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Społem, społeczność, społeczeństwo

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2021

W XVI-wiecznym słowniku łacińsko-polskim Jana Mączyńskiego z 1564 r. (Lexicon latino-polonicum…) interesująca nas rodzina wyrazów jest reprezentowana przez następujące leksemy: spolnie, spolność, spolny, wszospolność, wszospolny, po społu, społecznie, społeczny, społek, społem, wespołek [zob. Kuraszkiewicz 1963]. Jest to więc słownictwo dawne, dobrze zadomowione w polszczyźnie. Różna jest jednak jego geneza. Aleksander Brückner całą tę rodzinę wyrazów wywodzi od podstawy pół < psł. * polъ [BSEJP], podobnie Wiesław Boryś, który ponadto podaje etymologie niektórych wyrazów lub wyrażeń – por. społem < psł. * sъ polъmь ‘z połową; razem’; pospołu < stpol. po społu < stpol. społu ‘razem z innymi; wspólnie’ [BorSEJP]. Podobną genezę należy przypisać formom spolnie, spolność, spolny (por. współczesne wspólnie, wspólność, wspólny). Są to zatem formy rodzime o genezie prasłowiańskiej, istotny jest tu jednak także wpływ języka czeskiego, który upowszechnił w polszczyźnie niektóre formy, poczynając od XVI w. – por. pol. społek ‘towarzystwo, spółka’ < czes. spolek ‘spółka, wspólnota’, pol. społeczny < czes. společny ‘wspólny’, pol. Społeczność < czes. společnost ‘wspólnota, spółka; społeczeństwo’, pol. Społecznie < czes. společně ‘wspólnie, razem’ [zob. BSB].

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TRANSLATION METHODS APPLIED TO APPROACH THE INCONGRUITY OF TERMS IN POLISH AND BRITISH CRIMINAL LAW

Author(s): Anna Kizińska / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2021

The research analyses incongruent Polish and British criminal law terms. British terms are the names of legal institutions characteristic of three independent legal systems: of England and Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland. The Polish terms that have been discussed come from the Polish Criminal Code Act of 6 June 1997 (Journal of Laws 1997 No. 88 item 553). Moreover, they are legal terms pursuant to their interpretation by Morawski (1980, p. 187). The English equivalents under analysis have appeared in four Polish Criminal Code translations into English. The research aims at a verification of whether or not the classification of translation methods applied in the Polish-English translation of incongruent succession and family law terms (called civil law terms) (Kizińska, 2015, p. 175–178) encompasses translation methods used in the process of translation of incongruent law terms characteristic of criminal law into English. In the paper the translation method is interpreted according to the definition by Hejwowski (2004, p. 76). In the theoretical part of the paper the following linguistic phenomena have been presented: a term (by Zmarzer & Lukszyn, 2001, p. 9) and incongruity of terms (by Šarčević, 1989, p. 278). In the initial stage of the analysis the definitions of a given Polish term and its suggested equivalents have been compared. Next, the appearance of a given equivalent in the sources of British law texts as well as the English language has been checked to determine the translation methods used while forming a given equivalent. Finally, the list of translation methods applied has been drafted, to conclude, among other things, that the translation methods presented in the above-mentioned typology of translation methods applied in the translation of incongruent civil law terms from Polish into English are to be determined as exclusively primary or secondary.

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Jednostki leksykalne z zakresu bibliotekoznawstwa w Uniwersalnym słowniku języka polskiego pod red. Stanisława Dubisza

Author(s): Lidia Lewicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2018

The aim of the article is to analyze words and expressions in the field of library science contained in the Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego, edited by Stanisław Dubisz. First of all, I’m interested in which of them have the library qualifier. Secondly, are there other lexical units in the field of library science in this dictionary but with other qualifiers. Thirdly, are there any words and expressions in the field of library science in the title dictionary that do not have any qualifiers.

