Il modo congiuntivo : il caso della lingua polacca e italiana

Author(s): Aleksandra Paliczuk / Language(s): Italian Issue: 34/2022

Natural languages differ not only in lexis, but also, or perhaps above all, in grammar. The importance of certain grammatical forms or their frequency of use can vary among languages. There are languages that use them or describe them differently. In the contemporary Polish grammar we will not find information about the subjunctive mood. However, when comparing it with other languages, such as Italian, we will notice certain analogies and phenomena in Polish which are not formally described, and yet they resemble the subjunctive. Nonetheless, a researcher, who will consult older studies, may discover that the description of the Polish grammar changed quite significantly and may be able to find some new insights. This text is an attempt to show that, despite the lack of a formal description, Polish uses the subjunctive, by confronting it with Italian language.

Come tradurre la metafora? Analisi cognitiva delle espressioni metaforiche nell’originale e nelle traduzioni di “Brave New World” di Aldous Huxley

Author(s): Monika Prysok / Language(s): Italian Issue: 34/2022

Metaphor, although by many still associated exclusively with poetic and artistic language, is a ubiquitous phenomenon. According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980), it plays a key role in understanding of the world. Metaphors, the use of which we often do not realise, also facilitate everyday communication. The aim of this research is to answer the question: in what way metaphors change in the process of translation? The analysis covers selected examples of metaphorical expressions taken from the original novel by Aldous Huxley “A Brave New World” in English, and its translations in Italian and in Polish. The comparison of the three language versions is intended to show similarities and differences both on the lexical and cognitive levels, as well as to identify the translation techniques used.

K pravopisu štylisticky príznakových etnických a obyvateľských mien. 2. časť

Author(s): Ingrid Hrubaničová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

In this paper we continue to investigate the spelling of stylistically symptomatic ethnonyms and population names (EOMs) (Hrubaničová, 2023), with special attention to cases of unclear boundaries between the proprium and the appellative in so-called stylistically symptomatic EOMs, and orthographic divergence in capitalization in this group of names. We focus on the spelling of proprial suffixal derivatives (type SLOVÁČIK – SLOVÁČISKO; ČECHÚŇ, ČECHÚR, ČECHÁK, ČECHÁČIK) and abbreviative derivatives (type DEDERÓN, DEDERÁK, ENDEERÁK; USÁK) of neutral EOMs.

Po naszymu o pasjach. Gwara zaolziańska w mediach społecznościowych

Author(s): Irena Bogoczová,Małgorzata Bortliczek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The article is a contribution to the research on the linguistic situation of the Czech part of Těšín Silesia (Zaolzie in Polish). Having written on the topic in the past, this time the authors direct their attention to the Jablunkov part of the region and to a mixed language: the so-called po naszymu. In the introduction, they reflect on what functions a dialect can fulfil today, most of which are evident in the authentic linguistic material presented which comes from three extensive interviews that have then been published online. The speech of the dialect’s speakers differs, revealing the general focus of the speaker on a particular ethnic language: Polish, Czech or Slovak. The discovery of these foreign elements is possible due to the phonetic transcription, which reveals lexical, morphological and phonetic transfers in the texts. The purpose of the analysis is to point out the differences in the po naszymu mixed language code with a different rate of Polish, Czech or Slovak elements.

Czy pytać to tylko ‘zadawać pytanie’? Kilka uwag o medialnym użyciu tego czasownika

Author(s): Małgorzata Ciunovič / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The verb pytać [to ask] is one of the basic verba dicendi, thus its meaning seems obvious and its lexicographical descriptions exhaustive. At the same time, contemporary uses of this lexeme in the media suggest the presence of additional components, not yet taken into account in the studies of this verb. The author will therefore analyse selected quotations from informative Internet portals and TV dailies in order to then attempt to answer the question posed in the title. The description will take into account the pragmatic elements of the utterance: its context, information about the sender and the assumed recipient, as well as the entire communication situation; the conclusions will, in turn, be confronted with descriptions of the verb pytać [to ask] present in the linguistic literature.

Oralność i retoryka świętych ksiąg. Na przykładzie tatarskiego tefsiru – pierwszego przekładu Koranu na język słowiański (polski)

Author(s): Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The article presents, on the basis of a sixteenth-century translation of the Qur’an into Polish, the interpenetration of two planes in revealed books: the rhetorical and the persuasive one. In this context, the article points out the realisation of the directives of classical Arabic rhetoric, including the semantic principle, the principle of clear expression and the principle of sophisticated style. It also indicates the original orality of the Qur’an and the persuasiveness of its message achieved, among other things, by addressing the recipient, the establishment of the us vs. them opposition, the occurrence of evaluative and directive vocabulary, the introduction of colloquial speech, and the use of intensifiers of content. The collected material also demonstrates the complex relation between the scripturalisation of a language and the translation of a sacred text ( the Qur’an ) into Polish.

