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Keele mõistmise modeleerimine arvutil. Semantika, ontoloogia ja sündmuste esitus kahe valdkonna näitel

Author(s): Mare Koit,Haldur Õim / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 03/2014

If we intend that the computer will understand language (texts) the same way as humans do (meaning the result, not the process of understanding), we need to transfer our current conception of the human text understanding ability to the computer for gradual elaboration. The feedback would in turn contribute to the improvement of the theoretical conception. The article addresses conceptual transfer between cognitive domains as one of the central mechanisms in human language competence, by which the more abstract domains are structured on the basis of more concrete and cognitively prior ones (target domain and source domain, respectively). Such transfer is controlled by the Invariance Principle and image schemas. The concept of a unit of understanding is introduced for the units in terms of which knowledge is stored and processed. Events belong to such units. Events are described by means of frames, qualia structures and inference rules. Besides linguistic meanings human text understanding relies on ontological knowledge, which has to be made explicit in the model. Our study of transfer mechanisms uses events of the motion domain (source domain) and communication domain (target domain). An analysis of the structures of two events – THROWING-1 (A is throwing an object x to someone) and INFORMATION REQUEST (A informs someone of his/her wish to obtain some information y from him/her) – is presented as an example. It appears that the frame structures of the two events are similar, whereas the participating entities (partly) differ in their qualia structures, e.g. Physical Object vs. Info Object for the object being moved, and Place vs. Mental State for the place where the object will stop; however, the differences can be explained by domain specifics, using the Invariance Principle and the relevant image schemas. Consequently there is good reason to regard the motion domain as one of the source domains of the communication domain. In addition, some problems, conceptual as well as technical, related to the computer realization of the described approach are discussed (simple and complex events, recognizing events in text, different types of inferences needed to explicate covert information in text).

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Re-imaging Versiones Slavicae

Author(s): Andrej Boyadzhiev / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

The paper discusses a strategy for transforming the Versiones Slavicae database into an XML format, which would improve opportunities for application-independent preservation and maintenance.

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Integration of the Old East Slavic Epigraphical Databases, Corpora and Indices

Author(s): Dmitri Sitchinava,Anton Dyshkant / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2021

The paper presents results, including work in progress, related to two databases of “non-bookish” / vernacular Old East Slavic writing, viz. the databases of birchbark letters and epigraphy. The aim of the project is the interlinking of visual, archeological/historical and linguistic information. The epigraphical database represents different interpretations of a single inscription, providing the outline of versions proposed in the existing literature. These sources, an archeographical database and a linguistic corpus making part of a larger Russian National corpus, are intended to be easily synchronized, expanded, and updated. An online work station for the morphological annotation of texts is a part of this project. An important function performed by this platform is creating an index to the corpus that can be used in the linguistic description of the dialect, verifying the index and the data of the book Old Novgorod Dialect. Addenda by Andrei Zaliznjak that is being prepared for a posthumous publication. New linguistic discoveries have been made during the implementation of the project.

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Eliminating variation of linguistic units of the Slavonic historical corpus to facilitate search, demonstration and statistical analysis

Author(s): Victor A. Baranov,Roman M. Gnutikov / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2021

The work demonstrates the methods and techniques of elimination of variation of linguistic units in the transcriptions of the medieval Slavonic manuscripts of the historical corpus “Manuscript” (manuscripts.ru). The textual corpus, the material of which is presented by the machine-readable copies which resemble the original most closely, provides the user with such tools of transformation (modification) of linguistic units which enable the creation of queries and getting of retrievals corresponding to the task to be solved. In case of an inexact search the user has the possiblity to delete titlos and diacritics, reduction of the versions of letters to their basic form, indication of the mask of the linguistic units being searched in the form of a regular expression, use of the letters of the contemporary Cyrillic alphabet. To ensure operations over lemmas by means of the statistic modules of the corpus, it is necessary to automatically assign a given textual form to exactly one lemma. Due to grammatical homonymy, incorrect lemmatization would result in a situation where quantitative data based on word forms and data based on lemmas do not match each other. In order to assign word forms to the correct lemma, we apply a rule-based approach, taking into account the formal and quantitative characteristics of the linguistic units (such as their morphological variation or invariation, their frequency in the sub-corpus, the matching or mismatching with the lemma form, the frequency of relationships between the textual forms and dictionary paradigms of variable words, the results of manual elimination of the homonymy). The reduction of textual forms to unified, normalized, transliterated or initial forms is a necessary procedure for extracting of data from the historical corpus for the distributive-statistical analysis of the semantics of linguistic units.