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Próba Wojciecha Kudyby – analiza książki Próba bólu. O wierszach Joanny Pollakówny

Author(s): Paulina Nowak,Paulina Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2018

The article is a review of the book Próba bólu. O wierszach Joanny Pollakówny by Wojciech Kudyba published in 2016, a profound analysis of the lyrical works of the poet who died in 2002. The author of the book is not only a poet himself but also an art historian, literary scholar and professor at The Contemporary Art Department of the University of Stefan Wyszyński in Warsaw. The poetical work of Pollakówna is read by Kudyba as pain poetry, an intimate record of the experience of pain, and the key to his interpretation is the poetics of experience. Pollakówna’s lyrics are approached in the context of her existential situation, facing pain and suffering as the result of an incurable disease. Kudyba settles this pain in the centre of the poet’s literary work, pointing at the pain of alienation and a sense of exile as the most vivid feature of the persona in Pollakówna’s poems. The author attempts to answer questions about the function of the artistic process of creation and its role in experiencing this illness. In his analysis he uses terms such as autobiographical poetry and trauma.

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Wymienność partnerów aspektowych, czyli kilka uwag na temat irrelewancji aspektu

Author(s): Beata Terka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2021

This paper discusses the issue of irrelevance of the aspect of the Polish verb. In specific contexts, the grammatical category of aspect, being obligatory in the Polish language, is in fact redundant. The identification of such contexts (and hence review of the most important current observations and convictions in this respect), the attempt at ordering and describing them enabled systematic material research based on a (Polish–German and German–Polish) translation. The findings presented in the paper might be a good starting point for a reflection on the reasonability of including the described issue in curricula of teaching Polish as a foreign language. Due to its reach and frequency, the phenomenon of alternation of aspectual partners should be more frequently discussed in the literature dedicated to aspect and Polish glottodidactics.

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Lematizácia, morfologická anotácia a dezambiguácia slovenského textu - webové rozhranie

Author(s): Radovan Garabík,Kristína Bobeková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

Lemmatization, morphological (or morphosyntactic) annotation (MSD) and disambiguation is a basic and indispensable step in Natural Language Processing of languages with a moderate level of inflection. We present a web interface demonstrating the de facto default lemmatization and MSD for Slovak, as used in major Slovak corpora (with several enhancements yet to be applied in the corpora). The interface can be used chiefly for presentation or pedagogical purposes, with the morphological tags expanded and explained using plain language in several languages, including two different terminological registers of Slovak (professional linguistic or a "common" one).

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Łbem muru nie przebijesz. Na tropach frazematyki północnokresowej końca XX wieku

Author(s): Jolanta Mędelska,Marek Marszałek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2020

The authors studied the little-investigated body of northern Kresy Polish phraseology. The first part of the article briefly presents general, theorical issues related with the status of multi-word constructions, highlighting among these multi-component language units, i.e. reproductions (phrasemes), with the predilection of researchers to describe individual words and avoid multi-word units, even though there are many more of the latter in natural language than single-element units. It has been shown that northern Kresy phrasematics has been particularly neglected. A result of this neglect is the lack of extensive databases of these multi-word units, which in turn makes it impossible to present a credible description of discontinuous units. The authors propose that research should begin with the assembly of a database of northern Kresy phrasematic material nearly from scratch. The empirical part presents the results of initial exploratory research, i.e. performing extraction on a fragment (ca. 110 pages) of a Lithuanian-Polish dictionary published in Vilnius at the end of the twentieth century. The excerpt contains as many as twenty phrasemes that are not found in general Polish, which confirms the thesis that contemporary northern Kresy cultural dialect is saturated with multi-word units. As many as 90% of reproductions are not – most likely apparently, due to the lack of an extensive database – attested in other sources. All are of foreign origin. Interestingly, 35% of the material occurs in all four languages used in Kresy (będziesz gościem; tnie prawdę w oczy; rodzaj ogólny; siedzi jak na igłach; suche miejsce; krupy ryżowe and sygnał samochodowy). Most likely the same living conditions led to the creation of a similar image of the world. The extracted phrasematic material is presented in a formalised manner, adapting the principles of description of language units proposed by Andrzej Bogusławski.

