, cultural, and historical context. We studied causes of social prejudices which represent the main cause of interpersonal and internal conflicts of the main protagonists in the context of learning sociological theories (sociocognitive theory, theory of social identity, and theory of social learning) and from the standpoint of the psycholinguistic approach. We also observed language as a medium in discovering the internal and external characterization of protagonists achieved by means of verbalization of internal and external conflicts. We interpreted social relations and conflicts reflected in the language as an aesthetic, cultural, and social phenomenon as the conceptual framework of Andrić's prose. Literary language thus becomes a medium that achieves a cognitive role, in addition to its aesthetic role, discovering and illuminating social relations and conflicts which represent a reflexive core woven into the conceptual framework of the three short stories for children and young adults: “Deca” (Children), “Kula” (Tower), and “Prozor” (Window).

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«Слово на Новый год» архимандрита Анастасия (Александрова): рече-поведенческий анализ

Author(s): Aleftina Yuryevna Chernysheva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The paper is devoted to the speech-behavioral analysis of the “Word for the New Year” by Archimandrite Anastasius (Alexandrov) commenting on the commonly accepted greeting “Wish you Happy New Year and happiness” by comparing the ephemeral and eternal values of communication. The research is based on the central notion of the speech-behavioral concept developed by E.M. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov, i.e., speech-behavioral tactics (which is understood as a behavior of the speaker, having homogeneous illocution and implementation, aimed at the achievement of the strategic perlocutionary effect), as well as culturally significant characteristics of the speech-behavioral tactics: 1) correlation with the notion of sapientema (a priori and non-verbal inherent consciousness), 2) expression at the deep level of integrated meaning-intention, as well as existence of the verbal implementations at the superficial level, 3) sociality and clichéd character. This paper aims to identify the speechbehavioral tactics used by Archimandrite Anastasius, indicating different understanding of happiness in the atheist and Orthodox cultures. The objectives of the study are as follows: 1) selection of the groups of speech-behavioral tactics, indicating the ephemeral and eternal values; 2) listing of verbal implementations of these tactics; 3) comparison of the concept of happiness in the atheist and Orthodox cultures. The culturological method has been used as the main research method. The practical significance of the paper lies in the fact that its materials can be used in specialized courses on cultural linguistics and to be of interest for specialists in intercultural communication. The paper is of high value, because the historical component of the speech-behavioral tactics used by Archimandrite Anastasius, who raised questions about false and true communicative values in the early 20th century, remains relevant in our time. As a result of the study, groups have been singled out representing the speech-behavioral tactics of debunking the desire for wealth, pleasure, fame and power, fetish of knowledge, carnal attachments, as well as a group of such speech-behavioral tactics that appeal to faith in the God. The specific model of the concept of happiness in the Orthodox culture, which includes the idea of fellowship with the God in the secular understanding of happiness as an earthly bliss, has been emphasized.

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Distribution of verbal overgeneralizations in the Serbian corpus of early child language

Author(s): Darinka Anđelković,Mirjana Mirić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The study is aimed at exploring the occurrence of innovative verb forms recorded in early spontaneous children's production of Serbian - a language with rich inflectional and derivational morphology. The overgeneralized verbs were retrieved from the corpus of eight children's production, longitudinally recorded from 1;6 to 4;0, and the developmental patterns of the distribution across age were explored. The analysis shows that overgeneralizations *hoćem 'want' 1.sg.pres., *nećem 'want' 1.sg.pres., *možem 'can' 1.sg.pres. and *bidem 'be' 1.sg.pres. are the typical representatives of early overgeneralizations in Serbian. They are typically recorded in all children's speech samples with relatively high frequency. The overgeneralized *hoćem and *nećem developmentally precede all other overgeneralized verbal forms, but disappear earlier than others. The overgeneralizations of contentive verbs, usually hapaxes, spread later and retain their position long after. The findings are discussed in comparison with the previous findings on overgeneralizations, with particular attention to the developmental patterns they exhibit.

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Dvikalbystė ir trečioji kalba: rusų – rumunų kalbų individų santykis su ispanų kalba

Author(s): Daniela Antonchuk / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2017

Bilingualism is a complex process involving a variety of characteristics, among which we can distinguish a particular system of a language, as well as the ability to use it in communication. Apart from the mere fact of acquiring the knowledge of a second language, bilingualism also implies the development of specific linguistic structuring and brain functioning different from those of a monolingual individual. This fact is crucial at the time of comprehension and, consequently, learning of a third language and this is why it has been studied by analysing the understanding ability of bilingual informants to refer to a third language without the prior learning of this language and the comparison of the results with those obtained for monolingual individuals presenting each language. Thus, the hypothesis involved considers individuals presenting bilingualism between two different language families (on the example of Russian-Romanian bilingualism) manifesting better understanding of a language from one of the language families they speak natively (on the example of the Spanish language) in comparison with monolingual people presenting one of the languages considered in bilingual individuals (i.e. Russian and Romanian monolinguals). This difference between bilingual and monolingual people in the access to a third language mainly involves the difference in the way of thinking and analysing the acquired linguistic data, resulting in a more effective capacity for understanding. The specification of brain organization and the analysis of linguistic data are due to the creation of specific psycholinguistic strategies by the bilingual individual.

