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The transitive use of the verb of movement dojść with genitive object – a corpus-based study

Author(s): Tomasz Fojt / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The study adopts the pattern-based approach to language analysis. It examines the lexico-grammatical pattern in which the Polish verb of movement dojść combines with the direct object in the genitive case. The analysis is based on corpus data extracted from the National Corpus of Polish. It is observed that the transitive use of the verb in this meaning-pattern combination typically does not express veridical movement, but acquires a metaphorical meaning, related to reaching a state. The metaphorical meaning arises from the elaboration of the PATH schema, inherent in the semantics of the verb. In this way, the pairing of the morphosyntactic pattern with a specific meaning constitutes a semantically motivated local schema, with specialised meaning.

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Dłuższa historia z kilkoma językami

Author(s): Marta EHRENKREUTZ-JASIŃSKA / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

Według Biblii początkiem wszystkiego było słowo. A gdzie jest słowo, tam jest też i rozmowa. I wszystko wydawałoby się proste, gdyby nie wieża Babel i pomieszanie języków… Kiedy byłam dzieckiem, bardzo mnie irytowało, że chęci zabawy z rówieśnikami staje na przeszkodzie nieznajomość słów, które wokół słyszałam.

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Elementy niewerbalne polskiego języka migowego: mimika, mlaski, przestrzeń

Author(s): Anna Lewandowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

Polski język migowy należy do języków wizualno-przestrzennych i jest naturalnym językiem komunikacji społeczności g/Głuchych w Polsce. Oparty jest na jednoręcznym alfabecie starofrancuskiego języka migowego. Istotne jego elementy, umożliwiające prawidłowy przekaz oraz zrozumienie wypowiedzi, to mimika, mlaski i przestrzeń. Dlatego też uczący się PJM powinni je poznać podczas początkowych zajęć.

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Badanie wyrażania emocji u osób bilingwalnych

Author(s): Elżbieta Sękowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The article provides a brief overview of the description and definition of emotions in various types of science, i.e. psychology, neurobiology, linguistics with a particular emphasis on anthropological linguistics. Cultural scripts postulated in research on emotional expressions in various languages are used to show the participation of cultural norms in the expression of feelings and their linguistic indicators. Formulated with the use of elementary units, they become not only a scientific method but also a very useful tool in teaching Polish as a foreign language, as evidenced by opinions of glottodidactics experts. It is postulated that teachers working in schools with students who have experienced an act of migration should take into account the emotional aspect both in terms of experience and language.

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Формална обележја компаративних фразеологизама у средњевисоконемачком језику

Author(s): Branislav D. Ivanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2021

This paper deals with identifying relevant formal (structural) markers of comparative idioms in Middle High German. From the analysis of examples,it can be concluded that most of these idioms have a bicentric structure.The typical forms of bicentric comparative idioms in Middle High German are infinitival and adjectival phrases, and rarely even nominal and adverbial phrases. Monocentric comparative idioms in Middle High German are always subordinate clauses with subjunctive elements als and sam. In terms of comparative particles, the whole subclass is conservative. Comparative idioms in Middle High German do not show reduplication of the equative particles – the most important distinctive feature in contrast to free comparison. The nominal phrase within the secundum comparationis shows innovations of the Middle High German language: determinators and adjectival attributes are consequently in the left field. A smaller number of comparative idioms in Middle High German have the inversion of the primum and secundum comparationis, and show alliteration and homeoteleutonas well.

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Атропологія родинної пам’яті і філософія витривалості

Author(s): Walentyna Sobol / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 7/2020

The article analyses the manuscript of Philip Orlik’s diary (1672–1742). The Ukrainian hetman was writing it for twelve years, between 1720 and 1732. The author’s focus is Orlik’s autobiography. It is a very important part of the diary and is related to the exile period of his life. The diarist had given that chapter a separate title – “Pro memoria. Na cześć i chwałę Bogu w Trojcy Świętej jedynemu Amen” [“Pro Memoria. For the Glory of God in Holy Trinity United Amen”]. The purpose of the article is to investigate the anthropology of family memory in the diary as a pledge of the author’s endurance. Orlik perceived the diary as an interlocutor, so there is a peculiar, emotionally sensitive link between the diary and the diarist. The diary is characterised by persuasiveness. In order to illustrate it, the author of the article provides quotations from the diary without translation. The original language of Orlik’s manuscript is the Old Polish language inlaid with Latin. The diarist had put down into the diary copies of the most important letters. He wrote the letters in French and Latin. The Polish language was used exclusively in his correspondence with King Stanislav. The author analyses the autobiographical note in the context of the diary genre, defining it as a model of baroque autobiography that resonates throughout the text of the diary.

