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4.50 €

Waszym poetom zebrało się śliny

Author(s): Marta Bukowiecka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article compares two generations of committed Polish poets, namely the “bruLion” group and the current generation of young poets (represented by the volume "Zebrało się śliny" [Fed Up]). Despite these two formations’ different images, their poems have a lot in common, which is due to their common literary tradition. Similarities can be seen at the level of the poetics of protest, i.e. the critical, artistic transformation of public language.

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Nazizm – atrofia pamięci, mowa pamięci (Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, Czesław Miłosz, Tadeusz Różewicz)

Author(s): Tomasz Wójcik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Selected poems by Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, Czesław Miłosz and Tadeusz Różewicz are the subject of this reflection. They are read as testimony of dissent and resistance to the atrophy of the memory of Nazism. The particular condition of this memory, which speaks out from between the noise (of civilisation) and the silence (of culture), is recognised.

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Opowiadanie protestu, protestowanie

Author(s): Mirosława Buchholtz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The short story "Everything that Rises Must Converge" (1965) has often been read in the context of Flannery O’Connor’s Catholicism. However, the conflicts reflected in the short story are far more varied than that. What is more, in portraying generational, class, and racial conflicts, O’Connor does not give either side an edge on the opponent. The protests of a young college graduate and of random people, both Afro-American and white (including „white trash”), unfold in the microcosm of a city bus and on the street. The unnamed historical context of racial segregation is only implied in such telling phrases as „integrated [buses]” or „bottom rail up”. The idea of civil disobedience propagated by Henry David Thoreau and taken over by the leader of the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King resounds in the background. The claim of the French Jesuit Pierre Teilhard de Chardin quoted in the story’s title and confronted with the material reality of the street emerges as an ambiguous message of malediction and consolation. The essay focuses on the ways of representing protest and argues that O’Connor’s story not only narrates, but also enacts a protest.

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Opór, jaki jest, każdy widzi (albo nie)

Author(s): Hanna Gosk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article focuses on rarely noticed aspects of the phenomenon of resistance against circumstances perceived as oppressive or, for various reasons, difficult to be accepted. First, it will be the lack of resistance; second, resistance against a creative cognition of the New/Other, against opening oneself to them as something enriching. Radek Rak’s Baśń o wężowym sercu… will serve as an equivocal literary example.

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„Śmiałość wyobraźni nieodzowna socjalistycznemu pisarzowi”

Author(s): Karolina Kulpa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article attempts to capture the contestative dimension of Bruno Jasieński’s prose works. More precisely, the author is interested in the role of political imagination, which is revealed not only in the space of the presented world, but also results directly from the writer’s own creative attitude. The novel „I Burn Paris” is read as one of the versions of avant-garde prose and as a text that in a non-obvious way draws attention to the limited possibilities of the language of literature and the ways of influencing, by unmaskingly creating alternative, utopian visions of reality.

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Czarnoksięskie przeznaczenie. Georges’a Bataille’a batalia o mit a Bruno Schulz

Author(s): Marcin Hanuszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Beginning with an outline of the twentieth-century condition, in reference to the ideas of Jean Baudrillard, Martin Heidegger and Tadeusz Sławek, among others (thinkers whose texts are also the sources of the terminology used), the author discusses in this context the text The Sorcerer’s Apprentice by Georges Bataille. The author pays particular attention to the notions of destiny, seduction and myth, and conducts the analysis by means of both philosophical (referring also to other writings by Bataille) and literary polyphony. The considerations culminate in the identification of the commonalities between the approach to myth presented in The Sorcerer’s Apprentice and Bruno Schulz’s famous concept of the mythization of reality.