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О способах и средствах выражения гнева в русской языковой картине мира

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О способах и средствах выражения гнева в русской языковой картине мира

Author(s): Andrey Evgenyevich Bochkarev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

This paper explores the ways of displaying anger in the Russian linguistic image of the world. According to the National Corpus of the Russian Language, anger dims eyes, makes blind and mad. In metaphorical projections, anger is defined in relation to the structural elements of other subject areas, including fluid, wild animals, natural disasters, fire, lightning, or thunderstorm. By analogy with some resources, anger is collected, wasted, and exhausted; by analogy with water, anger overflows and boils; by analogy with fire, inflames, and fades, anger can flare up and fade; by analogy with wild animals, it can be curbed, tamed, or subdue. It is quite common that speakers do not pay attention to metaphorical expressions but take them almost for the objective characteristic of anger.

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Narrative Recall in the Elderly - Content, Fluency and Speech Errors in the Narrative Speech of Young, Young-Old and Old-Old Speakers

Author(s): Judit Bóna / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

During natural ageing, hormonal, psychological, and cognitive changes affect speech production and speech perception. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in the performance of young-old (60- to 74-year-old) versus old-old (75- to 90-year-old) speakers in oral summaries of stories to which they listened previously and how those results relate to the speech of young adult speakers. For the present study, we have selected narrative recalls performed by fifteen subjects of each age group from BEA (The Hungarian Spontaneous Speech Database). We analysed the contents of those samples, pauses, disfluencies, and speech errors. We found important differences in the oral summaries between young-old and old-old speakers. Considerable individual differences were also attested within each age group (in disfluencies, pauses, etc.). The results suggest a certain degree of dissimilarity in the recalls across age groups, concerning peculiarities of language use along with the expected phonetic and psycholinguistic features.

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Selective tense deficit in Hungarian agrammatic aphasia

Author(s): Éva Mészáros / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

The selective deficit of tense processing has recently become one of the phenomena most often examined by aphasiologists. It has repeatedly been shown that agrammatic aphasics have serious problems with the agreement of the time adverb and the tense morpheme, as opposed to the intactness of subject-verb agreement.Nine Hungarian patients with agrammatic Broca’s aphasia and nine healthy speakers participated in a study of sentence grammaticality judgement. Experiment 1, designed to measure ability to detect morphosyntactic violations (subject-verb agreement), included 40 ill-formed sentences containing an error of number. Ability to detect morphosemantic violation was tested in Experiment 2 including 80 ungrammatical sentences, where there was an incongruence between the time expressed by a time adverb (today, yesterday, tomorrow) and the tense of the verb. Our results indicate that Hungarian agrammatic aphasics show a selective deficit of tense, and that the position of an adverb influences sentence processing. These findings are discussed in a syntax-discourse model, which accounts not only for the selective deficit of tense, but also for the differences in working memory load necessary for the processing of sentences containing either a pre-verbal or a post-verbal time adverb.

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Allomorphic responses in Serbian pseudo-nouns as a result of analogical learning

Author(s): Petar Milin,Emmanuel Keuleers,Dušica Filipović-Đurđević / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

Allomorphy is a phenomenon that occurs in many languages. Several psycholinguistic studies have shown that allomorphy, if present, co-determines cognitive processing. In the present paper we discuss allomorphic variations of Serbian instrumental singular form of pseudo-nouns as emerging from analogical learning. We compare the predictions derived from memory-based language processing models with results from a previous experimental study with adult Serbian native speakers. Results confirm that the production of suffix allomorphs in Serbian instrumental singular masculine nouns can be accounted for by memory-based learning and simple analogical inferences. The present findings are in line with a growing body of research showing that memory-based learning models make relevant predictions about the cognitive processes involved in various linguistic phenomena.

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The mental lexicon: Results of some word association experiments

Author(s): Mária Gósy,Magdolna Kovács / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2002

There are numerous hypotheses concerning the structure, size, and strategies of adults’ mental lexicon. This is the first time, however, that children’s mental vocabularies are analysed using the technique of free word associations (with the participation of two hundred 12-year-old and two hundred 13-year-old pupils). The analysis focuses on both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the data like types of associations, lexical representations, distribution of word categories or semantic analysis of words. Comparisons are also made with a very similar material found in the Hungarian literature that provides a unique opportunity to look at the differences of the mental lexicon after 60 years. The discussion concerns (i) the patterns of the tested children’s mental lexicon (including the individual performances) and (ii) vocabulary changes seen as a multifactorial consequence of the progress of time. The hypothesis about the speed of lexical access being a definitive factor in the development of the mental lexicon has been confirmed and may be applied to other languages as well.

