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The present paper points out instances of inconsistencies in Douglas Hyde’s seminal cultural nationalist speech: The Necessity for De-Anglicising Ireland. It also delves into the political, historical, cultural and linguistic realities that brought them about.
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The article discusses prepositional-case structures with a nominal head that have an ad-junct in the instrumental case with the preposition nad(a). The fundamental purpose of this paper is to point to the semantic types of the structures in question and try to explain the ways of semantic transposition the spatial preposition nad(a) in more complex semantic domains. The notions of space are transformed into abstract concepts by means of metaphoric copying – into the concepts of “domination“, of cause, and of comparison. As a consequence, the noun phrases in question are furnished with the spatial meaning of “domination“, as well as with causative and comparative meaning. The position of the head is occupied by concrete nouns owing to the sentence condensation, or by verbal nouns arising through the processes of nominalization of verbal structures.
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This article deals with the description of verbal actionality classes in Nanai. First, theoretical ground and methods which are used to investigate actionality classes are discussed. The second part of the article is dedicated to the description of the Nanai verbal classes on the base of S. Tatevosov’s methods. Problems connected with this procedure are also considered. A list of Nanai verbal actionality classes which were revealed with the help of elicitation is the main result of the article.
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The article describes results of the newly conducted processing and analisys of the archived audio recordings of the Chulym language, which were kept in the Laboratory of Experimental Phonetic Research in RAS Siberian Branch Institute of Philology. Chulym is now at the brink of extinction, and the 1970s records reflect a signficantly better level of language knowledge. The main phonetic qualities of Chulym have already been recorded, but two important ones were found. For the first time the intermittent and pharyngealized vocal settings were identified in the Chulym language. Also, the author finds different types of pharyngealization, such as the type of tone and the duration.
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Among the most significant current issues in the field of structural, systematic and communicative description of lexical meanings are identifying pragmatically marked lexical items, classification of various micro-components comprising the larger structure of the pragmatic macro-component within the lexical meaning, and examining their communicative potential. The solution of these theoretical problems is considered as a necessary condition of creating ap-propriate models for lexicographic description and typology of Pragmatically Marked Lexicon within active type dictionaries or/ and in special computer databases.In the present project the attention is drawn to such essential problems of Pragmatic Semantics as the “speaker – language sign” interrelations. The problem that demands a combined systematic, structural and communicative approach is description of lexical meanings. There are certain pragmatically marked elements of human lexicon that should be revealed and de-scribed systematically. The project explores the integral model of lexical meaning, including pragmatic macro components; describes the structure, content, variable potential and implementation of pragmatic semantics in different types of discourse; analyzes the ways how pragmatic semantics can be lexicographically presented in dictionaries of different types; develops the concept of lexico-graphical interpretation of pragmatically labeled items within the Russian lexical system.The applied component of the project is creating a computer database of pragmatically marked vocabulary, available for a wide range of users: researchers, linguistic experts, inter-preters and teachers of the Russian language. The described computer database of pragmatically marked vocabulary is based on the Russian and international experience in corpus and computational linguistics.
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This paper presents stages and problems of conceptual design of metaphorical terminology database never before being the subject of description. The linguistic databases have been developing rapidly for the past decades but their development has not been completed. The purpose of the article is to define the principles of conceptual design of metaphorical terminology database. The interdisciplinary project presented in the paper is based on the system of methodo-logic research areas and methods: the theory of conceptual metaphors in research of metaphor-ical terminology and the theory of conceptual design of relational databases in the process of formation of linguistic resource conceptual structure. The paper presents and explains 1) the conceptual structure of metaphorical terminology database developed from: a range of prob-lems which are solved by this database; the analysis of research areas (metaphorical terminol-ogy of various scientific fields: scientific-and-technological – geologic, oilgas terminology, in-formation technologies, humanitarian – term systems of psychology, linguistics, philosophy, sociology, natural science - medicine, biology, ecology); data represented in works on research of metaphorical conceptualization in term systems. 2) Core and peripheral objects of scientific fields and relations between them are identified on the basis of which infological scheme of the database is formed. 3) The objects’ attributes are identified and datalogical scheme of relational database is formed. The developed structure is originally realized with the use of relational DBMS Microsoft Access.
