Věda mnoha jmen: onomastické termíny v publicistice Českého národního korpusu

Author(s): Jaroslav David,Tereza Klemensová,Michal Místecký / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

The contribution focuses on the use and collocation analysis of basic notions linked to the field of onomastics, including those that are specialized (e.g., "proprium", "anthroponym", "toponym", "chrematonym", etc.) and the ones that are commonly used (e.g., "proper name/naming"). In the latter case, attention will be paid to whether these terms are connected to onomastic contexts. In general, the research analyses sources where the lemmata are used, including their typical surroundings. The goal of the paper is to show how the public perceives onomastics, whether it is familiar with its key terms. The analysis is based on the data of the Czech National Corpus, version 8, opinion-journalism texts.

Z historie ženských pojmenování v českých zemích

Author(s): Jana Pleskalová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

The study follows the development of naming women with names used in public during the period before surnames were introduced by law (i.e. before 1786). The analysis of anthroponyms proved that naming women reflects their social status. Daughters were most frequently identified by their first names and by their relations to their fathers, aswell as wives and widows were most frequently identified by their first names and by their relations to their husbands. Naming units of a descriptive nature have originated in this way, with a tendency towards simplification during further development, e.g., Anna manželka Matěje Jírova … Anna Matěje Jíry … Anna Jírova (these are several stages of naming a person referred to as "Ann, the wife of Matěj Jíra"). Wealthy widows or wives of a more prominent social status than their husbands had the same complementary anthroponyms as men (Anna mlynářka skalická – "Ann, the miller of Skalice") and their children or husbands were often referred to in the way the particular women were, e.g., Martin Evka (derived from Eva), Ondřejovi, Kateřininému synu ("to Andrew, the son of Catherine"). These facts prove that the way of naming women with names used in public was primarily determined by their social status, rather than by the gender.

Prečo slovo dcéra obsahuje dlhé é?

Author(s): Siniša Habijanec / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

The paper aims to explain the origin of the long é in the Slovak word dcéra ‘daughter’, which is the only word of the original lexical layer that has a long é in its root. Its length is difficult to explain by comparative Slavic accentology since relevant languages generally show a short vowel in this position. Another peculiarity of this word is the fact that é did not undergo the Central Slovak diphthongization that otherwise regularly occurs after c. The author offers a solution in the cultural influence of Czech, which Slovaks had been using as a written language for centuries. It is argued that the original Common Slavic word *dъťi had been lost in Slovak and replaced by a word *děvъka, while dcera was introduced into the Slovak vernacular through Czech religious texts. The initial Czech graphic cluster dc- had been realized as a geminated [cː] by Slovak priests, the pronunciation of which was interpreted as compensatory lengthening of the following vowel, and this length was subsequently phonologized. The lengthening of e and consequent phonologization could be linked to the spread of Czech printed books, so it must be posterior to the Central Slovak diphthongization.

NIE TYLKO PIES – O KILKU ANIMALISTYCZNYCH NAZWACH FUNKCJONARIUSZY SŁUŻB WIĘZIENNYCH W HISTORII POLSKIEGO SOCJOLEKTU PRZESTĘPCZEGO

Author(s): Jarosław Pacuła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article deals with the history of the Polish words with primary meanings ‘animal’ and analyzes different views on their origin. The article describes the phenomenon of zoosemic semantic changes in Polish prison slang from the late 19th and early 20th century. Several animal-specific nouns functioning as synonyms for jailer (prison ward) are presented. Sources of individual names are indicated and it is given a description of semantic changes which took place under the influence of foreign languages.

O BRATISLAVSKOM LINGVISTICKOM KRÚŽKU V NEMČINE

Author(s): Slavomír Ondrejovič / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Slavomír Ondrejovič - VYKYPĚLOVÁ, Taťána – VYKYPĚL, Bohumil: Cercle linguistique de Bratislava. Ein Kapitel der mitteleuropäischen strukturalen Wissenschaft . In: Travaux linguistique de Brno, zv. 16. Brno: LINCOM GmbH 2019. 222 s. ISBN 978-3-86288-944-0.

