O niektórych cechach stylistycznojęzykowych Apokalipsy św. Jana (na materiale współczesnych przekładów)

Author(s): Danuta Bieńkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The last book of the New Testament - the Apocalypse (Revelation) of St. John - is included by biblical scholars in the group of prophetic (apocalyptic-prophetic) texts. Characteristic features of this biblical genre are: a) vision (pictoriality); b) prophetic (prophesying, fortune telling, fortune telling); c) mystery (fantastic, symbolic, allegorical, parabolic); d) specific mood (catastrophism, atmosphere of tension and terror, as well as hieratic, solemnity). The article discusses the linguistic means by which these features are expressed in five contemporary Polish translations of the Revelation of St. John.

O stylistyce polskich XVI-wiecznych tłumaczeń „Pisma Świętego” – na przykładzie „Nowego Testamentu” Jakuba Wujka (1593) i „Biblii brzeskiej” (1563)

Author(s): Danuta Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents selected stylistic problems related to the way of translating the Bible. in the second half of the sixteenth century. The author provides a stylistic and comparative analysis of three chapters of the Gospel of Matthew (5-7), referred to as the Sermon on the Mount, from two different 16th-century translations: Catholic - made by Fr. J. Wujka in 1593 and the Calvinist Bible of Brest from 1563. The subject of observation are selected elements of the lexical system and selected syntactic features, related primarily to the order of words, especially in well-worn formulas with a high degree of petrification in the source text (with the term I tell you / you indeed). The author reveals some of the effects of the subtle work of translators, shows their care in the selection of lexemes, and draws attention to the ways of shaping the stylistic layer of the Polish text. The conducted analysis confirms the opinions of researchers about the uniqueness of the Wujek's translation, in which one can notice the skillful use of the word and the author's care to reflect the linguistic properties of the original as faithfully as possible.

"Psałterz Dawidow" Mikołaja Reja wobec polskiej tradycji przekładowej. Na przykładzie Psalmu 51 "Miserere mei Deus"

Author(s): Danuta Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the analyzes is to find linguistic elements common to Rej's paraphrase of the David Psalter (1543) and earlier translations, which could indirectly reflect the existence of the translation tradition and the biblical style. In the course of linguistic and stylistic analyzes, the writer's individual linguistic endeavors are also revealed, testifying to his innovation and care for the linguistic shape of the translation. Analyzes were limited to Psalm 51 (Miserere mei Deus), Rej's translation was compared on the one hand with the Krakow Psalter, closing the medieval tradition of literal translation, and on the other - with the 16th-century free translation made by Walenty Wróbel.

Wpływ łacińskich struktur gramatycznych na kształt stylistyczny Psałterza Dawidowego Mikołaja Reja

Author(s): Danuta Kowalska,Anna Lenartowicz-Zagrodna / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article deals with issues related to the presence of Latin grammatical structures in the prose paraphrase of Mikołaj Rej's "Psałterz Dawidowy" (1543). The authors, on selected examples, show that Rej consciously uses some Latin syntactic structures (post-positional assignment, ACI folding, starting sentences with a pronoun that in a related function) to rhythmize the prose of his translation, giving it the features of rhetorical prose. Rej's translation, despite the different translation techniques and source texts, to some extent comes close to the tradition of the psalter style, which was shaped since the Middle Ages.

Tradycja i nowoczesność polszczyzny "Eklezjastesa" Hieronima z Wielunia (1522). Sposoby oddawania wybranych konstrukcji łacińskich

Author(s): Anna Lenartowicz-Zagrodna / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of the analysis were three grammatical issues: passivum, genetivus possesoris and accusativus cum infinitivo (ACI). The author traces the methods of translating Latin structures into Polish used by Hieronim from Wieluń, also known as Spiczyński. The analysis of the translation techniques used leads to the conclusion that in the field of translation technique Spiczyński represented 16th-century trends: this is evidenced by the type and frequency of specific syntactic structures within the passivum, ACI and genetic possesivu. In the translation of the passive voice, the trait of Eklezjastes most strongly in the Renaissance was the tendency to eliminate participle formations in favor of active formations, better reflecting the character of the Polish language. The double translation of the ACI syntax also reflects the condition of the Polish language at the time. As the analysis of the work shows, the translator had a free attitude towards the original. Thus, he used the ad sensum translation technique, the primary assumption of which was to render the content as comprehensible as possible, even if it required the use of linguistic procedures that differed from the standard language.