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„BO ŻYWI ZAWSZE MAJĄ RACJĘ PRZECIW UMARŁYM“ - RZECZYWISTOŚĆ OBOZÓW KONCENTRACYJNYCH NA PODSTAWIE POWIEŚCI RUDOLFA VRBY UTEKL JSEM Z OSVĚTIMI I OPOWIADAŃ TADEUSZA BOROWSKIEGO

Author(s): Katarzyna Dąbrowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the paper is to present a horror caused by the Second World War, and in particular the reality of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. The whole paper i divided into two main parts. In the first one i would like to present briefly the profiles of two men Rudolf Vrba and Tadeusz Borowski and their lives before they were sent to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. In the second part i want to present their literary works, which are testimonies of the few who survived the hell of the concentration camp and were able to tell about this reality. In my deliberations, i focus on comparing what each of these men felt, experienced, what he learned, what attitude he presented to himself and other inmates and supervisors. On the basis of this information, i am able to create a picture of the reality of a concentration camp, not only its rules and principles, but above all a world in which there is no human identity, only a tattooed number and where any moral choice brings physical or mental suffering, and later death.

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Między ekfrazą i apokryfem. O wybranych tekstach Jacka Dehnela

Author(s): Julia Dynkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper concerns peculiar literary genre—ekphrasis (a literary description of work of art). Basing on selected (prose and poetic) texts by Polish writer Jacek Dehnel, which involve photography and painting, I am trying to examine if (and to what extent) the category of apocryphon may be adapted for research on ekphrasis. The category of apocryphon describes not only texts which supplement The Bible or literary mystifications, but also (prototypically) literary works in which “so-called modern realities are left more or less intact” (D. Szajnert’s suggestion) and which are filling up or amplifying narrations from works of fiction considered as canonical (e.g. short stories from Karel Čapek’s Kniha apokryfů).

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Elégie na odchádzanie (stopy elegického žánru v tvorbe Zbigniewa Herberta)

Author(s): Jaroslava Smejkalová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

An elegy as a lyrical genre has remained in various genre modifications from ancient times to the present day. In Polish literature, there were renaissance poets who followed in the tradition of Roman elegy. Among them, there is Jan Kochanowski, whose work is in this respect considered the canon of mourning poetry. Post-war Polish poets return to the elegy. Thus they follow in Jan Kochanowski’s tradition, and on the base of some individual creative methods, they also transform this genre into the genre form that meets the criteria of modern poetry. The article is dedicated to Zbigniew Herbert’s poems of the elegiac mood. Elegiac tones in the verse of this Polish poet are evident since the beginning of his work, and their intensity increases up to the last author’s collections in which the tones gain an intimate autobiographical character of bidding farewell to all the beauty and things of this world.

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Balss atgūšana: triju represētu latviešu dzejnieku likteņi

Author(s): Anda Kuduma / Language(s): Latvian Publication Year: 0

The article aims to describe the fate of three repressed poets in the context of complex historical and socio-political events and evaluate the reception of traumatic personal experiences in two periods of their creative process: 1) the period of losing their voices after the exiles (end of the 1950s – 1980s); 2) the period of regaining their voices in post-Soviet Latvia (after 1990). The poets’ traumatic experience caused by the repressive mechanism of the Soviet totalitarian regime has influenced the development directions of their work and opportunities for it, which, from the point of view of postcolonial criticism, raises the issue of representation. In the 1980s and 1990s, Latvian literature actualises and evaluates the traumatism of historical experience in the autobiographical and biographical genre. An active and productive process of recovering the muted voice begins, overcoming the problems of representation previously established by official censorship. The kinship of the destinies of the three poets reveals the aspirations and difficult paths of individual and national freedom throughout the 20th century, forming an overview of historical memory. The article highlights the importance of memory and remembrance in over coming individual and collective trauma.

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Towianizm w ujęciu filozoficznym (i metafilozoficznym)

Author(s): Andrzej Wawrzynowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper addresses the role and significance of Andrzej Towiański’s concept in the development and critical reception of the idea of Polish messianism. The discussion is centred around an attempt to approach the problem from a philosophical perspective and overcome the tendency, predominant in the mainstream reception of the concept studied, to place Towiański’s thought within the narrow confines of religious discourse. The article seeks to define the theoretical status of Towianism in the general process of evolution of the Polish debate over national messianism, and discuss the metatheoretical roots of the historical controversy surrounding this position.

