![Има изход от езиковата инвазия](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2017_32759.jpg)
We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The paper is aimed at the specific class of words in the modern Turkish language. They are the functional equivalents of prepositions in Indo-European languages. The present article undertakes nouns in adpositional function just in the ablative case form.
More...
The article focuses on the role and place of problem-based learning in foreign language teaching. Its practical application creates the necessary conditions for the students to become active, autonomous subjects of their own learning. Problem-based learning is mostly implemented in the context of the traditional in-person form of education but it can function successfully in the context of e-learning as well. As a result, problem-based learning online strengthens its positions in FLT today. Mobile technologies are successfully integrated in the process of language learning and allow the students to overcome the restrictions of time and place in their own learning.
More...
Lithuanian Christian terminology is one of the oldest fields of terminology – the old borrowings (for instance, bažnyčia (church), gavėnia (Lent), krikštas (baptism), kūčios (Christmas Eve), Kalėdos (Christmas), Velykos (Easter)) came into Lithuanian before the official conversion of Lithuania to Christianity – in 10th-12th centuries. The beginnings of Lithuanian terminology are found in extant manuscripts of prayers (Viešpaties malda (The Lord’s prayer), Angelo pasveikinimas (Hail Mary), Tikėjimo išpažinimas (The Nicean Creed) written down in Vilnius diocese in the 16th century, which are the oldest of all presently known texts and the first printed Lithuanian book – an evangelical Lutheran catechism Catechismvsa prasty Szadei written by Martynas Mažvydas in 1547. This article analyses one-word non-Lithuanian origin terms of religion used in Catholic catechisms from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. This period is not a random choice, because the literature of the Church and its language at that time were corrupt with barbarisms.From four Catholic catechisms published at that period – Mokslas Rimo Kataliku (Teaching of Roman Catholics) (1879), Trumpasis Кип. Filochowskio katekizmas. Vaiszganto verstas (Short Catechism by Priest Filochowski. Translated by Vaiszgantas) (1901), Katakizmai katalikiszki (Catholic Catechisms) (1903) and Tikybos mokslas (Šv. Istorijos ir Katekizmo) (Teaching of Religion (Holy History and Catechism)) (1916) by the priest Kazimieras Paltarokas – 1158 one-word terms of religion and their variants, were picked up. Some terms were the same, so it made 613 different terms and 125 their variants. The majority of one-word terms – 439 terms – were of the native origin. This article investigates 141 different terms of non-Lithuanian origin and 33 hybrid terms of foreign origin.Non-Lithuanian, i.e. terms of religion of the foreign origin are so called international words (34 terms), barbarisms (71 term) and old borrowings (36 terms). The absolute majority of international terms (33 terms) are derived from classical languages – Latin (aktas (act, note) TFK 43, ostija (host) KK 30, MRK 322, TM 123, sakramentas (sacrament) MRK 16, 79, 138, TFK 9, KK 22, TM 72, 85) and Greek (antifona (versicle) TM 11, balzamas (balsam) MRK 315). Some international terms came through Slavonic (Belorussian, Polish) languages, for instance, altorius (altar) MRK 176, TM 110, adventas (advent) MRK 79, 333, TM 109, angelas (angel) TM 12, 76 and other.The origin of old borrowings varies. These catechisms have majorily old borrowings from Slavonic languages, for example, bažnyčia (church) MRK 25, TFK 20, 25, KK 19, TM 7, 88, grabas (coffin) MRK 75, KK 15 and other. This is the oldest layer of Lithuanian terms of religion.There are many barbarisms in earlier mentioned catechisms (71 term): Polonisms (abrozas (picture) MRK 79, dūšia (spirit) MRK 29, TFK 8, KK 11, tajemnyčia (mystery of rosary) MRK 50), Slavonicisms (apieka (care) KK 10), Belorussianisms (тūkа (suffering) MRK 57, TFK 11, 25, KK 46) and germanisms (podžiai (godparents) TM 120).The end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries is the period of the fast creation of common language. At that time terms of religion were already established, but the language was corrupted with barbarisms and was not pure. In the beginning of the 20th century there were attempts to normalize terms of religion – barbarisms were changed, international terms and old borrowings were left. In the work of the priest K. Paltarokas Tikybos mokslas (The Teaching of Religion) even 82% of terms are purely Lithuanian. In this catechism there is only one barbarism from German language – podžiai (godparents) TM 120. Furthermore, barbarisms, used in catechisms published in 1879-1903, were changed, for instance, dirmavonė MRK 108, TFK 9, KK 27 – sutvirtinimo sakramentas TM 120 (confirmation), čysčius MRK 63, TFK 17, KK 16, 37 – skaistykla TM 89 (purgatory) and others. After the bishop Paltarokas the terminology of Lithuanian catholic catechisms hardly changed.