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The purpose of the article is to argue the existence of modus category of "hope" on the background of such widely recognized modus category as "trustworthiness" A significant part of the article is devoted to the semantics of the above mentioned category. The article also includes the review of Russian and foreign papers on the studied topic. The author provides the field approach to the description of linguistic means of expres-sion of modus category of "hope", highlighting the introductory units I hope / hope as the core, and the introductory unit we hope / hope and verbs of expounding compound constructions with contact word hope – as the periphery. In addition, it is proved that the synonyms of the word hope cannot be nuclear items for different reasons. The author comes to the following conclusions: 1) despite the area of intersection of trustworthiness and the subjective sense of "hope" ('confidence', 'consciousness', 'the possibility of exercising'), considered modus category includes such components as 'pending ', 'future', 'joyful / good / pleasant', 'soul', 'emotion', while the seme 'future' is not obligatory; 2) modus cat-egory of "hope" expresses "the desire, the expectation of something joyful / pleasant / good coupled with the certainty that it can be done in the future or has already happened". Modus cate-gory of "hope", unlike "trustworthiness", is an optional semantic category. It can be expressed by the speaker only in those cases that require emphasizing the desirability of the anticipated event. It’s evident that the modal meaning “hope” is closely related to the categories of emo-tionality and trustworthiness in the entire system of modus categories.
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The aim of the article is to establish the influence value of conceptual metaphors and mental pictures (and activated conceptual structures) on the motivation of phraseological units. The author begins with an attempt of explanation of the term phraseological motivation. Due to the present research there are two research streams concerning motivation: Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory and the Figurative Language Theory by Dobrovol’ski and Piirainen. The research part of the article concerns corpus-based study of chosen phraseologisms and the explanation of their meaning within the two complementing theoretical approaches presented before.
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The subject of the research in this work will be ethnolinguistic description of the language used on gravestones. The material on which the research is conducted includes two cemeteries in Kragujevac (Town cemetery and Bozman) as well as the cemetery in Batocina. The goal of the work, besides the linguistic description, is to explain the need for epitaphs, along with their function and role in a society. The beginning of the work presents the topic and its realization in language in general. Leitmotif of death is unavoidable when talking about the necropolic idioma, so there will be a word about understanding of death in literature too, as a possibility of comparison with gravestone epitaphs. The methods which were used during this research will be also presented in its primary part, as well as the importance of the topic itself and with the anthropological perspective for evaluating and understanding of the language on the gravestone postaments.
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Sunset Song was created in time Ducic’s poetic transformation. Staying in Geneva and Paris, a young poet from Trebinje, familiarize themselves with the achievements of European Symbolism, which will have a great impact on his creative work. Although he fully accepted the principles of European modernism, which is adhered to the end of life, Ducic, however, managed to retain its originality. The aim of this paper is to show how the lingvistilistička analysis can be applied to high school teaching literature at reworking Sunset Jovan Ducic.Methodical approach is based on the study: (1) stylemes at different linguistic levels (fonostylem, morfostylem, semantostiyem and sintaksostylem); (2) the role that stylemes and linguistic styling songs have in symbolism, meaning and ideological values poems. In this way, students build (1) Skill spotting linguistic forms procedures and (2) Skill disclosing their stilogenosti (effect) in a poetic text. The educational objective of the proposed methodological approach is to train students to research and creative approach to a literary text. In particular, insists that when means sense of poetic text (1) apply the knowledge gained in language teaching and (2) that the linguistic knowledge associated with knowledge and theory and history of literature.