Nazwy osobowe w tzw. dynamicznym przekładzie "Nowego Testamentu"

Author(s): Elżbieta Umińska-Tytoń / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author analyzes personal names in several 20th-century translations of the New Testament. The main object of research is the so-called dynamic translation, which she considers against the background of other twentieth-century translations. Several ways of naming people in the New Testament have been analyzed to determine their influence on the stylistic shape of the text.

Tekst sakralny a potoczność. Na podstawie przekładów "Nowego Testamentu"

Author(s): Elżbieta Umińska-Tytoń / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main aim of the article is to find an answer to the question to what extent the elements of the colloquial style penetrate into the style of Bible translations. Potocisms penetrate into translations as a result of the technique of translating biblical realities favoring the saturation of the text with elements taken from a living modern language, and as a result of giving up the existing translation tradition, a conscious departure from the biblical style.

O niektórych cechach języka Psałterza krakowskiego (1532)

Author(s): Ewa Woźniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to introduce into the scientific circulation a little-known monument, which is the third translation of the Book of Psalms into Polish, published in 1532 in the publishing house of Hieronim Wietor, called in the literature on the subject the Krakow Psalter - from the place of publication, or the Wietor Psalter. Based on extensive comparative studies of the lexis and phraseology of this translation, the author concludes that the language of the Krakow Psalter represents a more recent state in relation to the medieval psalters - Florian and Puławy. It is visible in the modernization of the vocabulary (e.g. naming biblical realities), the specialization of word meanings, especially religious terms, or a more extensive synonymy in the field of abstract names. At the same time, however, in terms of the method of translation, this monument is far removed from Renaissance translations, which no longer translate verbum de verbo. All in all, the author concludes that the Krakow Psalter is an important link in the tradition of biblical psalter translations, representing a quality different from medieval translations, and also different from Renaissance translations.

"Księga psalmów" Czesława Miłosza – tradycja czy nowoczesność?

Author(s): Ewa Woźniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article attempts to define the relationship between the translation of the Book of Psalms by Czesław Miłosz and the tradition of the Polish biblical psalms. For this purpose, Miłosz's translation was compared with the Old Polish psalters - Florian, Puławy and Krakow, and also with the translation of the Book of Psalms in the Millennium Bible - due to the fact that its translators declare the modernization of the translation on the linguistic level. The comparison covers selected aspects from the level of lexis and phraseology, inflection and syntax. Against the background under study, the Book of Miłosz's Psalms is distinguished by numerous references to tradition, especially through the introduction of word combinations preserved in the oldest translations (e.g. the voice of supplication, the way of sinners), as well as by imitating the Old Polish Psalms in terms of the syntactic and intonation formation of the verses.

Nowotestamentowe osobowe określenia identyfikacyjne

Author(s): Rafał Zarębski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to New Testament personal names which, on the basis of Polish translations, have an ambiguous onimic status. The analysis covered anthroponymic nominations and descriptions defined in terms of the degree of saturation with their propriality: from the closest appeals, e.g. Son of God (which, thanks to individual reference, may approach the category of proper names), through names of offices and dignities indicating specific persons, e.g. Rabbi, nicknames, e.g. Christ, Minor on specific descriptions, e.g. Jesus of Nazareth and patronymics, e.g. Joseph son of David. It has been shown that the saturation of the text with terms of this type, derived from the original, is not only about the biblical specificity of the translation, but can also enrich the stylistic layer of the translation.