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Perceptual etymology, or three Turkish culinary terms in Croatian and Slovene, and a Polish social term inteligencja ‘intelligentsia’

Author(s): Marek Stachowski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

This paper has been inspired by Roberto Dapit’s study of 2021. My aim is to show the sense of using what can be called “perceptual etymology” (analogically to “perceptual dialectology”) along with and in contrast to the “scholarly etymology”.

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Pacjenci z… / u pacjentów z… / w przebiegu COVID-19…: dyskursywna analiza polskich fachowych publikacji medycznych dotyczących koronawirusa

Author(s): Magdalena Zabielska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2021

The coronavirus pandemic has undoubtedly left an imprint on various spheres of human existence, not excluding communication, which is a certain reflection of the reality around us. The aim of this study was to examine the nature of the broadly defined discourse concerned with coronavirus in Polish language scientific publications from professional medical journals. The qualitative discourse analysis, which makes it possible to capture the complexity and context of the studied data, was applied to this end. The analysis was carried out using the SketchEngine® tool, which serves the purpose of identifying certain patterns in language. The outcome shows that the examined discourse is characterised by the presence of specialised stories, impersonal nature of the argument, and numerous metaphors, including the metaphor of war.

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Factors influencing lexical transfer in third language acquisition

Author(s): Nicolas Najjar / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The present paper examines the factors influencing lexical transfer in third language acquisition (TLA) by examining studies devoted to lexical transfer from L1 and L2 into L3 that were mainly conducted in Europe. There are several factors that have influence on lexical transfer: linguistic (such as typology), contextual (such as naturalistic setting vs. formal setting), psycho-linguistic (such as psychotypology and the learners’ awareness of cognates), individual (such as learners’ age) and other factors (such as L2/L3 proficiency level). The results of the survey indicate that negative lexical transfer from both L1 and L2 to L3 occurs (a) in naturalistic contexts, (b) when languages are typologically similar, (c) when students perceive these languages as similar, and (d) when L2 proficiency level is high and L3 proficiency level low. In contrast, positive lexical transfer from L2 to L3 occurs (a) in formal settings, (b) when students perceive these languages as similar, (c) when learners’ awareness of true cognates is high, and (d) when both L2 and L3 proficiency level are high. Additionally, the learners’ age was found to potentially predict the relative weight of lexical transfer in TLA in the following manner: negative lexical transfer from L1 and L2 to L3 may increase with age. Finally, it was found that when L1, L2, and L3 are equally proximate, it is the L1 that has the primary influence on lexical transfer in TLA.

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Educated Poznań speech 30 years later

Author(s): Kamil Kaźmierski,Małgorzata Kul,Paulina Zydorowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

The study compares educated Poznań speech on the basis of a study by Witaszek-Samborska (1985, 1986) and a corpus compiled 30 years later. The features of Poznań speech, examined on 14 speakers from the corpus, include: voicing of obstruents before heterolexical sonorants (okszyg emocji), realization of word-final ‹-ą› as [-ɔm] (idom tom / (szczelać), the presence of the velar nasal  drogom), realization of /stʂ tʂ dʐ/ as /ʂ [ŋ] before a heteromorphemic velar plosive /k/ (okienko), realization of word-final ‹-ej› as /-i(j)/ or /-ɨ(j)/ (lepi(j)), presence of prothetic [w] before word-initial /ɔ/ (łojciec), presence of voiced /v/ in clusters with preceding voiceless consonants (trwały), and realization of ‹-śmy› as [ʑmɨ] (słyszelˈiśmy). The results suggest a change in Poznań speech and point towards dialect levelling.

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Od hatakumby do rezurekcji, czyli o „kulturze słowa” wpisów na portalach społecznościowych

Author(s): Stanisław Dubisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2021

The article is an essay dedicated to the language and culture of words on social networks. (S. D.)

