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Semantic relations and conceptual frames

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There are many rich semantic resources (mainly for English but also for other languages) that include different types of semantic information: WordNet, FrameNet, VerbNet, PropBank, Ontonotes, PDEV, Yago, BabelNet, VerbAtlas, SynSemClass, among others. The objectives of research presented in the book “Towards a Semantic Network Enriched with a Variety of Relations” are to expand the WordNet structure with an extended network of conceptual frames that represent verb predicate-argument semantic relations in a generalised way. Our assumption is that a relatively small number of conceptual frames which define predicate-argument relation pairs (classified with respect to an ontology of semantic classes) introduce a large number of semantic relations.

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Beyond lexical and semantic resources: Linking WordNet with FrameNet and enhancing synsets with conceptual frames

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper sums up the research and findings made towards the linking of two large lexical semantic resources – WordNet and FrameNet (their verb inventory in particular) – by combining the rich conceptual description provided in FrameNet with the vast lexical coverage and structured relational representation in WordNet. The underlying idea is not just to map the two resources to the extent that their overlap allows, but to expand the mapping in such a way as to assign a FrameNet frame to as many synsets as possible, going far beyond the lexical correspondence in the two resources. We suggest that as a first approximation this mapping be implemented by using the relation of inheritance from a hypernym to a hyponym in WordNet to transfer the frame assigned to the parent synset from the parent to the child synset (inheritance based mapping), and then refine the obtained mapping through a number of procedures. The paper is divided in two large parts. In the first part we explore the relation of inheritance and other semantic relations as represented in WordNet and FrameNet and how they correspond to each other when the resources are aligned from a theoretical perspective. In addition, we provide a discussion of the implications of these observations with respect to the enhancement of the two resources through the definition of new relations and the detailisation of conceptual frames. The second part of the paper outlines the procedures defined for the validation of the consistency of the inheritance-based mapping of frames and the extension of its coverage which exploit the lexical information in WordNet (synset literals, synset glosses, etc.) and FrameNet (language units and their definitions, the names of the frames, etc.), the structure of the two resources and the systematic relations between synsets in WordNet and between frames in FrameNet. We present a case study on causativity, a relation which provides enhancement complementary to the one using hierarchical relations, by means of linking in a systematic way large parts of the lexicon. We show how consistency checks and denser relations may be implemented on the basis of this relation. In addition, we propose new frames based on causative–inchoative correspondences and in conclusion touch on the possibilities for defining new frames based on the types of specialisation that take place from parent to child synset.

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Putting pieces together: Predicate-argument relations and selectional preferences

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova,Maria Todorova,Hristina Kukova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper presents the work on enhancing WordNet with semantic relations between verb synsets and classes of noun synsets corresponding to major participants in the predicates’ conceptual structure. We first provide the theoretical background and motivation for the study and discuss the integration of the three complementary semantic resources – WordNet, VerbNet and FrameNet – which we then use to the end of devising a framework for enriching the relational structure of WordNet with a system of predicate-argument and predicate-adjunct relations. We pay particular attention to the analysis of the relations of inheritance between conceptual frames in FrameNet and between frame elements (the elements of these conceptual frames) which results in the elaboration of a hierarchy that is then translated as a set of relations and relation subtypes between predicates and the main elements in their conceptual structure. The conceptual frames with their corresponding frame elements and selectional restrictions are assigned to verb synsets in WordNet. We then go on to propose a typology of selectional preferences that verbs impose on the nouns they combine with. Using restrictions that have already been defined in FrameNet and VerbNet as well as other semantic information from the three resources, we propose a unified and extended set of selectional preferences represented as sets of WordNet classes and (sub)trees in the WordNet structure. The model is illustrated by a case study of the relation Theme and its subtypes.