More...
This article analyses the names of treatment means (over 400) collected from sixteen books of popular medicine by doctor Antanas Vileišis (1856–1919) according to their meaning, expression and origin.In respect of meaning these names differ. Six notional groups were identified – names of medications for internal and external use, bandaging means and medical dressings, first aid means, disinfecting or anti-bacterial means, medical implements and manipulation treatment.In respect of expression the majority of names of treatment means are complex terms, mainly two-word terms (200), also there are quite few three-word terms (nearly 80). A variety of means of expression is characteristic to specific elements of those terms.In respect of origin Lithuanian words prevail, though there are quite a lot of words of foreign origin – international words and barbarisms. In some cases barbarisms were substituted with Lithuanian equivalents, though sometimes the author gives a barbarism next to Lithuanian word – presumably trying to adjust his language to the lexicon used by target readers. The abundance of borrowed words possibly has been influenced by the language, style and terminology of foreign authors, because most of doctor Vileišis books were translations of works of Russian, Polish or German authors or were prepared using such works.The names of treatment means have synonyms and variants. Most frequently two Lithuanian words or a Lithuanian word and non-Lithuanian word are used synonymously.Popular medical books by doctor Antanas Vileišis are the important source for the history of Lithuanian medical terminology.
More...
Sources for the research in this article are unofficial translations of Russian legal codes, which were valid in Lithuania between 1918 and 1940, into Lithuanian. The article analyses terms of law for naming persons. Part of these terms could be attributed to the jurisprudence, other part – to the legal practice. They are names of persons connected by the legal relations and persons performing legal functions. There were about 800 such terms found in the earlier mentioned codes. About half of them are one-word terms, a half of them – complex terms (mainly two-word terms). Terms are discussed according to their origin and word-formation.A characteristic feature of law terms of that period naming persons is their Lithuanian origin. Names of persons, which are separable in respect of word-formation, are rare in those codes, most of them are derivatives. Some of them are coined specially for the needs of law terminology, most of them are terminologized. It is quite difficult to mark strictly terminologized formations from new formations. If a derivative, which is systematically possible, did not get into the earlier lexicography, it is not possible to conclude that such word did not exist. Most of law terms naming persons are derivatives with suffixes -to-jas, -a and -ėjas, -a, which on the whole are very common and productive. It is possible that exactly because of the commonness some terms made with the suffix -tojas, -a were replaced with derivatives with the suffix -ovas, -ė. More clearly new words were made with the suffix -ininkas, -ė.The article singles out a distinctive type of law terms naming persons – substantivized participles, mostly of the passive voice of the present tense. This is quite convenient way of a short expression. Some of the terms of this type are usual until nowadays.Borrowings make quite a small part of law terms naming persons in these codes. Almost all borrowings are international words. An absolute majority of them are of the Latin origin. The Lithuanization of a very few international words differs from the present one, variations are rare. Hybrid terms are close to borrowings, though such way of naming persons in these code was not popular at all.
More...
