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Lühendamise ja lühendsõnade fenomenist eesti keeles

Author(s): Silvi Vare / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 05/2014

The article discusses shortening, which is a way of word formation that has hitherto received little attention in modern Estonian. This is a process in which a word is transformed into a shorter one without changing the meaning. The nature of this type of word formation and definition problems are explained and various techniques of shortening are described. Analysis of the linguistic material shows that shortening is a widespread technique both in colloquial and literary Estonian, including special language. Detailed analysis is given to clipping, in which case a new word is produced by cutting off a part from the beginning, middle, or end of a longer lexical unit. The most productive type in Estonian is back clipping, in which case the whole semantic load falls upon the front part of the longer base word. Fore-clipping is less exemplified. Compound nouns are particularly prone to shortening, while in this case the clipping happens at the morphological boundary of immediate constituents. Noun phrases are also easily clipped, which adjective phrases seldom are. In a few examples a verb with a foreign stem has lost a suffix. A new trend of clipping compounds is on the rise. The study is based on examples drawn from the recent orthological dictionaries and the Explanatory Dictionary of Estonian.

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Tähendussuhetest eesti murretes

Author(s): Vilja Oja / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 08-09/2014

The article addresses the semantic differences of certain standard Estonian words across Estonian dialects as revealed by semantic maps. Word use appears to be the most distinctive for the main dialect groups of North Estonian and South Estonian. Within the South Estonian area it is Tartu and Võru dialects that have the most features in common. Semantic features reminiscent of Mulgi dialect now occur in the western region of Tartu dialect, in the southern region of Tartu dialect and the western region of Võru dialect. On the other hand, Mulgi dialect has features in common with the vernaculars of Pärnumaa and northern Viljandimaa. In the North-Estonian area, Insular dialect stands out for its peculiar word usage, which often differs, in turn, between the two largest isles (Hiiumaa and Saaremaa). There is also a perceptible difference between the western and eastern wings of the North Estonian main dialect group, although the boundary is rather fuzzy. The semantic variants of an Estonian dialect word seldom stop at the linguistic boundary of Estonian, usually continuing in use in cognate languages. Comparing the areal distribution of a word and its senses in dialects and place names we can see that there is some geographic and semantic coincidence, but never absolute.

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Eesti keele sõnaprosoodia lõuna-läänemeresoome taustal

Author(s): Karl Pajusalu / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 08-09/2014

The article presents an overview of the specific traits of Estonian word prosody as compared to other Southern Finnic languages, based on the results of experimental phonetics gained over recent years. First the Southern Finnic language group is defined on a diachronic basis. The group includes North Estonian (the basis of standard Estonian), Votic, Livonian and South Estonian. The following analysis is focused on Estonian ternary quantity alternation (consonantal and vocalic), tonal contrast in Livonian and Estonian, foot isochrony in Southern Finnic languages, the emergence of velar vowel harmony and the later disappearance of vowel harmony, reduction and peripheralization of the vowels of non-initial syllables, elision of sounds and transference of accent, and, finally, constraints on quality alternation. Each object of research is analysed on the background of the other languages of the group and their dialects. The comparative study demonstrates that specific traits of Southern Finnic prosody are the most widely represented in Livonian, while their representation in South Estonian is somewhat higher than in North Estonian. Votic prosody has the most traits in common with Northern Finnic languages. However, Southern Finnic languages share certain traits with Sami and with Mordvin languages, which are not characteristic of Northern Finnic. In summary, it becomes clear that the specific traits of Estonian prosody are of different age and origin, reflecting not only contacts with cognate languages but also intra-language changes as well as areal developments in the Circum-Baltic area.

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Balti areaali tüpoloogilisi sarnasusi morfosüntaksi valdkonnas

Author(s): Birute Klaas-Lang,Miina Norvik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 08-09/2014