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Towards conceptual frames

Author(s): Svetla Koeva,Tsvetana Dimitrova,Valentina Stefanova,Dimitar Hristov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study presents an effort in enriching the Princeton WordNet with information from the verb patterns (predicate–argument structures) from another resource – the Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs (PDEV) – and the semantic types from the Corpus Pattern Ontology (CPA) which describe the arguments of these patterns. The PDEV verb patterns were automatically mapped to the WordNet sentence frames thus adding information about the character of the arguments. The resulting patterns are conceptual frames whose arguments were specified for a set of lexical units – the semantic types assigned to WordNet noun synsets.

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Stative verbs: conceptual structure, hierarchy, systemic relations

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study is focused on the semantic and conceptual description of stative verbs.We analyze stative verbs represented in WordNet and the corresponding frames in FrameNet after the alignment between the two resources. After presenting a classification of stative verbs into thematic classes, we outline the components of the conceptual description based on FrameNet frames, the relations between them and the frame elements that describe the frames. We attempt at building a hierarchical structure of frames for each thematic class and a shallow hierarchy of frame elements with a view to their representation and specialization from a more general (parent) frame to more specific (child) frames related to the general one by means of relations such as inheritance, weak inheritance or perspectivization.The study is focused on the semantic and conceptual description of stative verbs. We analyze stative verbs represented in WordNet and the corresponding frames in FrameNet after the alignment between the two resources. After presenting a classification of stative verbs into thematic classes, we outline the components of the conceptual description based on FrameNet frames, the relations between them and the frame elements that describe the frames. We attempt at building a hierarchical structure of frames for each thematic class and a shallow hierarchy of frame elements with a view to their representation and specialization from a more general (parent) frame to more specific (child) frames related to the general one by means of relations such as inheritance, weak inheritance or perspectivization.

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Система на диатезите в български

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The current study is based on the model of Igor Melchuk for a formal description of voice, which is transferred to cases in which the verb diatheses result in a propositional change. Such diatheses may be due to a change in the semantic relations of the arguments to the predicate or to a change (reduction) in the number of arguments. We establish the inventory of diatheses with propositional change. Complementary, the verb alternations described by Beth Levin (if they are valid for Bulgarian), as well as the language-specific alternations are checked whether they belong to any of the identified diatheses. The reflection of the alternations at the morphological and syntactic level are described. It is also shown in which cases the diatheses lead to a transformation from a dynamic to a stative eventuality type.

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Булфрейм – система за създаване и редактиране на концептуални фреймове

Author(s): Svetla Koeva,Emil Hristov Doychev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents BulFrame – a web-based system designed for creating, editing, evaluating and viewing conceptual frames. A unified theoretical model for the formal presentation of conceptual frames has been developed, which predetermines the architecture of the application for data processing. The conceptual frame defines a unique set of syntagmatic relations between verb synonymous sets representing the frame and synonymous sets of nouns expressing the frame elements. In this way, the structure of the conceptual frame combines and builds on the semantic knowledge presented in WordNet and FrameNet.

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Концептуална структура на предикати за състояние върху материал на български и руски

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents our observations on two major groups of stative predicates – Permanent Properties and Relations and True Statives, as well as their corresponding classes. After an overview of the main theoretical works focusing on stative predicates, we turn to their representation in two lexical-semantic resources – WordNet and FrameNet. We analyse the specific features of the conceptual description using FrameNet frames and demonstrate the research principles through the analysis of predicates for intent, will and desire. The analysis employs data from WordNet synsets and their corresponding equivalents in Bulgarian and Russian, while the examples are extracted from a parallel Polish-Bulgarian-Russian corpus.