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Rozmowa ojca z synem, czyli manifest późnego towianizmu

Author(s): Marek Nowak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

"Noty zebrane przez Adama Towiańskiego z kilku rozmów jego z ojcem" (The notes collected by Adam Towiański from several conversations with his father) may be considered a late Towianism manifesto. Adam Towiański conducted a number of interviews with his father, Andrzej Towiański, during which important information was provided about teaching the later stage of Towianism. The Notes... – unlike the early doctrine contained in Biesiada (The Banquet) – do not contain the esoteric vision of astronomy, the concept of reincarnation, as well as the story of dark spirits covering our planet. In Notes..., however, one can find the concept of the threefold sacrifice, or the white cross. This indicates a shift of Master Andrzej’s interests from metaphysical and esoteric to practical and moral issues.

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Metafory Towiańskiego

Author(s): Leszek Zwierzyński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper seeks to describe the image of the world contained in "Biesiada". This has been achieved through the study of metaphors present in the text. Three sets of metaphors have been identified. The first shows a model of the world as a static spiritual entity, a pantomime of moving columns of ghosts. The second – a spiritual anthropology: the human being turns out to be an inferior creation – a container of spirit. The third set of metaphors reveals images of God: theodicy and original spiritual Christology, topped with an innovative multidimensional symbol of the cosmic Christ. The role of "Biesiada" as a bridge between the phases of late Polish Romanticism (the poetry of Mickiewicz and Słowacki) is also emphasised.

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Przemoc działania, pokój bezczynu

Author(s): Agnieszka Bednarek-Bohdziewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the article, I discuss the concept of moral-religious renewal proposed by the Circle of Towiańskiites and the failure of the idea in practice. The main question in the article is: why did these passionate reformers of the official Church follow down the path of ecclesiastical mechanisms even faster than the Church itself? Is the implementation of the idea of moral-ethical and religious renewal necessarily doomed to the dialectic of orthodoxy, reform, and counter-reform? And is this practice always a dangerous existential experiment ending in violence? My answer is inspired by Victor Turner, who has described the phenomenon of communitas, as well as the work of Eugen Drewermann and Tomasz Polak’s analysis of unsuccessful attempts to reform the church system. At the same time, I try to add nuance to the understanding of the ideas of individual activists of the Circle of God’s Cause. For instance, Mickiewicz’s ideology appears as slightly different to that of Towiański’s. Mickiewicz, more than Towiański, calls for a return to metaphysical questions (Where do we come from? Who are we? Where are we going?) instead of focusing only on moral renewal and ethics. Therefore, his religious path cannot be boiled down to two stages: the word and the deed. The poet leans more towards freedom of silence (understood as an attitude). These ideas are present not only in "Liryki lozańskie" and in "Zdania i uwagi" but also in Mickiewicz’s letter to Towiański of 12 May 1847, a moving reckoning with the sins of Towianism.

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„Gdyby moje powołanie nie było inne […], puściłbym się w poezją”

Author(s): Ewa Hoffmann-Piotrowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article focuses on the problem of Towiański’s attitude to poetry. The starting point is the convictions established in the literature on the subject of Master Andrzej’s negative approach to art and the deprecating attitude to the works of poets – adepts of his science. The text is an attempt to revise the common findings expressed by outstanding literary historians such as Konrad Górski or Alina Kowalczykowa.

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Towiański i towianizm w listach Krasińskiego

Author(s): Jerzy Fiećko / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the first part of the article, the author analyses Zygmunt Krasiński’s attitude to Towianism seen as a kind of religious doctrine, based primarily on the writer’s letters to various addressees. It is emphasised that at first Krasiński approached Towiański’s ideas open-mindedly and even found in them some important elements that were in line with his own philosophy of history. In later years, after the Spring of Nations, his attitude changed considerably as he began to consider Towianism one of the greatest threats to Polishness. The second part of the article contains a comprehensive reconstruction of Krasiński’s attitude towards Andrzej Towiański as a public figure. The writer devoted much attention to the phenomenon of magnetism which, as he suspected, was used by Towiański in the relations with his followers and other people around him. On the other hand, he maintained a distance from the suspicion that Master Andrzej was a Russian agent. Krasiński did not consider Towiański a prophet but a “mighty” (strong) personality and thought some of his religious ideas worth attention. Later, Krasiński significantly changed his attitude towards Towiański and after 1848 consistently described him as a personal enemy and an “agent of hell”.