The article discusses a couple of morphosyntactic issues of the Circum-Baltic languages, such as subject and object cases, expression of indirect command, and conveyance of indirect message, analysing their formal and functional differences and similarities. The main emphasis lies on the comparison of Estonian and Lithuanian, considering Livonian and Latvian as an intermediary link. The formal and pragmatic analysis of subjects and objects reveals that of the Circum-Baltic languages the distinction between the partial and total objects, resp. subjects is the clearest in Estonian and Lithuanian. In Latvian and Livonian, as well as in Russian there is considerably more convergence and/or constraints in case usage. Estonian and Livonian proved to be an intermediary link between the Finnic and Baltic languages as far as the use of verbal particles and prefixes to distinguish between perfectivity and imperfectivity is concerned. The formal and functional analysis of indirect command/request involves comparison of synthetic and analytic forms. It appears, for example, that the Lithuanian combination of particle tegul + indicative compares easily with the Estonian las + indicative form, as well as with the corresponding constructions in Latvian and Russian. Again, Livonian offers a transitional case, where the relevant construction includes both the particle la’z and a jussive form. Here Estonian and Lithuanian differ in that in Estonian an indirect request or command can be retrospective as well as perspective, whereas Lithuanian permits the latter direction only. As to information from a third source all the languages in question convey it using participles without a copula verb. Such way of expression combines narrativity with doubt. While Estonian, Latvian and Livonian have a specific morphological marker (e.g. Est -vat) for the quotative, Lithuanian has not. However, Lithuanian enjoys more diversity in combination of participles with various tense forms than Estonian, for example, which is also reflected in the Lithuanian expression of indirect command or request.

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Jootraha

Author(s): Jüri Viikberg / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 04/2014

In most countries a tip or gratuity (Est. ’jootraha’) is an extra amount of money given to someone as a reward for good service. Usually the sum is small and goes straight to the attendant (waiter, taxi driver, hairdresser). In Estonian the word (in the form of yotoraa) was first recorded in the 16th century and is a loan translation from Low German (cf. drink-, drinke-gelt ‘Trinkgeld’). Initially the word was used in the sense of a sacrifice (drink offering) to house fairies, but later it acquired the meaning of extra money given to the attendant for buying himself a drink. As beer was a customary drink at that time, we may very well call the extra allowance beer money. The Low German loan translation jooduraha can be related to an earlier Estonian word joot (Pl. usu. joodud) that meant offering food and drink to guests on some family occasion (christening, wedding) or celebrating the completion of a major work (e.g. the building of a boat or a windmill). We can find examples in the folk tradition that jootu joodi (’a drink was had’) also to ensure the success of a forthcoming undertaking (seal hunting, letting the cattle out for the first time in spring). By the 19th century the word jooduraha had basically acquired the meaning of a reward to someone (errand boy, postman, coachman) in return for a service. The word jootraha first appeared in dictionaries in 1917. Today (young) Estonians often use the word tipp (< English tip) instead of jootraha.

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Eesti vahekeele korpus

Author(s): Pille Eslon / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 06/2014

The article introduces the first version of the Estonian Interlanguage Corpus (EIC) of Tallinn University, surveying the corpus structure, multilevel statistics, corpus annotation, linguistic error taxonomy, system of requesting, options of automatic analysis (morphological and syntactic analysis, n-grams) of Estonian learner language, and current EIC-based research. EIC is a resource consisting of Estonian texts written by learners of Estonian as an official and foreign language. The corpus has hitherto provided material for empirical and applied research on morphosyntactic usage patterns and lexical variation of Estonian, the morphosyntactic complexity and lexical richness of learner language, developments in the Estonian language system, gradual development of language skills and CEFR proficiency levels, error and contrastive analysis (Estonian, Russian, Finnish morphology), and cluster analysis. EIC is a monitor corpus containing over three million word forms. The major direction of research is comparative corpus analysis of standard Estonian and learner Estonian in the domain of morphosyntax, the focus lying on patterns of language usage. This has been a conscious choice as the multi-component language structures which are regularly used have a definite place in the text creation process of a native speaker as well as a learner, while the comparative analysis of the resulting texts has a heuristic meaning for understanding Estonian grammar. The results can also benefit applications for automatic analysis of learner language. Regardless of the starting points of system development, the central issue will still be linguistic, namely, how do people typically combine words, morphology and linguistic structures or, in other words, what is the connection between the semantics and morphology of a word and the textual functions of its morphology.