Reciprocita v slovenčine a optimalizácia jej lexikografického spracovania

Author(s): Martina Ivanová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2020

The study deals with the question when does the reflexive marker sa, si accompanying a verb present the clitic form of the pronoun and when it can be described as the reflexive morpheme used to derive verb with reciprocal semantics. Considering the results of a semantic test (reciprocity as the typical implication of the verb semantics) and syntactic test (the possibility to use the verb in the subject discontinuous construction), we came to the conclusion which verbs can be considered as derived reciprocals and thus should be processed in the dictionary and in which cases the reflexive marker is used to coin the reciprocal construction of non-reflexive verb with the reciprocity as possible, yet not typical implication.

Kontúry štýlu a štylistiky od Jozefa Mistríka po digitálnu éru

Author(s): Oľga Orgoňová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2022

The aim of the study is to follow the metamorphoses of the notion of style (above all) in Slovak stylistics within the last about 30 years. From the initial recapitulation of the traditional ideas of structural linguistics as a science aimed at non-contextual linguistic models of the manners of shaping the texts, the perspective of viewing style is being shifted to viewing it as a socially conditioned speech lingual activity. The culmination is represented by the profiling of style as a construction of a contextually conditioned cultural reflection of text in context. The current communicatively conditioned concepts of style anchored in discourse reality reflect the updated needs of people of the digital era. A non-negligible prerequisite for effectively grasping style (especially in interaction) is the competence of the acting people to interact optimally and in an assimilation-accommodation manner with the surrounding world in the name of harmony, understanding and inclusive behaviour.

The default case in Czech

Author(s): Michaela Čakányová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This paper addresses the issue of a non-assigned case in Czech. This so-called default case can be found in many languages and its behavior seems to be largely determined by the type of the given language. English, being a poor case language, does not have many options for the default; it is basically the nominative or accusative that are somehow available. Czech, on the other hand, being a rich case language, offers a greater variety. The paper considers special environments where case is not assigned, such as those suggested by Schütze (2001) for English. From these, only the left-dislocation seems to be the right environment for the default case in Czech. Moreover, we consider post copular DPs, which show a competition of the nominative and the instrumental. The former proves to be the default option for Czech.

Štruktúrno-pragmatické posuny vo vývine novinových titulkov v socialistickom a demokratickom období

Author(s): Patrícia Molnárová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2022

The newspaper headline is the first contact between the author and the recipient and in terms of stylistics, it is one of the compositional aspects of the text. In relation to the text itself, as well as to the communication partner, the headline fulfils an informative, engaging and especially in journalistic genres, persuasive function. Following the previous research focused on the 1960s, the aim of the study is to analyse and compare headlines in Slovak newspapers in the period of totalitarian and democratic establishment with a focus on the journalistic genre. The research sample, excerpted from the official discourse of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (1948 - 1956, 1961 - 1970) and the more recent Slovak mainstream e-discourse (2011 - 2021), contains almost 800 headlines to monitor the developmental tendencies of a given text component under the influence of changed extra lingual conditions. The aim of the research is to verify the expected linguistic and communicative modifications captured, for example, in a freer approach to the use of language. The given assumption expected at the structural-pragmatic level is conditioned by the dismantling of political-ideological control of the socialist period. At the stylistic-pragmatic level, we also assume a more direct and qualitatively more elaborate expressiveness in the language.

Language discrimination in Polish public discourse (Example of Polish football fans discourse)

Author(s): Paweł Kowalski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

In the urban space of Łódź, this paper studies some anti-Semitic aspects of discriminatory discourse of football fans. Its main goal is to present how anti-Semitic discriminatory meanings are formulated and spread in the urban space and how particular socialgroups (football fans) organize the urban discourse. In the multimodal material from the urban discourse, we scrutinize verbal and visual forms of discrimination captured on the walls of buildings, parks, or shopping centres in various stickers, posters, and flags. This paper implies that the language of particular social groups goes beyond closed internet communication or stadium discourse to a more open social sphere. A consequence of the social polarization found in the analysed data may be the radicalization and vulgarization of language in general.