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Korpuslinguistische Betrachtungen zum grammatischen Wandel in DaF-Lehrwerken. Zwischen Authentizität und Lernbarkeit

Author(s): Lars Behnke / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2022

The grammar of a language constantly changes. Synchronically this change is manifest in the emergence of alternate grammatical constructions. The side-by-side of old and new variants is part of a speaker’s language competence. Thus, a greater awareness of variation, which would allow learners to contextualize different variants, at least receptively, is demanded for the teaching German as a foreign language. The present paper investigates how five different textbook series of German as a foreign language deal with five different language change phenomena: (1) explicitly in productive exercises and grammatical overviews, (2) (for three of the five textbooks) implicitly in their audio- and reading material, which was compiled into a corpus. The distribution of variants was compared with the distribution in authentic texts, available in corpora of written and spoken speech. It turns out that the productive exercises aimed at the acquisition of grammatical constructions are limited to constructions, which are typical for written language use, although some textbooks draw attention to grammatical variants. In audio-material and reading texts, grammatical variation between new and old constructions, which is manifest most clearly in the distinction between oral and written speech, is present, but remains uncommented. On the basis of these data the paper argues for a more authentic approach and a more tolerant attitude towards phenomena of grammatical change in teaching German as a foreign language, which also includes their adequate production.

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Sourcing-Prozesse und die Schneckenstreichler_innen von Idaho City. Ein didaktisches Setting zum Training von Kompetenzen im Umgang mit Fake News

Author(s): Stephan Schicker / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2022

This article first presents the theoretical and empirical foundations of “Station 2” of a didactic setting in which learners deal with sourcing operations and apply them to a text corpus on a topic created for this didactic setting. The core of the text corpus is a reportage about former miners who now earn their money as “snail strokers” in order to help a landscape devastated by coal mining to grow new vegetation with the snail slime obtained in this way. Through sourcing operations (i.e. through metadata-based evaluation of the texts), learners can identify intentions and perspectives in these texts and assess the credibility of the information. The paper further presents results of data analysis, which are used in the sense of design-based research for further optimization of the setting and modification of the theoretical considerations about it.

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SPEAKING REFLECTED IN ROMANIAN, SPANISH AND ITALIAN PROVERBS, EXPRESSIONS AND PHRASES

Author(s): Andreea Iliescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 16/2019

The paper puts forth a series of Romanian, Spanish, and Italian sayings, idioms and collocations, meant to capture the value of talking, its countless shades of meaning and the reverberations it has throughout our discourse. The trilingual approach is meant to enhance the existing common denominator. An array of sayings is intertwined with a particular number of phraseological units in an attempt at accentuating folk wisdom alongside lexis richness.

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THE ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS IN THE TRAVEL GUIDES, IN ROMANIAN AND FRENCH

Author(s): Elena Dumitrașcu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 18/2019

Nowadays, the economy of space and time is a major concern, which is reflected in people's lives, in their communication and especially in their language, which evolves along with the society and also reflects it. Perhaps this necessity of language economy gave birth to acronyms and abbreviations, i.e. phenomena characteristic of the Romanian and French languages spoken nowadays. The main objective of this article is to describe the formation of new words and the enrichment of the Romanian and French vocabulary, by abbreviations and acronyms. These four main shortening forms are acronyms, abbreviations and truncations.

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PERSPECTIVES ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTERNET ON LANGUAGE CHANGE

Author(s): Alexandra Bîja / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2019

The Internet is undeniably something that has changed people’s lives in many aspects, language included, leading to the appearance of what is called nowadays Netspeak. Even though there are numerous opinions regarding the emergence of this linguistic variety, it is without doubt that changes in language due to the Internet are a growing phenomenon. In this paper I will approach the issue of the emergence of Netspeak, the changes that appear in language in order to form this linguistic variety, and the issue of it as a worldwide phenomenon. We will see that, even though the English language undoubtedly dominates the Internet today, other languages as well have the potential to, and do go through similar changes and form an Internet linguistic variety of their own. The paper will tackle the issue of globalization in the context of the Internet seen as a social construct rather than a technological one, which helps people connect with each other, with the dominant language being the English language, as well as the issue of regionalization, as different language communities are shaping their own identities on the Internet.