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The paper firstly deliberates on culture as a linguistic phenomenon and language as a cultural fact. It has been established that language contains two mechanisms that direct its culture: the first one is the norm, while the other is the purpose of communication. The author explains all processes of the grammatical activation of language and all principles of its normative shaping as linguistic models, while cultural models are interpreted in the context of stylistic and logical shaping. The focus of this research is placed on the latter ones, and in particular on those occurring in the Serbian media. Therefore, the author further investigates the media culture as a general culture of the verbalization of ideas, focusing primarily on the question of the so-called internet journalism using an analytical-synthetic approach – the analysis of news on the Internet.
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Considering written communication one must posit the question of whether the author’s intended meaning can be interpreted from the linguistically encoded meanings of the words used. Working within the relevance-theoretic framework, we examine the underdeterminacy thesis, according to which there is a gap between word meaning and meaning in use. In interpreting the author’s explicitly communicated meaning, the reader’s pragmatic processor bridges the gap by employing certain inferential processes which are motivated by an overall search for relevance in the specific context of communication. The research presented here is based on an analysis of five distinct processes (i.e. disambiguation, reference assignment, saturation, free pragmatic enrichment, and ad hoc concept formation) at work in newspaper headlines from Serbian daily press. Basing our findings on qualitative analysis of the headlines, we conclude that the workings of each of the inferential processes can be easily traced in many examples, and that some of the headlines even show the application of two such processes. This implies that the inferential processes are not entirely independent, but actually interconnected aspects of a single function of the pragmatic processor. In accordance with that, this paper is aimed at presenting how inferential pragmatics can be adequately applied to actual instances of written communication.
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In accordance with the modern views, a term is described as a static unit of a certain language for specific purposes that serves the function of fixation of specific knowledge as well as a dynamic unit that appears in the process of cognition as a verbalized concept. During its existence any term passes through three stages. The first stage is the birth of a term (usually in the process of speech), when it can be incomplete in its quality (there are several types of term-forming). The second stage is the period of adolescence, when a term is a unit of some terminological system that reflects certain sphere of knowledge. The third stage is a period of dying, when a term is excluded from the usage (as a rule that happens when the theory that described this particular sphere of knowledge is substituted by some other).
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This publication explores the ways of displaying guilt in the Russian language conscience. According to the National Corpus of the Russian language guilt is defined in different contexts as cause and bad act as well as feeling. As a cause of something wrong it is related to coincidence, national mentality, curiosity, love and fate; as a bad act it is related to fault, adultery, alcoholism and crime; as a feeling of responsibility for such wrongs, whether real or imagined, it is related to pang of remorse, conscience, shame and fear. And we can estimate the degree of guilt, as such, only in regard to any social norm as moral or penal law. In this way, the analyzed emotional concept is constant and variable at the same time: constant as an object of understanding, variable as a contextual meaning.
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The article presents linguistic ways of expressing joy in the present-day Russian and Polish languages. The analysis is based on examples taken from the Internet, first of all from blogs and Internet forums. The way of expressing joy depends on the type of the emotion in question. The first type is represented by ‘a joy as an inner feeling of satisfaction’, the second – ‘a joy as a spontaneous reaction’. The first type is expressed first of all through describing an inner emotional state of the sender [of the message] and has an explicit form such as: я радуюсь, мне радостно,меня это радует / cieszę się, cieszy mnie to, nie posiadam się z radości, etc. The second one –a spontaneous reaction – is expressed by implicit linguistic forms. The article also deals with the situations in which the sender tries to hide positive emotions, including joy.Download file
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The object of this research is appellative nouns which reflect the peculiarities of life, traditions and environment of a certain nation. The aim of the article is to find a term which is the most appropriate for naming of such national realia. Some authors use the term lacuna when naming things which seem unusual to a representative of another culture and which require interpretation. Other authors relate them with equivalency. Since it is sometimes difficult to find equivalents in a language when the speakers of it are not familiar with a certain things or phenomena existing in another culture, the term non-equivalent lexis can be used. In linguistic literature other terms are also used, for example exotism and exotic vocabulary, though these are not suitable for closely related languages. The term ethnographism which names some national realia is not suitable for describing national historical events, national movements and other things the names of which belong to the specific national lexis. Moreover, ethnographisms first of all denote national realia which do not cause problems for native speakers when used in a text. It is more difficult with foreign cultural phenomena and translation of their names.A conclusion could be drawn that the most suitable term for the lexis referring to national realia is non-equivalent lexis. Is has to be admitted that this term may not always be applicable because it is necessary to find a certain equivalent while translating a text. The choice of the equivalent depends on many things, for example the affinity of the source language, the character of the text and the tradition and intention of the usage of a particular word.