Чашата череп на кан Крум

Author(s): Veselin Boyadzhiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

Jeszcze o wielomotywacyjności nazw własnych (na przykładzie nazwisk Duszyński i Karabasz)

Author(s): Henryk Duszyński-Karabasz / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2018

In this paper the autor brings up the question of the multi-motivation and homonymy in the antrhoponymy on the example of two polish surnames. Different possible ways were indicated to explain the surnames Duszyński and Karabasz in respect of their etymology.

КЪМ ЕТИМОЛОГИЯТА НА ЕДНО НАЗВАНИЕ В СЛАВЯНСКИТЕ ЕЗИЦИ. ХРЪТ: ОСНОВНИ ХИПОТЕЗИ

Author(s): Simeon Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 01/2023

This text attempts to establish the origin of a name in Slavic languages. The main etymological hypotheses are summarized and arranged according to their degree of probability.

Grammatical Error Analysis Approach in Teaching Polish as a Foreign Language to Ukrainian Learners. A Review of Dominika Izdebska-Długosz’s Monograph “Błędy gramatyczne w polszczyźnie studentów ukraińskojęzycznych”

Author(s): Liliya Morska / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2022

Review of: Dominika Izdebska-Długosz Monograph “Błędy gramatyczne w polszczyźnie studentów ukraińskojęzycznych” (Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, 2021, ss. 472)

Partikelähnliche Konstruktionen in Reden tschechischer Parlamentarier und ihre deutschen Äquivalente

Author(s): Jan Ciosk / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

This corpus-based article aims to show examples of particle-like constructions that are used by representatives of the Czech Parliament. In the first part of the study the author focuses on the characteristics of language used by politicians and tries to define basic processes that this language is driven by. The process of conversationalisation stands here in the foreground and represents the key aspect of today's political language that can be observed not only in the media but also in institutions such as the Parliament. The author provides a qualitative analysis of corpus data in a three-year period and deals with the occurrence of particle-like constructions in the given speeches. Such constructions and their respective translations are then discussed with respect to their functional features.

NAZWISKA PATRONIMICZNE ZAKOŃCZONE NA -OWICZ, -EWICZ NA POŁUDNIOWO-WSCHODNIEJ LUBELSZCZYŹNIE W XVII I XVIII WIEKU

Author(s): Marek Olejnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 70/2022

The surnames with the suffixes -owicz, -ewicz in south-eastern part of the Lublin region in starosty district of Grabowiec and Hrubieszów have been analyzed in the article. The source database used in the article contains the municipal books of Grabowiec and Hrubieszów from 17th to the 18th centuries. The basis for the surnames are first and foremost names, often church names, and nicknames.

ПРО УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ІМЕННИК ОБÁРІНОК ‘БУБЛИК’

Author(s): Mykola Verbovyi / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 70/2022

The article is an attempt to describe the origin of the noun обáрінок ‛bagel’ and its general features of the functioning in the Ukrainian language, compared with the corresponding names in Belarusian and Russian. The author concludes that the Ukrainian accentuation and derivational forms of the noun under consideration обáрянок, обáрíнок, обáрúнок, as well as the Belarusian абарáнак, arose as a result of the direct influence of the Polish language, and the Russian noun барáнка is only indirectly related to Polish influence, being originally an adapted Belarusian name. Variants of the noun обáрінок are considered in the article both geographically and chronologically. Thus, the Ukrainian nouns обáрянок, обаря́нок, обаря́нець and обáрінок, барíнок, вобарúнок, обарíнок, обарúнок reflect both the nature of the Polish-Ukrainian language contacts of the end of the 14th – the second half of the 17th centuries, and internal changes in the structure of the Polish and Ukrainian languages.

RĘKOPIŚMIENNY SŁOWNICZEK WILEŃSKIEJ GWARY LUDOWEJ ARTURA DOLIŃSKIEGO JAKO ŹRÓDŁO DO BADAŃ GWAR POLSKICH

Author(s): Beata Kuryłowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2022

The article presents a manuscript collection of dialect lexicon from the 2nd half of the 19th century compiled by Artur Doliński. The glossary records the vocabulary characteristic of the folk dialect of the Vilnius area. The author has established that in terms of methodology, Doliński’s work differs from other studies of this type (the entries are not arranged alphabetically, they lack qualifiers or explicataions of how to use a particular word). However, this does not diminish the value of the work under discussion, since the glossary records unknown lexemes from historical Lithuania, and attests to phonetic and grammatical features inherent in the borderland variety of the language. This makes Doliński’s work an important source for the study of Polish dialects in the 19th century Northeastern Borderlands.

