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Le bilinguisme dans les littératures d’expression française en Europe centrale et orientale: l’expérience de l’exil

Author(s): Rennie Yotova / Language(s): English,French Issue: 1/2020

The article examines the experience of exile among writers who have emigrated from Central and Eastern Europe (Agota Kristof, Emile Cioran, Milan Kundera, Julia Kristeva, Tzvetan Todorov) by establishing the concepts of exile, uprooting and disorientation. The in-between-languages shows the memory of the mother tongue and the situation of permanent discomfort in the adopted language – French.

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Ailleurs plutôt que nulle part. L’image de la pologne et des polonais goyim dans les textes d’immigrés juifs d’origine polonaise et de leurs descendants en belgique francophone

Author(s): Przemysław Szczur / Language(s): French Issue: 17/2019

This paper analyses the image of Poland and gentile Poles in the texts of Jewish immigrants and their descendants in French-speaking Belgium. The centre of interest are its literary forms, as well as its historical roots. If the geographical and cultural Polish space appears alternatively as locus amoenus and locus horribilis, the inhabitants of the country are quite clearly represented as populus horribilis. Their antisemitism appears as one of their main features, although sometimes it is problematized. Jewish immigrants and their descendants distance themselves from Poland and gentile Poles. They mainly create a negative image, very different from the traditional image of Poland and Poles in Belgian literature.

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„Realizm profetyczny”: emancypacyjna poetyka powieści George Sand

Author(s): Katarzyna Nadana-Sokołowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 42/2019

The article recalls George Sand as a writer whose works, especially those of the 1830s and 1840s, inspired the development of a democratic European society. It shows how Sand’s involvement in the democratisation of post-revolutionary France is intertwined with the poetics of her prose. The author introduces the term “not-entirely-realistic” to describe Sand’s writing, which at the same time consciously uses and transcends the poetics of contemporary realism, introducing into the novel the idealisation of chosen characters and fabulous or idyllic motifs in the creation of the world. On the example of selected works, the article discusses common features of typical Sandian protagonists. They are at the same time idealised (noble, selfless, generous, compassionate, and helpful) and idealists themselves, who dream of a better, more equitable social world, and believe that social commitment is consistent with the true message of the Gospel. The article also demonstrates how idyllic space in Sand’s fiction becomes a utopian sphere in which people from different social strata meet and interact as equals.

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Волтер и Русо у Дидроовим писмима

Author(s): Milan N. Janjić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 21/2020

The aim of this paper is to present themes of Diderot’s letters sent to Voltaire and Rousseau. The main research corpus includes letters from the fifth volume of Diderot’s selected works (Correspondance, 1997), edited by Laurent Versini, the French expert for the 18th century. Today we have only five letters sent to Rousseau in 1757, and seven to Voltaire, the first from 1749, and the last from 1773. In addition, the letters about Rousseau and Voltaire which Diderot sent to other addressees will also be considered in this analysis. Apart from the personal correspondence, an instructive insight will also be given by referring to Diderot’s other writings, in which the author, directly or indirectly, mentions Voltaire and Rousseau. While interpreting that in this article, a closer and more precise definition of professional, collegial and/or friendly relations among the three famous intellectuals of the French Enlightenment, will be discovered.

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To Die Laughing

Author(s): Costica Bradatan / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2011

The article proposes an interdisciplinary introduction to the notion of the political world as farce. More exactly, it advances the argument that, despite experiencing the world as a joke of cosmic proportions, an individual can still create meaning even in the most meaningless conditions (concentration camps, totalitarian societies, etc.). The article traces the presence of the topic in Dostoevsky’s The Brothers Karamazov and Primo Levi’s Se questo è un uomo and discusses the particular case of Milan Kundera, for whom the historical world appears as nothing but a cruel joke. The treatment of the topic is framed in relation to the theologia ludens tradition, the theatrical elements of Communism, as well as the process of meaning creation in conditions of meaninglessness.

