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Silvo Torkar: Zgodovinska antroponimija in toponimija vzhodne Tolminske
Review of the book Zgodovinska antroponimijain toponimija vzhodne Tolminske by Silvo Torkar.
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Review of the book Zgodovinska antroponimijain toponimija vzhodne Tolminske by Silvo Torkar.
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Review of the book Dobrovoljc, Helena – Lengar Verovnik, Tina – Vranjek Ošlak, Urška – Michelizza, Mija –Weiss, Peter – Gliha Komac, Nataša (2020): Kje pa vas jezik žuli? Prva pomoč iz Jezikovnesvetovalnice. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU.
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The dialectical linguistic image of the world, realized in the main dialect language system, that is, the dialect characteristics functions within the framework of the national linguistic image of the world and represents a model of the naïve, traditional and unique understanding of the objective reality of a community. The specific nature of the understanding of reality manifested in the main dialect language system is most adequately verbalized in the lexicon and semantic structure of the dialectical lexicon. A dialect dictionary represents an authentic encyclopedia of the material and spiritual culture of a nation, since it is in the national words that we find the deepest and most completely expressed history of a national culture and the reflection of the national character. These factors are used to credibly complement the linguistic image of the world of a particular nation. The dialectical image of the world in this dissertation is represented by the lexicon of the Serbian speech of Prizren, taken from the Zbirka reči iz Prizrena (A Collection of Words from Prizren) compiled by Dimitrije Čemerkić, which makes up the basic lexical corpus for description of the lexical-semantic system of the Serbian speech of Prizren. The basic aim is the reconstruction of the linguistic image of the world of the Prizren community from the end of the 19th and first half of the 20th century. The anthropocentric nature of the linguistic image of the world has led to a methodological approach to the study of the Prizren lexicon, especially of the segment which is associatively and semantically related to man. The understanding of the concept of man from a lexical-semantic standpoint is highly compels and is mostly based on the theories of cognitive linguistics: conceptualization, the theory of semantic fields, prototype theory, etc. The analysis of the lexical units which characterize humans from the aspect of the physical, psychological and social require the pluralist approach. The structure of the dissertation is marked by the internal organization of linguistic elementsand their paradigmatic relations.Themainpart of the dissertation entitled A Lexicon of the Serbian Speech of Prizren represents a lexical-semantic analysis of the associative field of man. The paradigmatic part of the associative field of man is made up of linguistic elements unified in an invariant semantic sign ‘man’. The category schema ‘human characteristics’ integrates the nominal, qualifying and agentive corpus of lexemes whose referent man. The associative field based on the differential higher rank schemas has been divided into three lexical-semantic fields: the physical characteristics of man, the psychological characteristics of man (the lexical-semantic sub-fields of temperament, character, abilities) and the social characteristics of man. Each field represents an individual structure within the dissertation. The integral-differential semantic components within the filed function as a hyper-schema which incorporates elements into more narrow hierarchically organized paradigmatic groups - (subfields, lexical-semantic groups, lexical-semantic micro groups and micro rows). The method of reconstruction of the Prizren man from the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century using semantic fields and their subsystems represents a hierarchical principle of the organization of the dialectical lexical-semantic system and the input of the extra linguistic factors in the classification model of the lexicon using the arch schema ‘man’. The concept of man is the most differentiated in relation to the other cultural constants, since it is characterized and marked by numerous parameters, which further complicates the lexical-semantic paradigm. The bipolar principle leads to a dichotomous, symmetric nomination (male – female, positive – negative), while the poly-attributes lead to lexical variability and the formation of synonymy rows (contact synonyms, expressives, metaphor). The Prizren linguistic image of man is built out of verbal means which both at the external and internal level actualize authentic linguistic and extra linguistic elements characteristic for the given area and the particular epoch. Words which characterize man represent the essential elements used to reconstruct the way of life and model of understanding the world in a particular society.
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This article examines how the endings of the instrumental sg. of nouns of the i-declension are described in Croatian grammars. In the modern standard Croatian language, these are the endings -ju and -i, although other endings were also used in the past. Several papers have been written on the distribution of the endings -ju and -i in the last few decades, but it is neither fully described nor fully standardized. The present study shows that the lexical-derivative approach is not sufficient to describe the selection of the endings -ju/-i and that it needs to be expanded to include syntactic criteria.