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Linguistic relativity and its relation to analytic philosophy

Author(s): Filippo Batisti / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The history of so-called ‘linguistic relativity’ is an odd and multifaceted one. After knowing alternate fortunes and being treated by different academic branches, today there are some new ways of investigating the language-thought-reality problem that (i) put into dialogue the latest trends in language-related disciplines (ii) generate room for philosophical themes previously overlooked, (iii) reassess the very idea of linguistic relativity, despite its popularized versions which have circulated for decades and which have led an otherwise fruitful debate to extremes. It is argued that a multidisciplinary approach is desirable in order to broaden future research. In the last few years the opportunity to study this matter following a common trend in several disciplines has been created. Language, and cognition too, are now conceived as intrinsically social phenomena. It is argued that relativistic effects should be investigated in social realms, and that analytic philosophy could help with this task.

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Problem ustalania indeksu w semantyce temporalno-modalnej

Author(s): Jacek Wawer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

In Kripke-semantics for modal logic, the truth value of a sentence depends on the choice of a semantic index (e.g. world, time, or place). It means that application of such semantics to natural language analysis requires indication of an index relevant for semantic analysis. It is commonly accepted that the relevant index is initialized by the context of an utterance. The idea has been rejected by the semanticists investigating tempo-modal languages in the framework of indeterminism what generated the problem of initialization of the semantic index. I present the main argument of those semanticists and describe several responses to the initialization problem. I finally argue that under certain metaphysical and semantic assumptions, one can respond to the initialization failure in the classical way, even in indeterministic contexts.

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Раман “Роджаныя пад Сатурнам” Віктара Вальтара як жанрава-стылёвы феномен

Author(s): Wanda Barouka / Language(s): Belarusian Issue: 6/2014

The first and only novel by V. Valter “Born under Saturn” is an original in genre-style relation work. It combines the features of philosophical, biographical, socio-psychological novel, with a marked predominance of the latter. This is an experimental novel in which the idea of predestination has been developed. The writer uses aesthetic experience of literary predecessors and contemporaries. Quotations from other sources are frequent.

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Tekst i jego rozumienie w podejściu zadaniowym

Author(s): Iwona Janowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

Rozumienie tekstów nie jest procesem biernym. Podczas czytania, podobnie jak w przypadku innych działań komunikacyjnych, w grę wchodzi uruchomienie pewnych kompetencji. Nic więc dziwnego, że percepcja tekstów przysparza uczącym się wiele trudności. Wśród przyczyn tego zjawiska wymienia się takie czynniki, jak zaniechanie stosowania strategii czytania nielinearnego, brak akceptacji terminów niezrozumiałych i ukierunkowania działań na zrozumienie ogólne tekstu. Konsekwencją tej postawy jest zbyt częste posługiwanie się słownikiem w miejsce refleksji nad znaczeniem i wysuwania hipotez na temat znaczeń. Te nieprawidłowości mają co najmniej dwa podstawowe źródła. Są to: wielokrotnie powtarzane, często nieprawidłowe, strategie i dotychczasowe przyzwyczajenia studentów do linearnego czytania całego tekstu w miejsce czytania wybiórczego, dostosowanego do potrzeb zadania. W tych okoliczno- ściach podstawowym zadaniem nauczyciela jest przywrócenie wiary i zaufania uczących się do ich własnych możliwości poznawczych, zastosowanie działań, które wskażą im, że są zdolni do budowania znaczeń, nawet jeśli nie znają wszystkich elementów językowych, uznawanych przez nich za niezbędne do zrozumienia tekstu.

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Aphasia: the Case Study

Author(s): Kamila Ciepiela / Language(s): English Issue: 36/1997

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań nad językiem pięcioletniego chłopca, który w wyniku uszkodzeń mózgu powstałych w czasie porodu nie rozwinął mowy właściwej. Po wnikliwych badaniach okazało się, że chłopiec cierpi na afazję. Afazja została zdefiniowana przez R. Jakobsona jako poważna utrata lub ograniczenie rozumienia i produkcji mowy następujące w wyniku uszkodzenia mózgu lub dysfunkcji neurologicznych [ J a k o b s o n 1971]. Artykuł zawiera analizę języka afatycznego dziecka w czterech głównych poziomach języka czyli: fonologii, morfologii, składni i dyskursie. W każdym poziomie przedstawiany jest deficyt językowy afatyka i przeprowadzone analizy ilościowe i jakościowe. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań i testów wskazują, że dziecko znajduje się na etapie „dwóch słów” lub mowy telegraficznej i udowadniają, że akwizycja języka u dziecka afatycznego przebiega podobnie jak u dziecka normalnego. Afatyk stosuje te same zasady w przyswajaniu języka, a kolejność przyswajania poszczególnych elementów mowy jest bardzo zbliżona do tej obserwowanej u dzieci normalnych.