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Mis juhtus Puhja kiriklas? Ühe vana tõlke algust otsides

Author(s): Kristiina Ross,Kai Tafenau,Aivar Põldvee,Inge Käsi,Annika Kilgi,Heiki Reila / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 07/2014

The article addresses a late-17th-century translation of the Old Testament, tentatively attributed to two pastors, father and son Andreas and Adrian Virginius, who served in southern Estonia, which in those times was part of Livonia. The research question is: Which of the two variants of literary Estonian developed at the time, North-Estonian or South-Estonian,was the first target language for the Old Testament? Adrian Virginius mentions his and his father’s joint effort of translating the OT (up to the Book of Job) in the 1680s, without specifying the language variant. As to the rest of Andreas Virginius’ translations, those were, according to secondary sources, in South Estonian, but Adrian Virginius had close contacts with the reformers of literary North Estonian. The original manuscript of the OT translation has not survived, but we do have a slightly later copy, anonymous and undated, which is in North Estonian, yet bearing strong traces of South Estonian influence. In addition, we have two South Estonian OT translations from the late 18tth– early 19th century (a shortened printed version and a manuscript copy of 20 chapters of Exodus), whose wording is very close to that of the North Estonian translation attributed to father and son Virginius. The article discusses if and how it is possible to decide which of the two versions is the underlying translation and which is the derivative one. The method used involves linguistic and translation analysis complemented by historical and other extralinguistic information speaking for or against either hypothesis and, possibly, shed some light on the identity of the translator and of the copyist. Although the conclusion admits that the present stage of research offers more open questions than satisfactory answers, the article provides several clues for further studies.

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Sarn ja sarnane

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 02/2015

The Estonian sarn ‘cheekbone’ belongs to the words with still no satisfactory etymology. The same applies to the word sarnane ‘similar; coll. such’. Although to-day the word sarn is considered a natural part of the North-Estonian based common and standard language, its historical area of distribution refers it to South Estonian. The word does not occur in other Finnic languages, nor in more distantly related languages. The article suggests a Slavic etymology. The assumed source word is the pre-pleophonic *skorńa, which has descendants in East, West and South Slavic languages, e.g. Russian скоронь f. ‘temple’, Church Slavonic скрания (-ья) ‘cheek; temple; forehead; jaw’, скрань ‘cheek; cheekbone; side of face; jaw’ etc. The word sarnane has been offered different etymologies. One of them suggests that it has the same root with sarn ‘cheekbone’. However, this etymology is called into question by the historical South Estonian distribution of sarn, whereas sarnane occurs all over Estonia. According to the other etymology sarnane has a Finnic-Permic of Finno-Ugric root, with such Finnic descendants as, e.g., Finnish saarna ‘sermon’, Karelian šoarna ‘fairy tale’ etc. The semantic relationship has been quite credibly substantiated by Julius Mägiste, arguing that sarnane has originally meant ‘in question, similar to the object of talk’.

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Mitmuse osastava sid- ja si-lõpu varieerumise kasutuspõhine analüüs

Author(s): Ann Metslang / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 11/2015

This study investigates the choice between the partitive plural case sid- and si-endings as manifested in Internet Estonian. The sid-ending is grammatically correct in Standard Estonian, whereas the si-ending is not. However, the si-ending is known to occur in student essays as well as in online communications. The research question examined in this study was which words exhibit more variation in terms of the sid- and si-endings. The words were considered from the aspects of inflectional type, part of speech, phrase analogy, and position in the turn.The material analysed comes from new media texts available in the text corpora of the University of Tartu. The preference for the sid- or si-ending is explained from the usage-based theory. The results of the study indicate that sid- and si-endings tend to vary more if the words belong to the auto or ema inflection types. In part-of-speech terms, nouns vary more than adjectives. But it should be kept in mind that the analysed material included more nouns than adjectives. As for phrase analogy, the head depends on the modifier more frequently than the modifier depends on the head. According to the position in the turn, the sid-ending forms are more likely to occur at the end of the turn, while the si-ending forms rather belong to the beginning of the turn. The most frequent words preferring the si-ending over the sid-ending were image ‘image’, kalla ‘darling sl.’, mersu ‘Mercedes-Benz car’, musi ‘sweety, lit. kiss’, muuvi ‘movie sl.’, naiska ‘woman sl.’, noku ‘penis sl.’, norm ‘normal sl.’, pube ‘teenager sl.’, semu ‘buddy’, soovilugu ‘request song’, soprano ‘The Sopranos series’, spoila ‘spoiler’, sudoku ‘sudoku’, and vibu ‘bow’.