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Čitatelj S. P. iz Rijeke postavio nam je pitanje je li imenica vremena u svezi na kraju vremena u jednini ili u množini. Naša dugogodišnja suradnica Marija Znika odgovorila mu je na pitanje.
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Review of: Nataša Bašić „Vukovci i hrvatski jezični standard. Hrvatski u srpskohrvatskom tijesku“, a Sveučilište u Zagrebu, 2021.
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Review of: Marko Kovačić, "Prilagodba stranih toponima u hrvatskome jeziku" (Zagreb, Matica hrvatska, 2019.)
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The past school year was unusual and difficult in many respects. Many like to say challenging. The entire educational system was faced with long-term epidemiological measures, with distance learning, teaching under masks, mixed teaching... Everything was full of problems and obstacles that were still overcome in teaching because teaching must go on. It cannot stop because then society stops - both metaphorically and literally. All these things spilled over to the Croatian language competition - 26th in a row.
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Uz moralnu i materijalnu pomoć Zaklade „Dr. Ivan Šreter“, časopis Jezik i ove je godine proveo natječaj za najbolju novu hrvatsku riječ. Riječ je o 16. kolu natječaja na kojem se dodjeljuju nagrade za najbolje nove riječi, Nagrada nosi ime hrvatskoga mučenika Ivana Šretera. Hrvatsku javnost svake godine upoznajemo s rezultatima natječaja za Dane hrvatskoga jezika (11. – 17. ožujka) u znak poštovanja prema žrtvama prinesenima za opstojnost hrvatskoga jezika, dajući tako svoj prinos obilježavanju tih dana i kulturi hrvatskoga jezika.
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The article presents a short overview of the complexity of written Slavonic varieties used in the Romanian Speaking Lands (Wallachia, Moldavia and partly Transylvania) between the 14th and the early 18th centuries. This epoch, usually called the (Classical) Cultural Slavonism, can be divided into three main periods: the early, the peak and the late ones. The prestigious variety in the early and peak periods was the Trinovitan (Tărnovo) variety of Middle Church Slavonic. In Wallachia, it was used together with the Resavian variety. The Church Slavonic segments in administrative texts followed a specific norm, mostly different from the one used in books. In the late phase, the Early New Church Slavonic started to be used (first in Wallachia). The chancery languages were submitted to quick development during the early period. In Wallachia, this caused the switch of a hybrid Church Slavonic with Bulgarian language background towards a Shtokavian-based language with Romanian morphosyntax (Wallachian Slavonic). The Ruthenian-based chancery language in Moldavian internal documents suffered a huge impact of Church Slavonic, which made the Ruthenian elements to be preserved only in few fixed expressions. In both Moldavia and Wallachia, the character of the language was connected to the function of the text. In Wallachia, the proportion of Church Slavonic and Wallachian Slavonic depended on the type of the document or text. In Moldavia, the most remarkable contrast raised between the internal chancery language and the letters on one hand (Church Slavonic with few Ruthenian rests and some Wallachian impact) and the correspondence with Poland using a Polonized Ruthenian on the other hand.
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With the development of the anthropocentric direction in modern linguistics, there is a tendency towards a complex study of man. One of the aspects of this approach is the study of the individual as a doer. Therefore, this article focusses on the linguistic patterns characterizing the doer of the action with regard to the character traits and actions performed by the doer. In the present study the object of research is the names of males excerpted from Turkish lexicographical sources formed according to derivational models and distributed in one of the word-formation types nomina agentis (agentive nouns). The aim is to perform semantic-structural modelling of the category of agentiveness in a synchronic way, considering also the diachronic one, insofar as the productivity of derivational models is related to the historical changes that have occurred.