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СИСТЕМНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ НАИМЕНОВАНИЙ ЖЕНЩИН В СОВРЕМЕННОМ РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Author(s): Regina R. Guzaerova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the systemic organization of derivative nouns of women in the modern Russian language, the totality of which is considered as a subcategory within the framework of the word-forming category "femininity". The subject of the study are feminine nouns - nouns of females, formed from personal masculine nouns. The relevance of the study is due to a reconsideration of the role and position of women in society, which led to a discussion about the need for the formation of correlative denominations of the feminine gender for professional and social belonging. The modern media space that we use as a source of material is a fertile ground for generating occasional lexicon, including feminine nouns. The word formation subcategory of female nouns is considered in the article, ten major word formation types forming the core and periphery of this category are revealed, the reasons for the appearance of newly formed feminine nouns and actualization of existing in the language are indicated. It was concluded that the extreme variety of the suffix means of expressing the category "femininity", on the one hand, promotes the active formation of feminine nouns, on the other, makes it difficult to secure a definite form in the language, which could subsequently lead to the codification of feminine neologisms. The prospects of the future research of feminine nouns within the framework of the derivational aspect are outline

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Българските неопределителни местоимения с елемента 'си' и съответствията им в украински език

Author(s): Ivan Derzhanski,Olena Siruk / Language(s): Bulgarian,Ukrainian Publication Year: 0

The paper addresses three groups of Bulgarian indefinite pronouns and pronominal expressions incorporating the element си and their Ukrainian counterparts in a parallel bilingual corpus. The study shows that the pronouns of the type еди-Q си mostly correspond to demonstrative pronouns or expressions featuring a demonstrative pronoun in combination with a deictic particle (-ось, -от or -то). Indefinite pronouns proper (of the types Q-сь, Q-небудь and де-Q), as well as demonstrative pronouns in combination with the reflexive pronouns собі, primarily correspond to Bulgarian pronouns of the type нѣ-Q си, whereas the expressions не знам/помня Q си have Ukrainian expressions with a parallel structure, including a cognitive verb, as their most frequent counterparts.

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За мекостта на билабиалните консонанти в българския и в румънския език (акустичен аспект)

Author(s): Vladislav Marinov / Language(s): Bulgarian,Romanian Publication Year: 0

The study analyzes the acoustic characteristics of the bilabial consonants bj, pj and mj in the Bulgarian language and of the bilabial consonants b, p and m in the Romanian language, when preceding the graphic combination ea. The comparative analysis is based on the type of F1 and F2 transition, as the transition of F1 frequencies with soft consonants is lower at the beginning (onset) and higher at the end (offset), while F2 is characterized by higher initial frequencies and lower final frequencies. The experiments show that the acoustic characteristics of the Romanian bilabial consonants b, p and m before ea are close to the acoustic characteristics of the Bulgarian soft bilabial consonants.

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Extended ontology of noun semantic classes

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The primary aim of this study is to propose an effective approach for characterising the frame elements of conceptual frames within the Bulgarian FrameNet using noun classes. This approach will facilitate the prediction of comprehensive and semantically valid combinations between verbal lexical units that evoke conceptual frames and appropriate nouns. The study provides a concise overview of the semantic classifications of nouns in WordNet, Corpus Pattern Analysis, FrameNet, and VerbAtlas, emphasising their significance in predicting verb-noun compatibility. The structure of the Bulgarian FrameNet (BulFrame) is presented, containing components adapted from FrameNet for Bulgarian along with a substantial amount of lexical, morphological, syntactic, and semantic information specific to the Bulgarian language. One distinctive feature of the Bulgarian FrameNet is the specification of noun classes, indicating appropriate nouns for the lexical realisation of frame elements. By aligning synonym sets from WordNet with the semantic types of Corpus Pattern Analysis and FrameNet, as well as with the selective preferences of VerbAtlas, the foundational structure of the Extended Ontology of Noun Semantic Classes is established. The Ontology concepts are linked, not exclusively, to synonym sets from WordNet and thereby to sets of nouns suitable for combination with verbal lexical units that evoke the corresponding conceptual frames. The contribution of this development lies in detailing the steps for selecting semantic classes (concepts) and constructing the structure of the Extended Ontology of Noun Semantic Classes.