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K dvom slovenským prekladom Aucassina a Nicoletty (2/2)

Author(s): Ján Živčák / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 47-48/2021

Aucassin and Nicolette, an Old Picard chantefable from the turn of the 13th century, is notoriously known for its use of transtextual techniques (in the Genettian sense of the term). It contains a number of playful allusions on other contemporary literary works or genre patterns. The first part of this paper focuses on two elements borrowed from heroic epic poetry (the battle motive as well as the epithets ber and preus) and analyses their interlingual transposition in two existing Slovak translations of the corpus, published in 1947 and 1975 by V. Beniak and M. Pauliny-Danielisová (with the collaboration of G. Slavkovská). Although the level of the translators’ cultural competence is very high, all of them seem to underestimate the weight of the phenomenon and prefer the so-called semantic approach over the semiotic. The second part of the paper examines more closely the 1975 translation, authored during the normalization period characterised by a rather solid presence of editorial control and self-censorship in socialist Czechoslovakia. It draws attention to religious expressions in the work (both formulaic and significant) which – surprisingly – were carefully rendered into the target language by M. Pauliny-Danielisová and her co-worker. Additionally, the book’s epilogue is devoid of any form of paratextual camouflage. This unusually professional attitude may have a simple explanation. Either the translators used their habitus (as defined by Bourdieu) to ensure the smooth running of the literary import, or Aucassin and Nicolette, dealing with a relatively low number of aristocratic and essentially spiritual topics, posed no threat to the target field of cultural production. Unfortunately, despite their quality, none of the translations won the favour of readers or academics.

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Неспециализированные средства выражения каузативной семантики в славянских и германских языках (на примере ЛСГ защиты)

Author(s): Anzhelika H. Litvinovich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4-5/2021

The paper deals with the peculiarities of verbs that convey causative semantics without being specialized for it. The objective of the research is to identify the specific features of Slavic (Russian, Belarusian) and Germanic (English, German) defense and protection verbs with regard to causativity. The study of lexical semantic groups in the aspect of causativity is topical, because it contributes to the specification of causativity as a category. It works towards resolving a controversial causativity theory issue about the scope and boundaries of causative verbs class, as well as helps to reveal some internal laws of the causative category development (gradual nature of the causative category). The following methods were used: contextual, transformational, comparative methods; dictionary definitions analysis, component and distributive analysis. It was found that defense and protection verbs in three (Russian, Belarusian, German) of the four studied languages have units that do not contain a causative component. Within the analyzed lexical semantic group, there are verbs with a high and low degree of causativity (vertical changes of causativity degree). In these two groups, it is possible to identify the units that are able and unable to change the causativity degree in a context (horizontal changes of causativity degree). The gradual character of causativity is an integral feature of the studied Slavic and Germanic verbs. The degree of causativity is their differential trait.

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Fonetický obsah a jeho didaktická transformace v učebnicích češtiny pro 2.–6. Ročník ZŠ

Author(s): Jana Vlčková-Mejvaldová,Stanislav Štěpáník / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

Even though the Framework Educational Programme for Elementary Education postulates the essential requirements for knowledge and skills in the area of phonetic aspects of the Czech language, analysing the textbooks’ content we have found out that their actual presence in school instruction is scarce. The aim of this study is to analyse the place of phonetic aspects in textbooks for Years 2–6, since textbooks have a significant influence on what the school practice looks like. The results of the study show that the phonetic syllabus in textbooks is rather accidental, what predominates is the knowledge of “small linguistics”. It can be concluded that phonetic aspects are not considered important for developing the pupils´ communication competence. In order to enhance the quality of instruction, the authors recommend the following: placing more prominence on communicative aspects of phonetic content, connecting phonetic content with stylistic aspects and perceiving phonetics as a tool for developing pupils´ communication skills.

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ŻYDKI, GUDŁAJE, PARCHY I INNE WYRAZY HANIEBNE. ANTYSEMITYZM ODCIŚNIĘTY W DAWNEJ I WSPÓŁCZESNEJ LEKSYCE POLSKIEJ

Author(s): Dorota Zdunkiewicz-Jedynak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

The paper analyses the Polish lexis, recorded in dictionaries (since the 19th century) and the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP), which reflects the social attitudes that could be described as anti-Semitic. It discusses words expressing aversion, contempt, hostility, which carry a strong markedness that refers to the established negative stereotype of the Jew. Ethnonyms and their colloquial equivalents, words derived from an ethnonym, and its metaphorical neosematisms were used as the material for the description (the already examined paroemia and idiomatic expressions are outside the scope of the author’s interests).