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A DEMONIC CHRYSALIS: THE CONCEPT OF BOURGEOISIE IN POLAND

Author(s): Adam Kożuchowski / Language(s): English Issue: 122/2020

This paper investigates the history of the concept of bourgeoisie in Poland, emphasising troubles with its assimilation into the Polish language, and its special entanglement with the socialist and modernist discourse. The concept, it is argued, was borrowed in the late nineteenth century from France, where it concerned the urban upper-middle class; it arrived in Poland as part of the socialist discourse of the time, which gave it strong negative and derogatory connotations. The ambiguity that arose was further complicated by a number of other factors as well. First, the understanding of the term ‘bourgeoisie’ within the leftist discourse was itself ambivalent, combining the strictly theoretical definition encompassing the class of capitalist owners of the means of production, and the practical and emotional label attached to the urban classes. Second, also for the reasons indicated above, the concept of bourgeoisie was not able to replace the older Polish concepts regarding the urban population [mieszczaństwo], and the differences between them remained vague, and occasionally disputable. Third, not only did the term ‘bourgeoisie’ never fully emancipate itself from the domination of the indigenous concepts, but it also suffered from its translation into Polish, where it was regularly omitted when regarding Western European realities, but where it was a permanent fixture in the case of Russian and Soviet literature. Finally, the paper searches for the reasons behind the relative elimination of the concept from the Polish discourse, or at least large segments thereof, in the last half-century.

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Selected aspects of the conceptualisation of success in English and Polish

Author(s): Katarzyna Lach Mirghani / Language(s): English Issue: 04 (31)/2020

Conceptualisation is “the process of meaning construction to which language contributes. It does so by providing access to rich encyclopaedic knowledge and by prompting for complex processes of conceptual integration” (Evans 2007: 38). Concrete, non-abstract entities are easy to grasp and to conceptualise with the use of the senses. A problem occurs when the mind has to form an idea about abstract concepts that cannot be seen, heard, smelled, or tasted. Linguists (Evans & Green 2006; Gibbs 1999; Kövecses 2010; Lakoff 1986; Lakoff & Johnson 2003) proved that people share a tendency to create conceptual analogies between abstract concepts and concrete entities by mapping the properties of the latter upon the former. It has been proved (Trojszczak 2016, 2017) that people share conceptualisations between languages. The primary goal of this comparative study was to examine the conceptualisation of success in two languages, English and Polish, in order to identify differences and similarities. The results of the study proved that people share the conceptualisation of the analysed target domain in both languages, which means they understand success in the same terms. There is a difference in the intensity, however; some metaphors are more widely used in one language and some in the other. There is also a difference in the linguistic expressions that constitute the conceptualisations.

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Jezykowy obraz Wschodu i Zachodu we współczesnej polszczyznie

Author(s): Piotr Mirocha / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2020

The cultural concepts of Wschód (East) and Zachód (West) are products of contemporary, modern Polish languaculture, one that significantly shapes contemporary social and political discourses. A reconstruction of the cognitive definitions of these concepts, along with their profiles, can thus lead to a better understanding of the two kinds of discourse. In accordance with the principles of the cognitive definition, couched within the framework of the Lublin Ethnolinguistic School, the analysis is based on data from dictionaries, texts, and questionnaires. Four major dictionaries of Polish have been surveyed, as well as questionnaires conducted for the 1990 and 2000 editions of the Axiological Lexicon, along with a random selection of texts from the National Corpus of Polish, from internet editions of the press, from belles-lettres, and essays. After a detailed analysis of the systemic data, facet-based cognitive definitions of the two cultural concepts are constructed. For the concept of Wschód (East), the facets include location, economy, reasons for going East and returning, the role of East for Poland, the characteristics of its inhabitants and of the East as space. In the case of Zachód (West), instead of inhabitants and space, the relevant facet is that of values. The last part of the article prosents the profiles of these concepts, which correlate with ideological orientations in the press and in politics: the liberal profile (the West is good, it is associated with personal freedom, human rights, democracy and the rule of law; the East is negative, it ignores the rule of law and standards of liberal democracy); the right-wing profile (the East is evaluated similarly to the liberal profile, whereas the West is portrayed as Poland’s “moral debtor”); the Catholic-national profile (the East is a threat, the West is characterised by materialism and a degradation of values); the everyday-living profile (the West is wealthy, the East is poor).