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DYNAMIQUE DES RAPPORTS DE PLACES ET DES IMAGES IDENTITAIRES DANS LES PARENTS TERRIBLES DE JEAN COCTEAU

Author(s): Ligia Stela Florea / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

Dynamics of Place Relationships and Identity Images in Les parents terribles by Jean Cocteau. The article aims to study the dynamics of the place relationships between mother and son in scene IV of the first act of the above- mentioned play. This relationship, which represents the central theme of the play, is based on authority and domination and the son will try to ward off by resorting to a strategy. We will try to see first of all what this strategy consists of and what effect it will have on the evolution of the relationships between the two characters. Then, the study of the successive phases through which verbal interaction goes through (conversation, discussion, argument) will allow us to show how the plurality of interlocutive roles influences the dynamics of place relationships and identity images.

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TROIS SCÈNES DE BAL DANS LE ROMAN FRANÇAIS (« LA PRINCESSE DE CLÈVES », « MADAME BOVARY », « LE RAVISSEMENT DE LOL V STEIN »)

Author(s): Marius Popa / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

Three Ball Scenes in the French Novel (“La Princesse de Clèves”, “Madame Bovary”, “Le Ravissement de Lol V Stein”). This article aims to analyze – in a comparative manner – three ball scenes from novels belonging to leading authors of French literature (Madame de Lafayette, Gustave Flaubert and Marguerite Duras), highlighting a series of dramatic mechanisms used by novelists in the construction of such a diegetic plot. If La Princesse de Clèves describes a ball that takes place in the royal court, with all the typical scenes of the time (embodied in a real mixture of intrigue and gallantry specific to the living environment of the actors, which make the topos of the novel itself become a collective character), Madame Bovary describes, instead, a ball animated by the high society of the nineteenth century, with all the specifics of the realistic episteme (the ball becomes here an opportunity to evoke the painful contrast between different living environments, which the heroine cannot access and which causes her, consequently, to take refuge in an imaginary universe). Much closer to the spirit of contemporaneity, Le Ravissement de Lol V Stein, the famous “nouveau roman”, relies on an image of the harmful and destructive ball, paying particular attention to the psyche of the characters. These novels lean – starting from this narrative pretext of the ball – on some love stories built through specific strategies of the theatre, which is, in essence, the central object of our analysis.

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MARXISME ET CHRISTIANISME SELON DAMAS, CÉSAIRE ET SENGHOR

Author(s): Frano Vrančić,Helga Ptiček / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2020

The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationships of Marxism and Christianity in the literary work of the three Baobabs of Negritude – the Guyanase Léon-Gontran Damas (1912-1978), the Martiniquais Aimé Césaire (1913-2008) and the Senegalese Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906-2001). Starting from the first cries of black revolt against “the civilizing mission” and the disproportionate exploitation of the human and natural wealth of the formerly colonized countries, we will try to describe how the Marxist vision of the colonial world of young angry writers influences the virulence of their attitudes against the assimilationist policies of the French Third Republic and the colonial clergy. Finally, we will explain how Senghoraian Negritude differs from that expressed in Césaireʼs and Damasʼ work and how his catholicism and the experience of peaceful cohabitation between Senegalese Christians and Muslims inspire him to preach the civilization of the Universal, that is to say to the mixing of men and women of different races and cultures.

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Diskurs islamofobije u književnosti: tri tematska pristupa

Author(s): Ahmed Isanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 85/86/2019

Literature, as an ideologically very potent field, often serves as an instrument which validates the status quo, empowers existing relations of power, and shapes the sociopolitical awareness. On the other hand, literature is also a powerful platform for examining, understanding, and deconstructing the ideological mechanisms that offer a distorted picture of reality created by the centres of power. On such a premise, this paper attempts to denaturalize the ideologically constructed notion of Islam and Muslims which occurs in the form of a new grand narrative of the West. Analysing the following three novels: Saturday written by Ian McEwan, Submission by Michel Houellebecq, and The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid, the paper deals with the thematization of Islamophobia within the literary discourse, where three literary approaches to the topic (Islamophobia) are evident: manifest, latent and problem approach.

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Photographic Portrait in the 19th Century – Uses and Functions in the Construction of Celebrities. The Case of Émile Zola

Author(s): Célia Vieira,Inês Santos / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The main goal of this study is to establish a relationship between the use of the portrait and the concept of celebrity, at the end of the 19th century, taking as a corpus of analysis a set of requests for photographs sent by letter to Zola, from correspondents located in different parts of the world. It is intended, through a qualitative analysis of this collection, to identify the functionalities and contexts within this set of correspondents requested in these images, in order to understand the role that photography has taken in the symbolic construction process of this figure as a celebrity.