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ПРІЗВИЩА УКРАЇНЦІВ СХІДНОЇ ГАЛИЧИНИ, МОТИВОВАНІ ВЛАСНИМИ ІМЕНАМИ ПОЛЬСЬКОГО ПОХОДЖЕННЯ

Author(s): Daria Mytsan,Oksana Korpalo / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 01/2022

Surnames are an integral part of a person’s family identity and accompany a person throughout their life. The study of regional anthroponymy is the basis for dialectology, lexicography, etymology, word formation, and comparative linguistics. This paper considers various principles of classification of surnames in general, and in particular it analyses surnames of Ukrainians from Eastern Galicia, motivated by their own Polish names. The source of the surnames was the telephone books of Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, and Ternopil. The sample consists of 657 surnames, out of which 57 names were used: 41 male and 16 female ones. Most names became the basis for the formation of not one but many surnames. The materials and results of the research can be used in writing comparative works on Ukrainian and Slavic onomastics, in research on lexicology and history of language.

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GATUNKI NAUKOWE I DYDAKTYCZNE W EDUKACJI POLONISTYCZNEJ NA UKRAINIE

Author(s): Samanta Busiło / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2022

The paper analyses the issue of academic writing in Polish. The author analyses the specific characteristics of the development of competences in the field of understanding and creating texts representing scientific and didactic genres from the Polish-Ukrainian comparative perspective, taking into account the phenomenon of intercomprehension and linguistic interference. Based on the analysis of educational practices in Poland and Ukraine, as well as the texts of the diploma theses of students from Ukraine, based on her own experience in teaching, the author presents a catalogue of academic genres and frequent errors in academic writing made by Ukrainian students.

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SŁOWOTWÓRSTWO A SKŁADNIA W NAUCZANIU JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO. CZĘŚĆ 2. ROZWIĄZANIA DYDAKTYCZNE

Author(s): Aleksandra Walkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

The second part of the analysis concerning the relationship between word-formation and syntax in teaching Polish as a foreign language (PFL) provides practical teaching solutions which may be implemented, based on the theoretical analysis included in Part 1. We first examine those contents of the existing PFL curricula and textbooks which directly point to any correlation between the syntactic properties of the base and derived language units. We then proceed to study the form and nature of the transformation exercises which are best suited for training and testing the links between word-formation and syntax. The third part of the paper provides a number of methodological clues and explicit rules concerning the various degrees of syntactic inheritance, and other problems worth taking into consideration in PFL lessons.

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NAUKA PISANIA W JĘZYKU OBCYM A STYMULOWANIE ROZWOJU KOMPETENCJI LINGWISTYCZNYCH: GRAMATYCZNYCH I LEKSYKALNYCH

Author(s): Jolanta Nocoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

This article describes the process of learning foreign language writing skills, aimed not only at the active acquisition of text models characteristic of a given linguo-cultural community or at the activation of linguistic structures, but also at the development of lexical and grammatical competence. The approach described consists of identifying the actual needs of the students as a basis for boosting their writing skills. The initial assumption was that analysing the language component of texts written in a foreign language allowed for the identification of the problems their authors experienced when learning the lexical and grammatical system of the language in question, not only in terms of correctness but also of the diversity of vocabulary and structures used. This model uses written texts as tools to stimulate the linguistic aspect. Text-based activities in this model include an array of transformation tasks aimed at perfecting the language and style of the text by, among others, activating passively acquired lexis and grammatical structures. The effectiveness of the approach presented in the article was tested in a classroom teaching Polish as a foreign language.

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Игра слов в романе Виктора Пелевина S.N.U.F.F. и его польском переводе

Author(s): Jan Jakub German / Language(s): Russian Issue: 176/2021

The article aims to describe the examples of wordplay in the novel S.N.U.F.F. of V. Pelevin and analyze the translation of these examples in the Polish version of the novel. In the introductory part some theoretical problems concerning wordplay are presented. The main part contains the most interesting examples of wordplay from the novel, the explanation of how the comical effect is obtained and the analysis of the translator’s decisions. In the final part the conclusions are presented.

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