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Lõuna-Eesti a(h)i- ~ ä(hi)i-alguliste kohanimede päritolust

Author(s): Enn Ernits / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 10/2015

The paper starts with a detailed survey of the study history of the place names with ahi- ~ ähi- and ai- ~ äi-stems, which are used in South Estonia. Linguists have associated the ahi-initial toponyms (for example Ahja, Aheru), some of which have changed into ähi- and even ai- ~ äi-initial words, with the Mulgi dialect word ahikotus ’sacrificial place’. The meaning of the Estonian protoform *ahti : *ahδi- (Finno-Ugric *ašt-) has been reconstructed as ’sacrifice’, which interpretation has lately been discredited. This paper gives additional proof that the semantic development of *ahti suggested by Paul Ariste (2010 [1937]) is quite veracious. The study reveals that some of the originally ai-initial place names have derived from the genitive *aγja- (> aja- > aia-) of the hypothetical common noun *akja ’edge’ (possibly ’boundary’ or even ’out-of-the-way place’). Based on the two hypothetic common nouns just mentioned, the origin of the following toponyms has been followed: Ahimäe, Aitsra and Äijärv, which probably derive from *ahti, and Aakaru, Aakre, Aiamaa, Aiaste, *Agende, which originate from *akja.

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Kaks nooremat laensõna

Author(s): Iris Metsmägi / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 01/2016

The article discusses the origin of the Estonian words klopp ‘block of wood’; dial. ‘piece of wood; block-shaped (part of) object’ and räsima ’shake up, entangle, tear (and hurt); disfigure by trampling or crushing etc; grab, grasp’. The word klopp is a German loanword, < Gm Kloben, Klobe ‘block of wood, split billet; small planing bench; hook; door hinge’, with the original general meaning ‘split object’. The same stem occurs in the dialectal compound kloopsaag, kloppsaag ‘two-man saw for longitudinal sawing of boards and planks’ < Gm Klobensäge, Klobsäge id. The word räsima with identical meaning is a Russian loanword, < Rus тряст´и ‘shake, jiggle, make jiggle, jolt’, 1st person present singular трясу́, 2nd person singular imperative тряс´и. The back-vowelled rasima derives from the same Russian source.

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Ambipositsioonide morfsüntaktilise varieerumise kirjeldusi kvantitatiivsete profiilide abil

Author(s): Mirjam Ruutma,Aki-Juhani Kyröläinen,Kristel Uiboaed,Maarja-Liisa Pilvik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 02/2016

Certain Estonian adpositions can occur either as prepositions or as postpositions (e.g. ümber maja, maja ümber ’round the house’). In this study, we refer to these as ambipositions and the goal of this study is to find the motivation for this positional variation in usage. The data come from the Estonian Dialect Corpus, which contains natural dialectal speech, allowing us to simultaneously include both linguistic as well as dialectal factors as part of the analysis. Here, we have included five ambipositions, läbi ’through’, mööda ’along’, vastu ’against’, üle ’over’ and ümber ’around’, that occurred with sufficient frequency in both positions. All utterances of these ambipositions in the corpus were included as part of this study and the results of the quantitative analysis, based on classification trees, showed that out of eight factors considered for the analyses, six influenced the realization of these ambipositions in usage, either as preposition or as postposition. The following factors significantly influenced their realization: dialect, case of the complement, word order, animacy of the complement’s referent, number, semantic function of the adposition. Verb tense and length of the adpositsional phrase were not significant for any of the analyses. In addition to identifying the abovementioned factors that influenced their realization globally, we provide an analysis for each of the ambipositions displaying their morpho-syntactic and geographical profile. In general, these profiles can be used, for example, in lexicography or in language teaching. Finally, the results indicate that the usage profiles of these ambipositions are rather specific and their realization appears to be more strongly influenced by linguistic rather than dialectal factors.

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Emkeele Seltsi üliõpilasliikmed eestlust sõnastamas 1920-ndate alguses

Author(s): Karl Pajusalu / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 01-02/2018

The Mother Tongue Society, founded at the university of Tartu in 1920, became a leading institution for the development of Estonian as the national language. Besides its scientific and language planning activities the society initiated various campaigns to promote the Estonian language. The humanities students August Annist, Oskar Loorits, Julius Mägiste, Paulopriit Voolaine etc., who belonged to the most active members of the society, soon became designers of a terminological system for the discourse of Estonian national ideology. The article discusses their contribution to Estonian nationalism and its terminological aspect. More specifically, it is analysed how the term eestlus ‘Estonian nationalism’ was introduced in the 1920s, what were the relations between Estonian and Livonian nationalisms, how Setos came to be included in the Estonian nation-family, and how Livonian and Seto literatures were relevantly developed. Another focus is the campaign of the Estonisation of personal names, initiated by the Mother Tongue Society, and the personal contributions of its student members to the endeavour. The conclusion states that the linguo-centricity of the Estonian identity already found its time-specific manifestation in the 1920s. In the process of cultivating the Estonian language, the student members of the Mother Tongue Society managed to create an Estonian-specific system of concepts which has been used ever since to express the self-perception and national aspirations of Estonians.