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Internet jako podstawa do badań nad tożsamością etniczną. Polskie blogi na Litwie

Author(s): Krystyna Rutkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2022

This article discusses an important type of public communication taking place in Lithuania – internet blogs written in Polish. The study presents how they function, outlines the reasons behind their creation, and analyses the topics which they concern. As this is a sphere of uncontrolled communication, the author makes an attempt to present various social attitudes and to analyse subjective opinions on cultural and identity issues. The linguistic ways of expressing them are also an equally important issue. In this study, we assume that the sphere of the internet, although so far little explored, can be a very good basis for research on the way ethnic identities are shaped. The analysis of the genres of texts posted on blogs or social networking sites indicates that they are characterised by rhetorical coherence, enter into various relationships with each other, creating a blogosphere, and have a dialogical nature. They are usually written in a general language with regional accretions. A frequent phenomenon is using these features as the hallmark of a group, a factor integrating the internet community. Due to the fact that the authors of these websites are usually young people, a common phenomenon is the colloquial linguistic marking of statements, striving to exaggerate certain events, using stylistically marked lexis. We are dealing here with the colloquial style preserved in the written version.

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Sémantické preference intenzifikačních výrazů ve finštině

Author(s): Zuzana Vorlíková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2023

This paper investigates the phenomenon of intensification from the point of view of semantics. Specifically, such intensifiers, which by their meaning specify the degree of the property, at the same time exhibit other semantic features. In communication, they can express, for example, what kind of feelings a given utterance evokes in the speaker. The analysis of intensifiers and their collocates is performed on Finnish material. Two groups of intensifiers are compared with the finding that the semantic features of the intensifiers themselves affect their collocability; but apparently synonymous intensifiers also have different semantic preferences.

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Proměny prózy v letech 1992 až 2018

Author(s): Petra Poukarová,Václav Cvrček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 6/2022

This study summarizes a corpus-based analysis of tendencies in register variation of Czech-written fiction texts in the period from 1992 to 2018. The analysis is based on projection of the results from a large sample of Czech prose texts (1070 texts, 12.7 mil. words) on a general register model (established by previous research using multidimensional analysis). The major tendencies found in the material are a decrease of cohesion level, addressee coding and retrospective narration, and increased polythematicity/lexical richness. These findings are supplemented by additional analyses of the role of translation, the position of a text excerpt in the original text (beginning, middle and end) and type of text in the results.

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Exploring college students’ computational thinking in accounting spreadsheets design activities

Author(s): Binti Muchsini,Siswandari Siswandari,Gunarhadi Gunarhadi,Wiranto Wiranto / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

This study aims to investigate the extent to which computational thinking can be developed through constructionism-based accounting spreadsheets activities. This study design used a mixed-method approach, namely a participatory qualitative approach and a quantitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through documentation (college students’ artefacts) and classroom observations. The results showed that constructionism-based accounting spreadsheets design can build and facilitate computational thinking development. The college students’ emotional and social engagement when executing a design plan can foster curiosity and high enthusiasm to complete the design together. This engagement can reduce the cognitive load that students feel in understanding programming languages when utilising visual basic for application excel. This study contributes and suggests to learning practitioners to improve the students’ quality so that they can compete in this digital era. This research can be used as a basis for conducting further research where researchers empirically investigate the impact of computational thinking development.

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Т. Avgustinova. Word Order and Clitics in Bulgarian

Author(s): Yovka Tisheva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2000

Review of: Т. Avgustinova. Word Order and Clitics in Bulgarian [ Saarbrucken Dissertations in Computational Linguistics and Language Technology. Volume 5]. Saarbrucken, 1998. 184 p.

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More statistical implicational universals in Greenberg’s data (another computer-generated article)

Author(s): Vladimir Pericliev / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2000

This paper studies the statistical implicational universals in the 30 languages sample from the classical paper by Joseph Greenberg (1966). Some problems in the universals proposed by Greenberg are shown, as well as 43 previously undiscovered universals of this type. The whole text of the article was generated by the computer program UNIVAUTO (UNIVersals Authoring TOol) and only the formatting according to the style-sheet of the journal was manually added. A brief description of this program, as well as another article generated by it, were previously published by this journal (Contrastive Linguistics 1999, issue 4).