Pragmatické určenie akoby v egovzťažných súvislostiach

Author(s): Jana Sokolová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The impetus to write this paper was an analysis of the expression as if (akoby) as a component of the "equivalence" principle and the determination of its legitimacy as a component of the "behavior" principle. The study is focused on the search for further connections between the verbal behavior of the speaker and the linguistic aspects of as if (akoby) because it is used as a manifestation of motivated, ego-related and assertive verbal behavior. As if (akoby) an be viewed as: (a) a component of the principle of verbal behavior that attributes an egocentric meaning to the speaker´s behavior; (b) an egocentric expression of the hypotaxis with an implicit speaker and the semantics of circumstantial and characteristic contexts; (c) a pragmatic mmarker of the speaker´s ego-related interpretation of facts. Interpretation, which is grasped is grasped at the following two levels, is the methodological framework of the monitored aspects: (i) in the sense of the ego-related evaluation of a fact or event by the speaker, i.e. in the sense of participatory interpretation, and (ii) in the sense of expainning the verbal behavior of the speaker, i.e. in the sense of searching for the motives, intentions and goals that form the preconditions for his/her verbal behavior.

Morfologická variantnosť slovies v metodologickom a aplikačnom kontexte

Author(s): Alexandra Jarošová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The goal of our contribution is to find an adequate methodological platform for describing and explaining the so-called inter-paradigmatic transition of Slovak verbs from the conjugation prototype česať ("to comb", 1483 lexemes) to the conjugation prototype chytať ("to catch"). This transition is not linear and smooth. We understand the description of the given phenomenon as the construction of a linguistic model – a "transition scheme" – based on systemic linguistics (specifically, functional and structural linguistics). This platform, with the concepts of function, norm, system, center, and periphery, is compatible with the cognitive concepts of prototype and continuum, which we include in the construction of the model as certain components of the user and practical dimensions. From the point of view of formal morphology, we rely most on the description system of Slovak conjugation by M. Sokolová (2019). We drew material from the Orthographic and Grammatical Dictionary and verified the occurrence of variants on the set of corpora Omnia Slovaca IV consisting of the Slovak National Corpus, specialized corpora and web corpora. We conclude that the goal of the analyzed cross-paradigmatic movement is not the transition of verbs from the prototype česať to the prototype chytať, but rather the optimal balance of definite and indefinite forms of each verb with regard to the defined conjugation prototype under the simultaneous interaction of pragmatic, frequency and phonological factors.

"My" a "oni" v lingvistickom konštruovaní obrazu jazyka (alebo reflexia laikov v slovenskej lingvistike)

Author(s): Gabriela Múcsková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The article maps the linguistic views on the common language users as non-experts in the field of linguistics and their ability to think reflectively and rationally about issues related to language. An overview of attitudes towards non-linguists is presented against the background of the development of linguistics, ranging from a structural understanding of language with an emphasis on standard language cultivation and linguistic prescription, through a sociolinguistic approach that emphasizes the role of the language user as a creator of the linguistic norm and its variation, to the view of folk linguistics and citizen linguistics, which examine how ordinary people in various forms of public communication present their opinions, beliefs, as well as their myths and ideologies about language. At the same time, the paper argues for the view that some folk knowledge and beliefs about language are not only incorrect or inaccurate, but, on the contrary, that they provide valuable information for linguistics about the background of language behaviour and language change. The material was drawn from the databases of Slovak linguistic journals and the specialized corpus of the journal Slovenská reč.