Wartość stylistyczna nazw geograficznych w polskich przekładach "Nowego Testamentu"

Author(s): Rafał Zarębski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to describe the relationship between the linguistic shape of geographical names and the stylistic plane of old and contemporary Polish translations of the New Testament. The most typical procedures modifying the toponymic layer of both the Greek original and the Latin Vulgate include: removing or leaving obsolete nomenclature structures, e.g. Mountain, called Olive // Mountain of Olives, avoiding various variants of the same name in favor of one form, e.g. Achaea, Greece> Greece, striving for nomenclature precision, e.g. Antioch> Syrian Antioch, removing or adding appeals that indicate the type of a named object, e.g. Nazareth // city of Nazareth, translation, e.g. the Decapolis> Dziesięciogród, or translocation of names, e.g. Abilene. The result of these techniques are sometimes contradictory tendencies to: modernizing the forms to achieve greater communicativeness of the text, respect for the translation tradition, care for the local color of the events described in the New Testament. As a result of the observations made, it turned out that the solutions used by translators in relation to geographical names can shape the style of the text.

Nazwy geograficzne w polskich przekładach biblijnych jako problem badawczy

Author(s): Rafał Zarębski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the most important issues in the field of linguistic characteristics of geographical names in old (created mainly in the 16th and 17th centuries) and newer (created in the 20th century) translations of the New Testament. The linguistic form of a given name in a specific translation depends on two types of factors: extra-linguistic (translation source, translation strategy, attitude to the translation tradition, confessional affiliation) and intra-linguistic (translocation of the name in its original form, e.g. Derben <Greek Δέρβην, Latin in Derben, linguistic adaptation, e.g. do Derby, do Derbena, translation, e.g. Czaszka, Trupia Głowa, Łysa Głowa, Łyśnia <Greek: Κρανίον, Latin Calvariae). The choice of a specific linguistic form of a toponymy, resulting from the action of factors belonging to both groups, largely shapes the stylistic and pragmatic layer of translations.

Między ewangelicką etyką indywidualną a społeczną. O nowej biografii Jerzego Pilcha

Author(s): Sławomir Jacek Żurek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article shows an influence of Martin Luther’s understanding of ethics on the ideas concerning these matters presented by Jerzy Pilch — a contemporary Polish writer. Ethical questions and the reflections connected with them are one of the main subjects of his considerations in Dzienniki (Diaries) (2012, 2014). In his approach towards ethical problems you can see on the one hand an individual attitude, which was called by Luther “freedom from” or practical life for God, and on the other hand — a sociable attitude or “freedom to” displayed in a disposition of living for others. Everything that is concerned with morality in Pilch’s diaries, their author comments carrying out a dialogue with Lutheran tradition and provoking its adherents of Lutheranism. These, mainly ironical statements, should nonetheless be treated as the testimony of his inner struggle with the Protestant tradition and the resulting vision of the world. Katarzyna Kubisiowska, in her monograph dedicated to Pilch, puts the reader gently to this track. However, to arrive at the core of envoi of the author of Diaries, it is necessary to employ the work of a scholar, who would be able to combine three skills in his research: literary, theological and ethical.

Apokalipsa i wojna secesyjna w poezji religijnych pieśni niewolniczych

Author(s): Małgorzata Ziółek-Sowińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Due to the horrors and evils of slavery blacks firmly believed in God’s promise of retribution against the wickedness and cruelty of those slaveholders who brutalized them. The Apocalypse exerted a powerful influence on slaves and was viewed as the Bible’s main argument that God denounced slavery and would come in a catastrophic event to judge those who mistreated blacks. The language of cosmic struggle between good and evil was vividly embraced by the poets of slave spirituals and themes of the end of time pervaded the texts of many songs. Slave spirituals reflect Apocalyptic thinking among blacks who viewed themselves as brave soldiers fighting on the side of Christ in the coming war of Armageddon. The paper explores how blacks perceived themselves as valiant soldiers fighting in the army of the Lord of the Apocalypse. We will see that slaves alluded to the belief in the inevitability of the military struggle over slavery and thus anticipated the Civil War.