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JĘZYKOWE SPOSOBY DEPRECJACJI UKRAINY JAKO NIEZALEŻNEGO PAŃSTWA I JEJ DELEGITYMIZACJI W DYSKURSIE ROSYJSKIEGO RADYKALNEGO PRAWOSŁAWIA

Author(s): Piotr Zemszał / Language(s): Polish Issue: 182/2023

The article is devoted to the linguistic ways of the depreciation of Ukraine as an independent state. The analyzed material allows us to conclude that the linguistic plane of the studied discourse reflects several ways of depreciation and delegit- imization of Ukraine as an independent state. In addition to the almost mechanical replacement of the name Украина with Малороссия, which is derived from a simple denial of Ukraine’s right to independent existence, there appear such units that express certain arguments characteristic of imperial discourse: about the lack of real independence of the state (e.g. филиал, укрпроект), about the illegality of the procedures for the election of its authorities (государственный переворот), their illegal, violent character (e.g. хунта, диктатура), about the chaos prevailing on the territory of Ukraine (мазепинская самостийность, самостихийность). A characteristic feature of the Orthodox variety of imperial discourse, on the other hand, is even an indirect reference to the essentially medieval religious argumentation by pointing to the non-Christian character of the Ukrainian authorities (безбожная власть).

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SPREADING LIKE A VIRUS: CONCEPTUAL INTEGRATION AND DISCOURSE VIEWPOINT IN INTERNET MEMES ABOUT THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Author(s): Sofia Kefalidou,Adi Maslo / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2023

This paper analyzes internet memes pertaining to Covid-19. We analyzed more than 200 memes over nine months. By utilizing Blending Theory and Discourse Viewpoint, we attempt to explain the creative inner workings of memes as well as how meaning is negotiated on the internet. We were clearly able to detect memes synchronously following the actual development of Covid-19 We show that meme makers use visuals metonymically to address the current state of Covid-19 while the overall message of memes is driven by simile. As much as memes draw on the concept of Covid-19, they also feed back to it in a loop of self-reference. Along with their underlying metaphoric nature, memes convey a feels-like attitude with two main phases emerging from their usage, i.e., the Observer Phase and the Experiencer Phase. The former showed memes at a stage where Covid-19 was not yet a pandemic (but perceived through media coverage from elsewhere) while the latter, the Experiencer Phase, clearly showed that meme creators had experienced the virus themselves. As for the timeframe covered, however, we conclude that memes do not show full conceptual integration as Covid-19 was not yet fully entrenched.

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Noua revoluție în învățarea limbilor străine: puterea Inteligenței Artificiale și Educația 4.0

Author(s): Ana Maria Chisega Negrila / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 02/2023

This article explores the connection between artificial intelligence (AI) and language learning in the context of Education 4.0, highlighting how the former revolutionizes the latter with the introduction of emerging technologies and innovations in education. The article discusses how AI improves the processes of language learning through personalized learning experiences, interactive practice, and automated assessment. AI can be used to create diverse learning materials and immersive experiences that align with the principles of Education 4.0. When used correctly, AI can bring numerous benefits to language learning, such as increased efficiency, greater student engagement in the teaching-learning process, and the accessibility of content from anywhere and on any device. Additionally, it emphasizes the need to adopt Education 4.0 accompanied by the development of content that equips students with the necessary skills in the digital age. The article also highlights the importance of integrating AI and Education 4.0 in language learning to promote critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and digital literacy.

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Оценка на уменията за четене в начална училищна възраст

Author(s): Svetla Koeva,Valentina Stefanova,Ivelina Stoyanova,Maria Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

This article presents the project Assessing the Reading Literacy and Comprehension of Early Graders in Bulgaria and Italy, which is carried out as part of an international collaboration between two partner organisations – the Institute for Bulgarian Language Prof. Lyubomir Andreychin (BAS) with participants from the Department of Computa-tional Linguistics and the Institute for Computational Linguistics A. Zampolli in Pisa, Italy. The main goal of the project is to research and assess the reading skills of primary school students using modern language technologies.

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