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Václav Bok: Der Breslauer Stadtschreiber Peter Eschenloer

Author(s): Remigius Stachowiak / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2020

Review of: Remigius Stachowiak - Václav Bok: Der Breslauer Stadtschreiber Peter Eschenloer. Übersetzung des Berichts von Robertus Monachus über den Ersten Kreuzzug. (Schriften zur Mediävistik, Bd. 26.) Verlag Dr. Kovač. Hamburg 2018. 473 S., 33 Ill. ISBN 978-3-8300-9282-7. (€ 129,80.)

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Mimetyczna pokusa apokalipsy

Author(s): Edwin Bendyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Bendyk discusses two interpretations of violence and its sources. The first refers to René Girard’s mimetic theory, where violence is a product of religion and culture; and the second stems from the Enlightenment, which presents violence as a product of human rationality. In Girard’s interpretation the apocalypse is a real option for the end of history, the second one leads to enlightened catastrophism, which removes the necessity of the apocalypse.

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Prendre la grippe comme on prend les eaux : variations caricaturales sur un mal à la mode entre 1830 et 1848

Author(s): Marie-France De Palacio / Language(s): French Issue: 10/2020

Under the reign of King Louis-Philippe, 1830-1848, France was severely visited by a number of epidemics, namely, influenza, which were regularly reported in the press. Although the effects of such epidemics were methodically undervalued, the flu was frequently caricatured as offering analogies with the political, social and cultural life of the time. It was often endowed with the characteristics of a rational being, she-devil, woman of distinction or termagant of a wife! In 1858, Cham will even call it “the lioness of the day”. The flu will be found congenial with such social assemblies as carnivals or balls, which it either disrupted or embellished. The present paper deals with the satirical purport of the flu, whether underrated or exaggerated, showing at the same time how it became typified as a “mal à la mode” akin to Physiologies, a widely-discussed topic at that time.

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Les puschts, les bardaches, les « almées… mâles » : une caricature de la femme orientale ou un autre rêve d’Orient ?

Author(s): Małgorzata Sokołowicz / Language(s): French Issue: 10/2020

The present paper focuses on some representations of male Oriental dancers who dance dressed as women. It tries to answer the question whether those representations form a caricature of the Oriental woman or if it is another, perverse, Oriental dream. The first part of the paper presents the Oriental male dancer and shows how he was perceived in the Middle East and in Europe. The second part discusses the critics of male dancers’ behaviour in the travelogues by Jean Potocki and Vivant Denon. The three following sections analyse three examples of descriptions dating from the 1840-1850 by Gérard de Nerval, Gustave Flaubert and Théophile Gautier. It turns out that, with time, the caricature becomes less obvious and the descriptions are more and more aesthetic. One can no longer only mock and condemn the male dancers, a new perverse dream seems to be born.

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De Cloporte en Janus : sur quelques représentations du portier dans la caricature française du XIXe siècle

Author(s): Caroline Strobbe / Language(s): French Issue: 10/2020

There are numerous caricatures of male concierges or doormen in the nineteenth-century texts and drawings. They constitute a very modern phenomenon, as new building layouts of the time, or new buildings in general, almost always included a lodge. Their role of controlling the whereabouts of people getting in and out of the building was subject to the contradictory pressures from landlords and tenants alike. We will try to demonstrate how the doormen and concierges belonged to the in-between places in the nineteenth-century French caricature, with their social position stretched between their landlords and tenants, a function that allowed them to combine servility and an excessive show of strength, and resulted in their depictions ranging from animals to gods.

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La mode féminine de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle dans la caricature iconographique et littéraire

Author(s): Zofia Stępińska-Kucza / Language(s): French Issue: 10/2020

The present paper analyzes the relationship between the caricature and the women’s fashion of the second half of the 19th century. The period was favorable for fashion caricature, because, while reflecting the political, economic and social transformations of the time, the clothing trends endorsed at the time by fashion magazines were based on the exaggeration and distortion that we identify among the weapons of humorists. The first part of the paper focuses on the graphical representation of fashion, in particular of the crinoline, and aims to discover the messages hidden in those illustrations. The second part analyzes the motif of the fashion and the clothing in the Bertall’s satirical text, Comédie de notre temps, and tries to define the image of the woman at that time and her role in the French bourgeois society.