Per beveik penkis šimtmečius latvių, kaip ir lietuvių, kalba pasiekė tokį lygį, kad dvidešimtojo amžiaus pabaigoje mūsų kalbos buvo visiškai pasirengusios atlikti visas aktualias valstybinės kalbos funkcijas savo šalyse. Reguliarūs latvių ir lietuvių kalbininkų kontaktai prasidėjo nuo dvidešimto amžiaus septintojo dešimtmečio, kai buvo pradėtos rengti terminologijos ir kalbos kultūros konferencijos. Septintasis dešimtmetis – tai laikas, kai terminologija, iki tol laikyta leksikologijos šaka, dėl gausių teorinių tyrinėjimų tapo savarankiška tarpdalykine mokslo sritimi, besiplėtojančia lingvistikos ir keleto gretutinių sričių – logikos, filosofijos, kognityvistikos, ontologijos, komunikacijos mokslų – sandūroje. Leksiniu atžvilgiu terminologija laikoma specifiniu kalbos leksinės sudėties sluoksniu, kreipiant dėmesį į terminų ir ne terminų santykį, terminų ir profesinių, socialinių, teritorinių, istorinių, stilistinių ir kitų leksikos sluoksnių sąsajas. Leksinę kalbos sandarą atskleidžia žodynai. Teoriniai ir praktiniai žodynų sudarymo aspektai – leksikografijos, kaip kalbotyros šakos, tyrimų objektas. Viena iš žodynų rū- šių – terminų žodynai. Bendrinės kalbos ir terminų žodynų lyginimas leidžia apibūdinti terminografiją kaip gretutinę discipliną, esančią leksikologijos, leksikografijos ir termi- nologijos sandūroje. Terminų žodynų specifika atsiskleidžia atrenkant žodynų straipsnių antraštes ir leksiškai bei gramatiškai aprašant. Terminų žodynuose vyrauja daiktavardžiai, kadangi jie pavadina pačias įvairiausias realijas – daiktus (objektus), procesus, savybes, kiekius, aplinkybes ir kt. Daiktavardžiai geriausiai įvardija sąvokas. Kitos kalbos dalys, pavyzdžiui, būdvardžiai, dalyviai (t. y. veiksmažodinės formos) paprastai atlieka termino apibūdinančio dėmens funkciją. Kartais, pavyzdžiui, kai kuriuose ISO standartuose, pasitaiko antraščių ir su daiktavardžiais, ir su veiksmažodžiais: display – „vizualinis pateikimas“ ir to display – „pateikti vizualiai“ (apibrėžčių vertimas pateiktas straipsnio autorės). Kaip matyti iš apibrėžčių, abiem atvejais kalbama apie tą pačią sąvoką, skiriasi tik žodžio gramatinės formos pasirinkimas. Toks dubliavimas yra netikslingas. Pakaktų išreikšti sąvoką daiktavardžiu, o veiksmažodis, reikalui esant, gali būti vartojamas tekste. Skirtingų kalbos dalių vietą ir vaidmenį terminologijoje padeda nustatyti terminema, kurios pagrindinis dėmuo yra daiktavardis, o kitos kalbos dalys (susijusios su ta pačia są- voka) – antraeiliai dėmenys (plg. перевод – переводить, переведен, переведенный ir pan.). Pastaruoju metu terminologijoje ieškoma naujo požiūrio, pabrėžiant kompleksinį terminologinių vienetų pobūdį, tačiau tai nereiškia, kad atsisakoma tradicinio požiūrio. Dėmesys turi būti skiriamas ir reprezentacinei, ir komunikacinei termino funkcijai, t. y. termino sistemiškumui terminų sistemoje ir vartosenos įvairovei, atsižvelgiant į kontekstą.
More...
The article considers the results of the comparative research of the Belarusian and Lithuanian terminographies according to a number of criteria. The advantages and drawbacks of each of the mentioned terminographies are analyzed. The necessity to introduce the amendments into modern Belarusian terminographic practice has been substantiated.
More...
Straipsnis pradedamas istorinių terminologijos mokslo formavimosi aplinkybių apžvalga, kurioje aptariami Wirtschaftslinguistik judėjimas ir terminologijos pradininkų – E. Wüsterio, E. Drezeno ir D. Lotte’s – darbai. Išskiriama keletas teorinių terminologijos mokslo pagrindų raidos etapų, kuriuos parodo L. Hoffmanno ir H. Kalverkämperio modeliai. Keliami klausimai, ar terminologija yra atskira disciplina ir ar galima kalbėti apie terminologijos mokyklas. Apžvelgiamos žinių sritys, turėjusios įtakos terminologijos teorijos raidai, t.y. objektas ir sąvoka, objektų ir sąvokų vaizdavimo formos, žinių tvarkyba ir terminografija. Kalbama apie terminologijos mokymą, terminijos standartizavimą, specialiosios kalbos ir terminologijos planavimą, aptariamas deskriptyvinis ir preskriptyvinis požiūris į terminologiją ir jos planavimą. Kaip išvados formuluojami penki teiginiai apie terminologijos teorijos bei jos taikymo raidą ir dabartinę padėtį.
More...
This study compares the diminutives and/or the hypocoristica in the Croatian and Macedonian languages. The comparative and contrastive approach of the study reveals a particular degree of similarity of diminutives in these South-Slavic Languages, emphasizing that the Macedonian language has a feature of syntheticity, as does the Croatian language.
More...