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Eesti keele kui teise keele õppimine - kas raske töö või kerge lõbu?

Author(s): Mare Kitsnik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2019

The article tries to answer the question whether Estonian as a second language can be learned in a way that is not only effective, but also easy and fun. First, the principles of second language development are discussed. This discussion is based on the view that language consists of constructions – linguistic units in which words and grammar are inextricably intertwined and whose form and meaning form a whole (e.g. I do not know) (Goldberg 1995; Croft 2001). Constructions develop in the learner language on a usage-based way (Eskildsen 2008; Martin et al. 2010; Mustonen 2015; Kitsnik 2018). This means that to acquire a second language a person needs much input from an authentic language environment, as well as a lot of opportunities to try and use the language. To support the teaching of a second language in language classes, there is a need to use as authentic linguistic inputs as possible and create a lot of motivating ways to use the language in realistic situations. To achieve these goals the innovative methodology of gamification seems very suitable. Using this methodology learners are really involved in exciting situations, which needs a lot of improvisation and offers challenges. Active and realistic activities, a good atmosphere and support make language learning easy and allow constructions to develop effectively. Joint performing of fun tasks give learners a lot of positive emotions and make language learning fun.

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Tõlkimisest Euroopa Liidu institutsioonides

Author(s): Heiki Pisuke / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2019

This article examines mainly four topics: 1) the impact of the European Union’s multilingualism policy on the Estonian language, 2) the role of translation in implementing multilingualism, 3) the translation pipeline in EU institutions, and 4) changes in the translator’s profession. Based on statistics, the author shows that the Estonian language entities in eight EU institutions translate yearly more than 200,000 pages of EU documents into Estonian. At the same time terminologists and translators of the Commission, Council and European Parliament introduce several thousand new terms into the IATE database (Inter-Active Terminology for Europe). The total number of Estonian terms in IATE covering all fields of the activity of the EU is 60,249 (by 30.09.2018). The author argues that the multilingualism policy and the status of being one of the 24 official languages creates favourable conditions for the development of the Estonian language. At the same time, the author highlights some problematic areas and risks which may affect the Estonian culture due to the so-called Euro-language, a by-product of EU legislation drafting and translations. The author also looks into the role of translation in the EU legislative procedure, issues related to machine translation and changes in the translator’s profession, based on the new European Master in Translation (EMT) Competence Framework. The author makes some proposals to enhance cooperation between the translation departments of EU institutions and Estonian authorities, as well as suggests some joint research topics (e.g. translation industry, Euro-language/Eurolect, etc.). The main idea underlying the article is that the current industry based translation process and methodology used in the EU institutions differs from the traditional romantic concept of authorship used for centuries in translation theory and practice.

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Üks lõpuni viidud etümoloogia: kasima ja kasin

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 04/2019

Although Julius Mägiste in his ”Estnisches etymologisches Wörtebuch” has pointed out the Estonian word family of kasima as well as its Livonian and Votic counterparts as possible Baltic loans, he fails to mention the source word. This article accomplishes the etymology by suggesting *kās- as the possible Baltic etymon, some derived terms being, e.g. Lithuanian kóšti (kóšia, kóšė) ‘to strain a liquid (e.g. milk) for purification, to pass fermented ale through a strainer to prevent sediment from getting into the barrel etc.’ and Latvian kãst, kàst (kāš, kāsa) ‘to strain a liquid for purification, to filter; to drain off the boiled water (e.g. from potatoes) etc.’

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Lühikroonika

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 05/2019

Chronicle of events.