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Част на тялото като семантична характеристика

Author(s): Valentina Stefanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This study focuses on the analysis of the frame element Body part as a semantic feature to describe semantic frames according to the hierarchical structure in FrameNet. The aim is a semantical description and a methodological presentation for information extraction and analysis of a group of verbs according to the presence of a specific frame element. The research is part of the development of the Bulgarian FrameNet (BulFrame), a system for visualisation and editing of conceptual frames that are defined in the system (Koeva, Doychev 2022). The analysis is carried out by extracting verbs that are conceptually described by semantic frames with the core frame element Body Part. Semantic resources that are created for the purpose of semantic, syntactic and conceptual knowledge of verbs are used in the study. Mapping with verb synsets from the Bulgarian WordNet is made for the observation. The nouns that the verb conjuncts are considered with respect to distinct synsets and semantic types as a possible realisation of the verb. As a result, a grouping of nouns associated with semantic types from Corpus Pattern Analysis (CPA) is proposed.

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Verbs of communication: validation of conceptual frames in corpus data

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The chapter outlines the properties of the semantic class of verbs of communication in terms of the most representative FrameNet frames of higher frequency and the syntactic realisation of the frame elements in different valence patterns in English and Bulgarian. For the purposes of the study we employ two large lexical-semantic resources: (a) the Princeton WordNet (Fellbaum 1998b), and the Bulgarian WordNet (Koeva 2021), and (b) FrameNet (Baker et al. 1998). In particular, the analysis is centred on the information included in each of the resources and how it can be used towards their mutual enrichment and the extension of their coverage. We discuss the general organisation of the verb lexis representing the domain of communication: the prototypical frame Communication and frames inheriting from it, focusing on the frames Statement and Telling as two of the most representative frames of verbal communication. The objective is to validate the realisation of semantic frames in corpus data using the semantically annotated corpora SemCor (Miller et al. 1993b) and BulSemCor (Koeva et al. 2006). While we use resources for English and Bulgarian, we discuss the universal and language-specific aspects of this description and the transferability of knowledge across languages. The observations made on the valence patterns and the syntactic expression of the core frame elements are used to verify the validity of the assigned frame, while also highlighting the similarities and differences both between verbs from the same domain in one language (Bulgarian) and between equivalent/similar senses across languages (Bulgarian and English).

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За семантичния клас глаголи за контакт чрез преместване

Author(s): Maria Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The study offers a description of a group of verbs from WordNet with the semantic class (primitive) “verbs for contact”, which belong to the set of commonly used vocabulary in Bulgarian. The description focuses on verbs of contact combined with displacement, which include verbs for attaching, detaching, placing, removing, filling, and emptying. A semantic-syntactic description is proposed, which covers the frame elements of the corresponding FrameNet semantic frame and their corresponding syntactic implementations. Situations represented by the semantic frames Attachment, Detachment, Filling, Emptying, Manipulation and Touching are considered. The analyzed information is based on manual verification, editing and addition of the semi-automatic correlation of two large semantic language resources — WordNet and FrameNet. Subclasses of motion contact verbs have been proposed according to the location of physical contact.

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Основни фреймове за перцепция и комплексно представяне на семантико-синтактична информация

Author(s): Hristina Kukova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The research focuses on verbs of perception and their conceptual descriptions in Bulgarian. An analytical review of previous theoretical generalisations as well as scientifically applied research is presented. The variety of constructions and syntactic realisations that the representatives of this class of predicates project onto their sentential surroundings serves as a starting point for the present study. The analysis is based on semantic and partly morphological information about the lexical units from WordNet (Fellbaum 1998; Koeva 2021a), as well as on semantic-syntactic specificities by which the lexical units under study are represented in FrameNet (Baker et al. 1998; Ruppenhofer et al. 2016). Seven frames are considered, which demonstrate high frequency and a wide variety of verbal lexical units. The description includes grammatical features of the verbs, semantic and syntactic constraints that the verbal lexical units impose on their frame elements, mapping of the frame elements to a certain synonym set or semantic class of WordNet nouns that corresponds to the properties of the elements in the frame. The status of the frame elements is also adopted from FrameNet, which is essential for the realisation of the given lexical unit.

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