This paper presents the phonological and morphological features of the local dialect of Vošteni, a village belonging to the Istrian municipality of Sv. Lovreč. The linguistic features have been analysed in the context of the Southwest Istrian dialect group, to which it belongs according to Brozović's (1988) and Lisac's (2009) classification, as well as of those of the neighbouring Tinjan type dialects. It has been concluded that the linguistic characteristics of Vošteni are equal to those of Butori (Pliško, Ivetić 2010: 127–135) and Hlistići (Pliško, 2007: 95–106), and differ from those of Kringa in the truncated infinitive, Šćakavian realisation of the old consonant cluster *stj, the change jt > tj > ć in the verb doć, poć, and in the reduction of final l in the masculine form of the active verbal adjective: bi, voli, sti (Pliško, Ljubešić 2009: 101–102). Further research of Sv. Lovreč dialect type will define the dialect subgroup and its place within the Central Southwest Istrian dialect group.
More...
This is a bok review of: Bergerová, Hana; Vaňková, Lenka et al. 2015. Lexikalische Ausdrucksmittel der Emotionalität im Deutschen und Tschechischen
More...
This is a book review of: Kukorelli, Eszter. 2016. Zukunftsbezogene Tempora im Deutschen und Ungarischen in der Nähesprache
More...
The vocative as a pragmatic-semantic category, i.e. vocativeness as an appellative category, is a means of expressing many linguistic functions. From the functional point of view, vocative expressions are never monosemic, i.e. they do not serve only a conative function, as explicitly defined in the literature, but they very frequently perform other linguistic functions as well – especially the emotive function (expressing speaker’s feelings, personal attitude towards the interlocutor) and the poetic one. As a means of establishing and maintaining communication, i.e. checking the functioning of the communication channel, vocative expressions perform a phatic function as well. The referential function of vocative expressions is confined to the subject and predicative role in the language of folk poetry, and this paper shows that such a role in the contemporary Croatian language can also be performed by vocative expressions in the role of predicate adjuncts and adverbials with certain verbs.
More...
The aim of this paper is to discuss two fundamental pragmatic notions, convention and context within the framework of communication on social media. By presenting an overview of theoretical perspectives on the two notions and analyzing concrete examples from Twitter we put forward the importance of the dynamic and constant synergy between convention and context in communication on social media, but also in communication in general. Examples of tweets (Twitter posts) will show that the core principles of traditional communication – conventionalization and contextualization – remain strong and are visible in concrete realizations through new ‘communicative items’ such as hashtags (i.e. #onokad) and handles (i.e. @username). The technology behind the media opens up new avenues of creativity for the participants (users, speakers), yet the creativity remains situated within ‘contexts’ (micro- and macro-level) and perpetuated (or dismissed) through mechanisms of ‘conventionalization’. Pragmatics is shown to be a highly relevant and appropriate scholarly field for comprehensive research into language and communication on social media.
More...
Die wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen der Fachsprachen sind von weittragender Bedeutung, denn die Fachsprachen weisen nicht nur die Abweichungen von der Gemeinsprache auf semantischer Ebene, wie allgemein gemeint wird, sondern auch auf syntaktischer und pragmatischer Ebene auf. Das Gleiche gilt für die deutsche Konzernsprache, eine Varietät des Wirtschaftsdeutschen. Dieser Beitrag hat zum Ziel, die Funktionsverbgefüge des Forschungsgebiets deutsche Konzernsprache nach ihrer Frequenz und morphologischen Typen zu untersuchen. Wir gehen von der Hypothese aus, dass die Frequenz der FVG in der deutschen Konzernsprache nennenswert höher ist, verglichen mit derjenigen aus der deutschen Gemeinsprache. Zugleich erwarten wir eine Abweichung gegenüber der deutschen Gemeinsprache, was die Frequenz der morphologischen Typen betrifft. Falls es bei den endgültigen Ergebnissen zu einem entgegengesetzten Resultat käme, würde uns das suggerieren, dass dieses Gebiet des Wirtschaftsdeutschen keine spezifischen Merkmale in diesem Sinne aufweist. Die Bestätigung der ursprünglichen Hypothesen würde diese spezifischen Besonderheiten der FVG in der deutschen Konzernsprache betonen.
More...