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Palatalisatsioonist ühesilbilistes i-tüvelistes pika vokaaliga sõnades. Roos närtsis, sest vaas oli tühi

Author(s): Liisi Piits,Mari-Liis Kalvik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 07/2019

The study focuses on the palatalisation of the consonants l, n, s, t and d at the end of i-stemmed monosyllabic Estonian words, e.g. saal ‘hall’, veen ‘vein’, roos ‘rose’, pruut ‘bride’, kood ‘code’. The purpose of the study is to ascertain the extent of palatalisation. According to the Dictionary of Standard Estonian, which provides the basis for Estonian text-to-speech synthesis, the final consonant of an i-stemmed word with a (C)VVC structure should be palatalised. There is, however, large variation in actual pronunciation. The investigation addresses 2274 pronunciations of 57 words with the above structure. There are 36 i-stemmed words and 21 words with some other stem vowel, chosen to enable a comparison of the acoustic features of the palatalisation. The target words have been embedded in sentences read out by 40 informants representing 10 different historical dialect areas of Estonia. The target words were analysed both by audio assessment and by measuring the transition phase inside the long vowel. Previous speech studies have shown that the characteristic feature of Estonian palatalisation is an i-like transition phase, which constitutes more than a quarter of the total duration of the vowel. The results of this study show that according to the audio assessment, 29% of the consonants l, n, s, t, d at the end of the i-stemmed monosyllabic words analysed were perceived as palatalised; according to the duration of the transition phase the percentage of palatalisation is 33%. Palatalisation occurs in more than half of the pronunciation instances only in 5 words out of the 36. The results confirm that the palatalisation of the consonants l, n, s, t, d at the end of i-stemmed Estonian words with a (C)VVC structure is generally untypical. In addition, some linguistic and sociolinguistic factors were investigated. It occurs that the palatalisation of the final consonant is influenced by the preceding vowel. According to the audio assessment the consonant is not palatalised when following the vowel ää; it is often palatalised when following the vowel ee. The acoustic analysis, however, does not support those results. The informant’s dialectal background was studied as a sociolinguistic factor. The results show a rather slight correlation between the present-day pronunciation and the palatalisation used in the respective historical dialects, but the general tendencies are still findable.

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Veel „Agenda Parva” keelest

Author(s): Väino Klaus / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 07/2019

The Catholic church manual Agenda Parva (1622) is a South Estonian linguistic monument. Its language has been studied since 1938, but some specifications are still in order. In the phrase omme wiide mielde-ga ‘with one’s own five senses’ (modern spelling omme viide meeldega) omme should not be interpreted as an erroneously spelt genitive singular but rather as the genitive plural of the pronoun oma ‘one’s own’, spelt according to the general principle followed throughout the publication, notably that a long consonant is rendered by doubling the letter. As for wiide (the middle word of the phrase) it has hitherto been interpreted as a very archaic genitive singular. However, the agreement of the first and last members suggests the possibility of similar agreement applying to the middle member. Indeed, the form wiide looks exactly like the regular consonant-stem de-marked genitive vīᴅè << *vīt̆ten of the biradical word viis ‘five’, conforming to the sound change t̆t > ᴅ after the 2nd-quantity vowel or diphthong of the first syllable, characteristic of Tartu dialect. Hence we can conclude that the translators/compilers of Agenda Parva made up a word form that was phonetically correct, but typically for native speakers of Indo-European languages they violated a rule applying in South Estonian as well as in most Finno-Ugric languages, which requires that the noun modified by a numeral should be used in the singular, and this means that there should have been oma viie meelega, not omme wiide mielde-ga.

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Lühidalt

Author(s): Janika Kronberg ,Brita Melts,Johanna Ross,Maria-Maren Linkgreim / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 11/2019

Reviews of: Tõnu Õnnepalu. Aaker. (Muskoka, Ontario, CA). Mujal kodus II. EKSA, 2019. 389 lk. Cornelius Hasselblatt. Eesti kirjanduse 100 aastat. Siuru kevadest kirjanikupalgani. Tallinn: Post Factum, 2019. 237 lk. Aile Möldre. Eesti raamatu 100 aastat. Käsikirjalisest teosest digiraamatuni. Tallinn: Post Factum, 2019. 208 lk. Jüri Viikberg. Murdekiiker. Eesti murdenäiteid kõnes ja kirjas. Tehniline teostus Marko Petron, Indrek Hein, toimetajad Mari-Liis Kalvik, Tiina Laansalu. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Instituut, 2019. Veebiväljaanne. https://www.eki.ee/murded/kiiker

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