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Філософія мови О.О. Потебні в контексті сучасної української гуманітаристики

Author(s): Iryna Vernudina / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2011

An article in the aesthetic and psychological point is linguistic concept of O.O. Potebnya as a researcher and philosopher of language. Here is analyzed the key factors of artistic creation as an important segment Potebnya`s theoretical heritage.

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Jazykové stvárnenie ukrajinskej mentality z ukrajinskej a slovenskej perspektívy

Author(s): Jarmila Kredátusová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 03+04/2018

In the paper the author attempts to answer these research questions: 1. Which components create mentality of a Ukrainian man / a Ukrainian woman and what their form is? 2. What image about the Ukrainian men and women is constructed by Slovak and Ukrainian texts? 3. Do fixed models (stereotypes) in the image of the Ukrainian men and women exist in both Ukrainian and Slovak language? 4. Which are the dominant features (constants) of the Ukrainian men a women´s language image in Slovak and Ukrainian language? These questions are viewed and answered from two perspectives or approaches: from the Ukrainian perspective – the point of view of the Ukrainians themselves and from the Slovak – the point of view of Slovak language users – the Slovaks.

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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation for English Learning Scale (IEM-ELS): A Psycholinguistics Study of Reliability and Validity

Author(s): Hakan Aydoğan / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2016

Educational contexts without considering students' levels of their motivation cannot be thought of. Motivation is one of the best predictors of academic achievement, in some studies, it is better predictor than general intelligence of students. Two types of motivation – the extrinsic and the intrinsic one should be distinguished carefully. Intrinsic motivation is related to emotional aspect of learning. If students learn because it gives them pleasure and if they enjoy it, it can be said that these group of students have high levels of intrinsic motivation. In contrast, students who learn especially to gain some reward, acknowledgement or recognition are considered to be extrinsically motivated. Lots of scales which measure intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are general assessment tools i.e. they are not domain-specific tools. Because of that, the main aim of our study is to examine reliability and validity of Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for English learning scale. This scale was made in order to measure levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for learning English language. Hence, we anticipate its usefulness in English language educational context. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated and factor analysis was conducted. These statistical and psychometric techniques yielded the following results: the reliability of both subscales was good and the IEM-ELS had two-dimensional latent structure.

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Suffixing, prefixing, and the functional order of regularities in meaningful strings

Author(s): Michael Ramscar / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

The world’s languages tend to exhibit a suffixing preference, adding inflections to the ends of words, rather than the beginning of them. Previous works has suggested that this apparently universal preference arises out of the constraints imposed by general purpose learning mechanisms in the brain, and specifically, the kinds of information structures that facilitate discrimination learning (St Clair, Monaghan, & Ramscar, 2009). Here I show that learning theory predicts that prefixes and suffixes will tend to promote different kinds of learning: prefixes will facilitate the learning of the probabilities that any following elements in a sequence will follow a label, whereas suffixing will promote the abstraction of common dimensions from a set of preceding elements. The results of the artificial language learning experiment support this analysis: When words are learned with consistent prefixes, participants learned the relationship between the prefixes and the noun labels, and the relationship between the noun labels and the objects associated with them, better than when words were learned with consistent suffixes. When words were learned with consistent suffixes, participants treated similarly suffixed nouns as being more similar than nouns learned with consistent prefixes. It appears that while prefixes tend to make items more predictable and to make veridical discriminations easier, suffixes tended to make items cohere more, increasing the similarities between them.

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Reading sentences in Serbian: Effects of alphabet and reading mode in self-paced reading task

Author(s): Dušan Vejnović,Tamara Jovanović / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2012

The study examined the influence of alphabet (Cyrillic vs. Latin) and reading mode (silent reading vs. reading aloud) on sentence reading speed in Serbian. Entire-sentence and single-word reading times were obtained from the moving window paradigm in the self-paced sentence reading task. Sentences printed in Latin took less time for reading than sentences printed in Cyrillic and silent reading was more rapid than reading aloud. Single-word processing results followed the pattern observed in entire-sentence analysis. Faster reading of Latin sentences and words is likely a consequence of subjects’ predominant exposure to this alphabet. Reading aloud was slower than silent reading due to the articulation process, which is present in the former but not in the latter. The effect of the alphabet did not depend on reading mode, suggesting that the two modes of reading involve essentially same cognitive processes. Aloud reading procedures do not seem inappropriate for the research of bialphabetism.

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