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Zu den Archaismen in Adam Pomorskis Übersetzungen der Neuen Gedichte von Rainer Maria Rilke

Author(s): Adam Gorlikowski / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2020

The subject of the article are archaisms that occur in Adam Pomorski’s translations of both parts of “New Poems” by Rainer Maria Rilke. The definition of archaism assumed in this paper encompasses the definitions of archaisms found in the monolingual Polish dictionaries edited by Stanisław Dubisz, Mirosław Bańko and Witold Doroszewski. The research conducted aims at determining the degree of the archaic nature of the words under discussion and their functions in the translations. Before the functions of the archaisms were analyzed, it was investigated if there are some obsolete words or archaic language phenomena in the “New Poems”. The majority of the archaisms identified in the translations can be classified as lexical ones; some grammatical archaisms have been found as well. By using archaisms, Pomorski stylizes the translations and creates rhymes. First of all, these obsolete words and phrases sometimes induce the readers to use dictionaries of Polish.

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The transitive use of the verb of movement dojść with genitive object – a corpus-based study

Author(s): Tomasz Fojt / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The study adopts the pattern-based approach to language analysis. It examines the lexico-grammatical pattern in which the Polish verb of movement dojść combines with the direct object in the genitive case. The analysis is based on corpus data extracted from the National Corpus of Polish. It is observed that the transitive use of the verb in this meaning-pattern combination typically does not express veridical movement, but acquires a metaphorical meaning, related to reaching a state. The metaphorical meaning arises from the elaboration of the PATH schema, inherent in the semantics of the verb. In this way, the pairing of the morphosyntactic pattern with a specific meaning constitutes a semantically motivated local schema, with specialised meaning.

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Tłumaczeniowa ekwiwalencja rozproszona: polskie coś ty i ich angielskie odpowiedniki

Author(s): Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

The present paper, dedicated to the memory of a distinguished Polish linguist, Professor Roman Kalisz, is an attempt at emotive interpretation of the Polish discourse markers (no) coś ty, and their English equivalents in pragmatic contexts of diffused translational equivalence. The language materials referred to are generated from the National Corpus of Polish, British National Corpus and parallel data as well as instances of use from Polish and English monitor corpora.

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Dłuższa historia z kilkoma językami

Author(s): Marta EHRENKREUTZ-JASIŃSKA / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

Według Biblii początkiem wszystkiego było słowo. A gdzie jest słowo, tam jest też i rozmowa. I wszystko wydawałoby się proste, gdyby nie wieża Babel i pomieszanie języków… Kiedy byłam dzieckiem, bardzo mnie irytowało, że chęci zabawy z rówieśnikami staje na przeszkodzie nieznajomość słów, które wokół słyszałam.

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Elementy niewerbalne polskiego języka migowego: mimika, mlaski, przestrzeń

Author(s): Anna Lewandowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

Polski język migowy należy do języków wizualno-przestrzennych i jest naturalnym językiem komunikacji społeczności g/Głuchych w Polsce. Oparty jest na jednoręcznym alfabecie starofrancuskiego języka migowego. Istotne jego elementy, umożliwiające prawidłowy przekaz oraz zrozumienie wypowiedzi, to mimika, mlaski i przestrzeń. Dlatego też uczący się PJM powinni je poznać podczas początkowych zajęć.

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Badanie wyrażania emocji u osób bilingwalnych

Author(s): Elżbieta Sękowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The article provides a brief overview of the description and definition of emotions in various types of science, i.e. psychology, neurobiology, linguistics with a particular emphasis on anthropological linguistics. Cultural scripts postulated in research on emotional expressions in various languages are used to show the participation of cultural norms in the expression of feelings and their linguistic indicators. Formulated with the use of elementary units, they become not only a scientific method but also a very useful tool in teaching Polish as a foreign language, as evidenced by opinions of glottodidactics experts. It is postulated that teachers working in schools with students who have experienced an act of migration should take into account the emotional aspect both in terms of experience and language.