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Karol Baykowski, czyli młodopolskich rozpoznań towianizmu ciąg dalszy

Author(s): Elżbieta Flis-Czerniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is an attempt to introduce the figure of the forgotten Towianism follower, Karol Baykowski, who lives at the turn of the 20th century in Cracow. He played an important role in shaping the views of the young generation of artists and their attitude to the heritage of Romanticism. He contributed in particular to the increased interest in the mystical-messianic period in the life of romantic prophets. According to the author of the article, Baykowski, omitted in previous research on Young Poland’s literature, art, and thought, is an important key to a more complete understanding of the works of such artists as Stanisław Wyspiański, Tadeusz Miciński, Włodzimierz Tetmajer or Jacek Malczewski, as well as to a better understanding of the intellectual and spiritual ferment as it was then.

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Towiański i towianizm w kręgu Reduty Juliusza Osterwy i Mieczysława Limanowskiego

Author(s): Maria Kalinowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The text discusses the interest shown by the Reduta Theatre’s co-founders, Juliusz Osterwa and Mieczysław Limanowski, in Towianism and the person and activity of Andrzej Towiański. It also looks at the parallels and similarities between Towianists and Towiański’s ideas on the one hand, and the achievements and objectives of the Reduta Theatre’s founders on the other. What is the place of Towiański, Towianism and the Towianists in the Reduta Theatre’s duality that is being uncovered by scholars: a realistic and psychological theatre, but also a project with another, hidden aspect, an area of mystery and psychological, religious, or maybe even esoteric experimentation? The author explores the meaning Towianism had for the Reduta community and invokes the results of leading works whose authors discussed this issue, especially studies by Zbigniew Osiński and Ireneusz Guszpit. Above all, though, the paper outlines plans for further research on the multidimensional relationship between Towianism and the Reduta ideas.

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Mickiewicz bez humoru (Konrada Górskiego przyczynek do czarnej legendy Mistrza Andrzeja)

Author(s): Mirosław Strzyżewski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

A book "Mickiewicz – Towiański" (1986) written by professor Konrad Górski is a part of the group of publications forming the so-called black legend of Master Andrzej Towiański. It stems from Górski’s genuine fascination with the works of Adam Mickiewicz, who succumbed to the influence of the Koło Sprawy Bożej, which in turn had a negative impact on the poet’s attitude and his further fate. Górski blames Towiański for all of Mickiewicz’s literary and personal failures. The author of the book presents a rather archaic model of writing on literature (positivist biography) and he does not know the newer specialised literature on the subject. Furthermore, personal experiences from the period of martial law also influenced the final shape of this one-sided and unreliable publication.

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Cień Mickiewicza?

Author(s): Jarosław Mariusz Ławski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author analyses journalistic portraits of Andrzej Towiański (1799–1878), a religious thinker and theosophist who in the years 1841–1855 greatly impacted the life and work of Poland’s greatest poet, Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855). In texts penned by Ewa Polak-Pałkiewicz ("Długi cień „Mistrza”") and Piotr Wierzbicki (chapter titled “Obłęd” in the book "Powrót do Mickiewicza") in 2020–2021, Towiański is depicted as a sectarian, manipulator, a symbolical figure of a “demonic abettor” wielding destructive power over the poet. The author of the present article discusses the potential reasons for the longevity of this stereotype among both right-wing (the two mentioned above) and left-wing (Cezary Michalski, Max Cegielski, Polityka weekly) columnists. As he points out, the texts penned by left- and right-wing journalists condemn irrationality but themselves constitute an expression of irrational behaviour.

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