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Hidronim je ime rijeke ili druge vode. Hidronomastika je disciplina koja proučava hidronime i načine na koji vode dobivaju svoje ime, kao i na koje se načine ti nazivi mijenjaju ili opstaju kroz historiju. Hidronim kao lingvistički element predstavlja najstariji sloj među toponimima – narodi koji se doseljavaju na određeno područje često zadržavaju imena koja su dana vodama. Hidronomastika (tj. onomastika općenito) je dugo smatrana pomoćnom historijskom (ili geografskom) naukom, prije nego što se u dvadesetom vijeku oblikovala kao lingvistička disciplina. Ovaj rad pokušava objasniti porijeklo hidronima koji se nalaze na području općine Srebrenik i okolice. Pokušava odrediti jesu li ti hidronimi pretežno slavenskog porijekla, kao što bi se moglo pretpostaviti. Koriste se metode komparativne lingvistike pri uspoređivanju riječi od kojih bi mogla potjecati imena hidronima, a kako bi se ustanovila historijska povezanost tih riječi. Općenito je široko prihvaćeno stajalište da su hidronimi ovoga područja indoeuropskog porijekla.
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The paper aims to introduce a Hungarian cooperative project that had the aim of collecting English and Hungarian terminology for laser physics, and making it publicly available in a terminological database and a terminological dictionary. The collection and publication of English and Hungarian terminology for laser physics can be considered an objective in Hungarian terminology policy of laser physics. (On terminology policies see Guidelines for Terminology Policies, 2005; on Hungarian terminology policy, see Fóris, Sermann 2010; Fóris 2011; Fóris, Papp 2011.) Work on laser terminology is best carried out through the cooperation of field experts and linguists, more precisely with the collaboration of laser physicists and terminologists, which is appropriate to coordinate the process and publish the results.
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Sustainable development is a long-term ideology of societal development that is based on three principles – economic development, social development and environmental protection. The term sustainability is closely related to this ideology. In this article Lithuanian equivalents of the term sustainability are analyzed according to form, meaning and usage. Analysis of more than 450 cases of the usage of the English term sustainability shows, that this term has several Lithuanian equivalents, of which the most common are the nouns tvarumas, darnumas, darna, tausumas. Often semantic content of the noun sustainability is expressed by the adjectives tvarus, darnus, tausus. Other equivalents are synonyms of the most common terms: terms which have borrowed or other Lithuanian root, derivative and gramatical synonyms, words or their combinations with similar meanings. Equivalents denote any principle of the ideology of sustainable development (economic, social development and environmental protection) or the ideology itself. In most cases the entirety of principles is denoted by equivalents tvarumas, tvarus, less frequently – by darnumas, darna, darnus.
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The paper discusses the descriptive approach, which only recently has been more widely used in Lithuanian terminology practice. Terminologists, translators, proofreaders and other practitioners dealing with terminology can benefit from methods and tools that are applied in descriptive terminology management. Furthermore, the approach of descriptive terminology can be adopted for terminology teaching and learning purposes. The paper aims to describe possible applications how the descriptive terminology research (resources, tools and methods) can be used in the terminological practice. Firstly, we introduce resources and tools developed during the project ŠIMTAI 2 (Automatic Identification of Education and Science Terms). The resources and tools have been developed for the semi-automatic analysis of Lithuanian terms: i.e. specialized annotated corpus, tools for automatic extraction of terminology and a tool for semi-automatic detection of knowledge-rich contexts for terms in the specialized corpus, which then can be used for preparing definitions of terms.
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