Ke koncepci proprií a deproprií v akademickém slovníku současné češtiny

Author(s): Jana Georgievová,Jan Křivan,Michaela Lišková,Martin Šemelík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2023

This paper is a conceptual supplement sui generis, the aim of which is to present a modified treatment of proper names and deproprial expressions in the Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech (ADCC). The focus of the study is both a reflection on the past and current lexicographical practice and a discussion of the key issues related to the treatment of the respective lexical subsystem in the dictionary. First, we summarize the basic facts concerning the lexicographic processing of proprial and deproprial lexical units in the field of explanatory lexicography. Second, we provide some more general information about the ADCC and, most importantly, about the macrostructure and microstructure of the dictionary in reference to the topic of the present study. We focus on the inclusion of proprial and deproprial entries in the ADCC and the specific treatment of proper names contained in phrasemes. Special attention is paid to the microstructure of proprial and deproprial entries, as well.

Priezviská Dula, Dulka, Dulík

Author(s): Iveta Valentová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2024

The article deals with the motivation, origin and formation of the surnames Dula, Dulka, Dulík, or more generally surnames with the base dul-. The most probable interpretation is that they are related to the name of the tree or shrub dula (Cydonia, English quince). However, due to interlingual contacts, they could have been formed from other appellatives or proper names and their onymic motivation could have been different. The author also analyzes these other possibilities.

Malí nezbedníci v slovenských nárečiach (2. časť)

Author(s): Miloslav Smatana / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2024

K explanácii jazykového štýlu

Author(s): Juraj Dolník / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

The study focuses on the formulation of ideas as a contribution to the explanatory theory of speech style. Ideas relate to the ontological basis of style, the fundamental role of sociocultural meanings, the rationality of stylistic knowledge, and the deep motivation of stylistically relevant linguistic behavior and action in social interaction. The author approaches style from a holistic position based on the belief that speech style is integrated into the ways of human activity as a whole controlled by a pragmatic subject. In the center of attention is the subject of style, who discovered sociocultural meanings tied to the ways of activities, developed the ability of stylistic adaptation to current conditions of social interaction, and learned to deal with stylistic knowledge with appropriate rationality in communication practice. The author also answers the question of what laws and principles underlie the existence of style, its subject and stylistic behavior and actions.

Vlastní jména míst označujících české a slovenské lokality v mineralogické nomenklatuře

Author(s): Jan Holeš / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The article deals with the terminology of mineralogy, particularly with the names of minerals formed from proper names of places located in the territory of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The official list of minerals approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association is used as a corpus. In the sample, containing almost six thousand items, 40 terms of this type were found, constituting 21% and 24% of the names for which the Czech Republic or the Slovak Republic is listed as the first place of discovery. These terms have become part of the official terminological vocabulary of the natural sciences. For each of them, the article provides its etymology. The names are based on onomastic metonymies, with roots referring to the names of type localities where the minerals were found, names of the surrounding villages, towns, hills, and mountain ranges.

On the Etymology of the name Haná (River and Region in Central Moravia)

Author(s): Ondřej Bláha / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The author evaluates the existing etymological interpretations of the nameof the Haná river in Central Moravia, which became the name of the entire adjacent region in 16th century. Taking into account the natural character of Haná river and the assumed inter-ethnic contacts in Moravia at the time of the arrival of the Slavs, the author considers it likely that the name of the Haná river is motivated in the same way as the name of the Jahna river in Saxony. According to the author, both names are Germanic, the original form of both names is *Ganō and the Indo-European root *gʰan- 'to yawn' (cf. German verb gähnen) is at the base of the name. The Haná river is thus a 'yawning river', i.e. a lazy flowing, shallow river with low banks.

Z práce na Etymologickém slovníku jazyka staročeského

Author(s): Bohumil Vykypěl,Taťána Vykypělová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The present paper is a specimen of the work on the Etymological Dictionary of the Old Czech Language: it deals with eleven Old Czech words, proposes new solutions to their etymology and touches upon some general topics such as substrate borrowings or the method "Wörter und Sachen".