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Caricature textuelle et visuelle française du XIXe siècle. Enjeux sémiologiques d’une analyse icono-textuelle

Author(s): Cécile Guinand / Language(s): French Issue: 10/2020

This article considers caricature as an icono-verbal tool that mobilizes shared cultural codes. It shows that in the 19th century, both visual (in this case, Daumier and Gavarni) and textual caricature (in this case, Balzac, Baudelaire, Stendhal, Musset, Flaubert, Huysmans) were designed based on the model of a theatrical scene which plays on the rich possibilities offered by the combination of text and image at the heart of comical mechanisms.Indeed, invalidating the observation of the primacy of image over text (Charles Baudelaire's stance) or vice versa: of text over image (represented by Roland Barthes), this article posits that the visual and the textual take on fluid roles and complement each other. As such, the consonance or dissonance between the image and its title/legend are two types of relationships that contribute to the birth of laughter as well as to the semantic richness of a caricature.This vision of laughter proceeding above all from formal mechanisms could lead one to believe that the evaluation of the adopted value systems is superfluous. The important thing would be to understand and analyze, not to judge. Against such a claim, this article supports the need to add to the formal analysis of a work in its historical context, its ethical positioning in the face of its explicit and implicit ideological implications.

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L’écrivain fictif entre caricature et modélisation au tournant du XIXe siècle

Author(s): Federica D'Ascenzo / Language(s): French Issue: 10/2020

During the Belle Époque, the writer’s novel gradually replaces the painter’s novel and forms a platform for asking questions about the role of the author in bourgeois society and the causes of their distress. Through this work, the author thus conveys an axiological portrait of himself which, implicitly referring to the difficulty of creation, gives an account of the values shaping the end of the century. The resulting modelling incorporates caricature, which becomes omnipresent in the 19th century, not only for the parodical load that characterises it, but for the accepted power that exaggeration, distortion and joke hold in the interpretation of reality. From Huysmans to Gide, from Lorrain to Gourmont, from Dumur to Mauclair, Mirbeau or Céard, the writer’s novel makes caricature and the devaluation a guarantee of the authenticity of the fictional self-projection.

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La caricature sociale dans les albums de Jean Bruller : une Comédie humaine de l’entre-deux-guerres

Author(s): María de los Ángeles Hernández Gómez / Language(s): French Issue: 10/2020

The first albums of the cartoonist Jean Bruller propose an original social caricature by combining text and image. La danse des vivants (1932-1938) aspires to illustrate the human comedy of the 20th century with a caricature of customs and a universalist tone; Visions intimes et rassurantes de la guerre (1936) is anchored in the interwar years to develop a social criticism strongly influenced by the threats of war. This article offers an in-depth analysis of the aesthetics of Jean Bruller’s two works, marked by a particularly wry and ironic humour and some pessimism. This analytical approach will also be complemented by an account of the dialogue between the work and the artist’s thinking, as well as of the dialogue between his production and the historical-social context.

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Entre l’art de l’invisibilité et l’art de la démesure : Marcel Proust caricaturé par Jean Cocteau

Author(s): Katarzyna Thiel-Jańczuk / Language(s): French Issue: 10/2020

The paper discusses the relationship between Marcel Proust and Jean Cocteau in connection with the problem of their “visibility” (Nathalie Heinich) based on Jean Cocteau ’s portrait (1922) of Marcel Proust and Claude Arnaud’s biographical essay (2013). In this context, Cocteau’s drawing, which conveys Marcel Proust’s extravagant character, could nowadays be considered not only a caricatural representation of the author of In Search of Lost Time, but also a demythologizing one, especially in contrast to the image of invisible Proust created by structuralist interpretations. Also, in the mediatic and theoretical contemporary context, Cocteau’s visual representation of Proust could be used to reflect on Proust ’s action (conduite) which, combined with his narrative discourse, defines the “posture” (Jérôme Meizoz) of the author of In Search… within the literary field.

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