KATARZYNA GRABOWSKA, JĘZYK LATOPISU SUPRASKIEGO 1519 R. (FONETYKA. FLEKSJA. SŁOWNICTWO)

Author(s): Beata Kuryłowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2022

Review of: Katarzyna Grabowska, Język Latopisu supraskiego 1519 r. (Fonetyka. Fleksja. Słownictwo), Wydawnictwo, Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, Białystok 2020, ss. 307

Dobór greckich odpowiedników wyrazów hasłowych Słownika polskiej terminologii prawosławnej na wybranych przykładach

Author(s): Grzegorz Makal / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2022

The “Dictionary of Polish Orthodox terminology” contains an index of Greek equivalents in its structure. The process of selecting the Greek equivalents and assigning them to the appropriate Polish entries was difficult because of the number of Greek variants used in the Orthodox terminology, as well as the considerable amount of synonyms present in the Greek language, which is definitely the richest language in terms of history and theology. The article presents the role of semantic qualifiers in the process of selecting Greek equivalents, using selected examples of festive names.

Mám doma kočku a mám ji rád! Ale jak ji pojmenovat? aneb o felionymech ve srovnávací perspektivě (na materiálu českého, slovenského a polského jazyka)

Author(s): Agnieszka Kołodziej / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

This article explores a phenomenon in zoonymy, i.e. the naming of animals. It studies the names of cats, the species which, alongside dogs, accounts for the majority of domestic animals in both cities and the countryside. What is more, cats do win much human affection. The analyses conducted are synchronous and comparative; the study focuses on research material from three West-Slavic languages, Czech, Slovak and Polish. The corpus of felionyms comprises 330 unique cat names, each language contributing 110 entries. All the names described refer to urban cats. The analytical part of the article is preceded by a number of observations focusing on terminology and the existing research on the subject. The classification of cat names comprises three categories: I. Indirectly motivated felionyms; II. Directly motivated felionyms; and III. Felionyms with multiple motivations. Categories I and II branch out into additional sub-categories. The most productive motivations for the cat names include: the colour of the fur on a part or the entirety of the cat’s body; size; corpulence; hairiness; pragmatic aspects; names and/or surnames of characters from television, films, literature and songs; and commemorative and birthday names. Among the least productive categories, one may enumerate temporal names; matro- and patronymic names; toponyms; and chrematonyms. The vast majority (almost 80%) of the names in the corpus can be treated as metaphoric transfers. The remaining cases can be considered word-forming derivations, mainly formed through the addition of a suffix.

K pravopisu štylisticky príznakových etnických a obyvateľských mien. 3. časť

Author(s): Ingrid Hrubaničová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2023

In the third part of the study on stylistically marked ethnic and inhabitants’ names (Hrubaničová, 2023a, 2023b), we focus on diverse marked expressions that, to varying degrees, are in touch with the meaning of the bearer/bearers of ethnic or inhabitant affiliation and whose spelling is unstable. In describing this heterogeneous group of expressions, we rely on mechanisms of semantic transposition (semantic criterion), formal aspects, especially adaptation processes, and word formation contexts (formal criterion), and a stylistic feature associated with the axiological intention of the user of such a denomination (pragmatic criterion). We propose criteria based on which the status of these units is specified with regard to their belonging to the appellative or proper sphere of vocabulary, and we point out the borderline character of some cases (with consequences for writing an upper- or lowercase letter at the beginning).

Století cest na Slovensko: na okraj jednoho česko-slovenského dialogu

Author(s): Jana Pátková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

This paper focuses on the literary representation of Slovakia in selected travelogues by Czech authors. The subject of the research is that of cultural stereotypes, images of the other, and constructions of us and them. The corpus of travelogues covers the period from the 1830s to the end of the 1930s. The methodological framework for analysing travelogues includes several diverse approaches. In addition to literaryhistory classification, the study employs an imagological approach while also taking into account an approach based on postcolonial theories in the context of the interpretation of cultural stereotypes. The material is divided into four historical periods with regard to the form and changing face of Czech-Slovak dialogue. Through the travelogue material under review we can analyse how the image of Slovakia within the Czech cultural myth of Slovakia has been shaped and transformed over the course of a century.

Vývoj gramatické kompetence u českého dítěte

Author(s): Pavla Chejnová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2023

The article summarizes the main tendencies in a Czech monolingual child’s development of morphology and syntax, then compares the results with those found in foreign research. After analyzing the authentic utterances of the child, the article presents universal strategies for acquiring grammatical categories and illustrates specificities of Czech. There are universal tendencies in first language acquisition, such as the sequence of acquiring nominal cases and the interrelation between certain verbal categories. Hypergeneralization is another universal tendency. Grammatical development is linked to cognitive development and pragmatic competence — children express what they need using the language means available, thus the linguistic means necessary to express immediate needs develop faster. The influence of cognitive and pragmatic factors also manifests in syntactic development. The research shows that the cognitive load of the structure — the mental processes needed to produce the utterance — is more important than the formal structure of the sentence.