Zarys biografii i twórczość poetycka Jakuba Przyłuskiego

Author(s): Maria Wichowa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Jakub Przyłuski was born around 1512. He came from Jeżów, in the Rawa region, in Mazovia. He was the son of Mikołaj and came from a noble family. It is known that he died at the beginning of 1554. The poet signed himself as Jacobus Priluscius, but he also used the following forms: Jessovius, Jeżowita, Jeżowita — a bachelor. On July 30, 1528 Przyłuski began studies at the Krakow Academy. Little is known about this period of his life. For many years he was associated with the court of the Kraków voivode, Piotr Kmita (1477–1553), where he was employed as a secretary. From the will of a patron, from April 1540, for eight years he was a town writer in Przemyśl. Jeżowita, as a Przemyśl town writer, described the meaning of court books in a Latin verse. He parted with Przemyśl for good, when in 1551 he took over the position of a Kraków land writer after Jan Taszycki. Przyłuski established cooperation with the Prussian prince Albrecht, who, as we know, created the center of Lutheran Reformation thought in the capital city of Königsberg, which has little impact on the literary work of Jeżowita. In his poetry, Przyłuski has a lot of occasional poems, including laudatory ones, praising the literary successes of befriended authors and texts on funeral subjects. The works by Przyłuski that have been waiting for his researcher are discussed here, as well as Latin texts printed as elements of the publishing framework of books, the importance of which was praised by Jacobus Priluscius. Jeżowita’s literary output has been partially lost. What is left is urgently waiting for the philologist-editor and translator to prepare a volume of collected works by Jakub Przyłuski, in a bilingual version. Latin texts for the study of meticulous researchers, texts in Polish translation for a wide circle of readers.

Korespondencja Jakuba Przyłuskiego

Author(s): Anna Ryś / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents the correspondence between Jakub Przyłuski, Stanisław Orzechowski, Marcin Krowicki and Piotr Kmita from the years 1547–1551. The main problems presented in the letters are three issues: the role of Przyłuski as a critic of Orzechowski’s publications, the conflict between Orzechowski and Kmita, and the marriage of Krowicki.

Préface

Author(s): Magdalena Koźluk,Anita Staroń / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Gli aspetti metaforici e storici della peste nella letteratura greca antica: Omero, Sofocle, Tucidid

Author(s): Jadwiga Czerwińska / Language(s): Italian Publication Year: 0

The plague as a terrifying phenomenon affecting people has been a constant “topos” in literature since antiquity. Its nature and the mysterious way in which it appeared attracted the attention and imagination of poets, who explained it as a punishment sent by the gods for the failings of people who broke the divine commandments and norms. This is how it was depicted by Homer, followed by the tragedians. However, we owe one of the most poignant images of this disease to Thucydides, the Greek historian of the 5th century BC. He created a faithful and at the same time shocking description of it, because it exposed the most shameful aspects of “anthopeia physis”, human nature. The signalled issues will become the subject of description in this article.

La peste – maladie ou activité démoniaque ? Les récits des pestes dans “les Histoires admirables” de Benoît Gonon

Author(s): Marta Elżbieta Trębska / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

In his “Histoires admirables” (Lyon, 1653), Benoît Gonon, a little-known author of short exemplary novels, tells many stories about horrific cases of pestilence sweeping and tormenting people in various parts of the world throughout the ages – from late Antiquity to more recent plague of the XIVth century which took Europe by storm. Gonon sees those gruesome stories as an excellent opportunity to teach his readers an important lesson and ask whether such an event could possibly be, rather than a natural phenomenon, an ultimate punishment sent by the wrath of God. One of the sins that could demand such a punishment is idolatry, considered by Gonon himself, to be the most reprehensible of all the sins. It is merely surprising then, that in his stories, the pestilence is being depicted as a demon – or an idol. In this paper, I am going to explore the stories about pestilence in “Histoires admirables” and answer the questions about the nature of pestilence. Which crimes could lead to people being punished in such a way? How to appease God’s wrath? Can pestilence manifest itself by demonic activity?

Enjeux littéraires, bibliques et rhétoriques dans le discours liminaire des épopées apocalyptiques renaissantes

Author(s): Dariusz Krawczyk / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to analyse the prefaces to the French Renaissance apocalyptic epics of the years 1576-1606 (works by Jacques de Billy, Guillaume de Chevalier, Michel Quillian and Jude Serclier) in order to understand the literary and extra-literary issues addressed by their authors. This comparison will highlight in particular the ethos of the author, the problem of representation in a biblical poem and its eschatological dimension, the place of pagan fiction and encyclopaedic erudition, and the rhetorical strategies employed.