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Věda mnoha jmen: onomastické termíny v publicistice Českého národního korpusu

Author(s): Jaroslav David,Tereza Klemensová,Michal Místecký / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

The contribution focuses on the use and collocation analysis of basic notions linked to the field of onomastics, including those that are specialized (e.g., "proprium", "anthroponym", "toponym", "chrematonym", etc.) and the ones that are commonly used (e.g., "proper name/naming"). In the latter case, attention will be paid to whether these terms are connected to onomastic contexts. In general, the research analyses sources where the lemmata are used, including their typical surroundings. The goal of the paper is to show how the public perceives onomastics, whether it is familiar with its key terms. The analysis is based on the data of the Czech National Corpus, version 8, opinion-journalism texts.

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Prečo slovo dcéra obsahuje dlhé é?

Author(s): Siniša Habijanec / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

The paper aims to explain the origin of the long é in the Slovak word dcéra ‘daughter’, which is the only word of the original lexical layer that has a long é in its root. Its length is difficult to explain by comparative Slavic accentology since relevant languages generally show a short vowel in this position. Another peculiarity of this word is the fact that é did not undergo the Central Slovak diphthongization that otherwise regularly occurs after c. The author offers a solution in the cultural influence of Czech, which Slovaks had been using as a written language for centuries. It is argued that the original Common Slavic word *dъťi had been lost in Slovak and replaced by a word *děvъka, while dcera was introduced into the Slovak vernacular through Czech religious texts. The initial Czech graphic cluster dc- had been realized as a geminated [cː] by Slovak priests, the pronunciation of which was interpreted as compensatory lengthening of the following vowel, and this length was subsequently phonologized. The lengthening of e and consequent phonologization could be linked to the spread of Czech printed books, so it must be posterior to the Central Slovak diphthongization.

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Формална обележја компаративних фразеологизама у средњевисоконемачком језику

Author(s): Branislav D. Ivanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2021

This paper deals with identifying relevant formal (structural) markers of comparative idioms in Middle High German. From the analysis of examples,it can be concluded that most of these idioms have a bicentric structure.The typical forms of bicentric comparative idioms in Middle High German are infinitival and adjectival phrases, and rarely even nominal and adverbial phrases. Monocentric comparative idioms in Middle High German are always subordinate clauses with subjunctive elements als and sam. In terms of comparative particles, the whole subclass is conservative. Comparative idioms in Middle High German do not show reduplication of the equative particles – the most important distinctive feature in contrast to free comparison. The nominal phrase within the secundum comparationis shows innovations of the Middle High German language: determinators and adjectival attributes are consequently in the left field. A smaller number of comparative idioms in Middle High German have the inversion of the primum and secundum comparationis, and show alliteration and homeoteleutonas well.

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Атропологія родинної пам’яті і філософія витривалості

Author(s): Walentyna Sobol / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 7/2020

The article analyses the manuscript of Philip Orlik’s diary (1672–1742). The Ukrainian hetman was writing it for twelve years, between 1720 and 1732. The author’s focus is Orlik’s autobiography. It is a very important part of the diary and is related to the exile period of his life. The diarist had given that chapter a separate title – “Pro memoria. Na cześć i chwałę Bogu w Trojcy Świętej jedynemu Amen” [“Pro Memoria. For the Glory of God in Holy Trinity United Amen”]. The purpose of the article is to investigate the anthropology of family memory in the diary as a pledge of the author’s endurance. Orlik perceived the diary as an interlocutor, so there is a peculiar, emotionally sensitive link between the diary and the diarist. The diary is characterised by persuasiveness. In order to illustrate it, the author of the article provides quotations from the diary without translation. The original language of Orlik’s manuscript is the Old Polish language inlaid with Latin. The diarist had put down into the diary copies of the most important letters. He wrote the letters in French and Latin. The Polish language was used exclusively in his correspondence with King Stanislav. The author analyses the autobiographical note in the context of the diary genre, defining it as a model of baroque autobiography that resonates throughout the text of the diary.

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