Lithuanian terminology research into eponymous terms of various fields (anatomy,architecture, botany, etc.) began in the 21st century. However, a more systematic view that includes the general aspects of the appellativation of terms is still eligible, especially in order to introduce them to the future translators of the subject language, the editors, and other target groups that are interested in the applied and theoretical aspects of the scientific concepts. Although appellativation complements the terminology most often with the borrowed terms, and most eponymous terms were created back in the nineteenth century, it is an active and relevant way of creating new term names. For example, in January 2016 the discovery of four new chemical elements was announced, which, in line with the IUPAC recommendation to give chemical elements the names of mythological figures, minerals, locations, countries or scientists,in June 2016 were proposed to be named as nihon, moskov, tenesin and oganeson. The given terms were legalized on 28th November 2016.An onym loses its individuality in the process of turning into the appellative term,but acquires new features, and and the new words of various structures enter the language system. The article gives a brief overview of the 816 eponymic words from various fields created on the basis of a proper names selected from the Tarptautinių žodžiųžodynas (Dictionary of International Words) (2013), the structural and semantic varieties of the fully appellative terms, by combining linguistic and extralinguistic aspects related to the encyclopedic and scientific knowledge of various fields. According to the field,all the terms are divided into 15 groups (for example, chemistry, physics, mathematics and astronomy, botany, technical, clothing, sports, choreography, etc.). The main method of appellativation is metonymization when there is a strong logical connection between the proper name of a person or an area and a particular object or phenomenon.The oikonyms have become the background for more than 60 percent of the concepts researched, most of which have developed due to egocentric motives. Not only does the appellative onym acquire new semantic components, but it is often derivativelytransformed: among the deonymized terms there are not only grammatically adapted terms (fermis, klarkas), but also there is an abundance of suffixal derivatives(hesianas, mahometonybė, rusoizmas), compounds and blends (atlantozauras, orimulsija).
More...
The rapid development and globalization of science as well as formation of language varieties related to professional activities, the main layer of which is terminology,makes research into terminology very important. There is a noticeable tendency in recent years to create compounds which adhere to the principles of language economy,precision of naming, monosemy and logicality perfectly well. Compounds are researched in various aspects including semantics, word-formation, motivation, origin and standardization. One of the most popular aspects was the morphological aspect of research, which prevailed in the works of Lithuanian linguists of the first half of 20th century. This aspect is closely related to word-formation and its essence is the understanding of a compound as a combination of morphemes. This point of view is still predominant in Lithuanian linguistics. For instance, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbosgramatika (Grammar of Modern Lithuanian) compounds are classified firstly according to the parts of speech from which their components are derived. In foreign linguistics it is common to research compounds from the semantic-syntactic point of view; there are various classifications based on semantic-syntactic relationship of components of compounds. In Lithuanian linguistics the analysis of solid compounds from the semantic-syntactic point of view is less frequent. Usually compounds are classified into subordinated and copulative compounds without going into more detailed research of the relations between components of subordinated compounds.This paper researches solid compounds from semantic-syntactic point of view. Solid compounds in Lithuanian terminology of construction have been selected as the object of research; due to their abundance and tendencies of development, these terms can to a certain extent represent general regularities of the development of Lithuanian solid compounds. After an overview of the semantic-syntactic typology of compounds by foreign researchers and the point of view in Lithuanian linguistics in regard to relations between components of solid compounds, the paper presents a more detailed analysis of relations between components of compounds which function as generic terms in the terminology of construction. It is suggested to widen semantic-syntactic classification and to classify subordinated compounds further taking into account the variety of relations between components. The suggested semantic-syntactic classification would be less formal and wide than morphological and in addition it would focus less on the second component of the compound (as is common in morphological classification). The research revealed that the second component is the main component in attributive compounds, object-denoting compounds and comparative compounds,whereas adverbial compounds can have either the first or the second component as the main component and in amount-denoting compounds the main component is always the first.The analysis of relations between components of solid compounds which are generic terms of construction showed that there could be five types of relations between components of these determinative compounds: attributive, object-denoting, adverbial,amount-denoting and comparative. Attributive compounds make the largest group of determinative compounds – there were 379 such compounds found in 22 sources.Among the generic terms of construction researched there were also 186 object-denoting compounds, 26 adverbial and 25 amount-denoting compounds. The comparative compounds make the smallest group – only 3 such terms were found. The research also revealed that in all groups there is a certain number of terms having the same main component. The most productive components are akla-, beton-, daug-,dumbl(i)a-, ketur-, -matis, pus-, -tiekis, -traukis, savi-. In comparison with subordinated compounds, copulative compounds are rather rare – 38 terms were found. All such compounds were found in texts about construction materials and they name composite materials.
More...
Review of: Palmira Zemlevičiūtė, XVII–XVIII amžiaus Mažosios Lietuvos žodynų terminologinė medicinos leksika. Monografija. – Vilnius : Lietuvių kalbos institutas , 2016. – 517 p. I SBN 978-609-411-181-5
More...