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Research on the acquisition of word formation has shown that the sequence and speed of this process may vary in typologically different languages (Clark 2001, 2014; Haman et al. 2009). In Croatian, the research on the acquisition of word formation focused primarily on the acquisition of diminutives (Palmović 2007; Kuvač and Palmović 2001); recently, however, there has been a growing interest in this subject area. Based on a case study, this paper aims to explore noun formation in early language development in Croatian and find out: a) when the first derived and compound nouns occur in the data analyzed and to what degree, b) which word formation patterns are found in child language, c) whether there is a difference in frequency of the use of suffixes between the data analyzed and general Croatian, d) to which semantic categories the produced derivatives belong. The results of this research are based on the study of the speech of Antonija, a girl, aged 1;3 to 2;8. Her speech was recorded and transcribed and is a part of the Croatian Corpus of Child Language (Kovačević 2002). Produced derivatives were recorded in the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 program and a frequency analysis was carried out. The results of the analysis show that the girl produced 164 lemmas and 511 tokens. The first noun derivative was produced at the age of 1;5. The girl used all word formation patterns except prefixation. The most productive pattern is suffixation, with diminutives being the most common semantic group. The girl produced 34 suffixes of various meanings. The most productive suffixes are –ica, –ić, –a, and –ek. The most common suffixes in Antonija’s speech differ from the most common suffixes in Croatian (Filko 2020) since the child produced various semantic categories of nouns in a different way from adult speakers. This research can be used as a starting point for future assumptions and research on the acquisition of word formation, in particular on the development of morphological awareness related to particular suffixes in child language.
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Due to it being a public activity, speech in Parliament is measured by different standards than language used in the private sphere. When delivering speech in Parliament, its members carry a great social responsibility for the spoken words, weighed for credibility and authenticity, social justifiability and usefulness, tolerance and ethics, and consequently aesthetics, and linguistic and cultural literacy (Škarić 2000: 9). As any other public speaker, the member of the Croatian Parliament does not speak only in his/her own name, but also as a representative of someone else, or a member of a certain party whose collective interests also need to be addressed. This occassion prompted the authors of this paper to focus their attention on the ways modern-day members of the Croatian Parliament use their mother tongue during delivery of their parliamentary speeches. As the research was conducted on the occasion of the 170th anniversary of the first parliamentary speech in the Croatian Parliament delivered in the Croatian language, this paper analyzes the language used in Croatian Parliament speeches, in the 7th Assembly. As public speakers, regardless of their origin or level of education, members of the Croatian Parliament need to be prime examples of the proper use of the Croatian standard language, equipped with linguistic skills and clarity of expression. With regard to this, authors analyze aberrations of 50 members of the Croatian Parliament from the Croatian standard language during the describe in an eleven-hour debate. Several sessions of the Croatian Parliament were recorded, the material was transcribed and analyzed on all linguistic levels with special attention paid to the phonetics-phonological and lexical analysis.
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The language in textbooks should comply with the standard language norm more strictly, which results from the requirement to respect functional and stylistic features of textbook style, which is a substyle of scientific functional style, and from laws and bylaws regulating the requirements and standards for the development of textbooks as teaching resources. Different reasons, however, sometimes lead to different, yet normatively allowed linguistic and spelling solutions, that is, there is a possibility of choice. This paper discusses such, normatively allowed choices, which have been confirmed in contemporary Croatian language textbooks, developed according to the new curriculum since 2019. We tried to determine which certified grammar and spelling choices were confirmed in the textbooks and how much they follow the normative recommendations found in the grammar and spelling manuals published by the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics, given that these manuals were approved for school use. Attention is paid to the use of movable/optional vowel (‘navezak’) in the declension of adjectival words (words functioning as adjectives), the use of enclitics ju/je, non-contracted and contracted forms of possessive pronouns and the reflexive-possessive pronoun, the declension of the numbers dva, tri and četiri, the position of enclitics in a sentence, writing the diphthong after a consonant group ending in r (‘pokriveno r’), writing nouns ending in dac, -dak, -tac, -tak, -tka and writing the negative particle ne with the enclitic form of the verb htjeti, Although the analyzed textbooks, as expected, to a large extent include the recommended choices complying with the norm, there are still differences in the consistency of the application of the rules, even within the same textbook, with occasional deviations from the prescribed norm. This points to the need for a more careful design of textbook language layer, especially if considering that the language of textbooks also contributes to the adoption of the standard and the acquisition and development of the student’s linguistic culture.
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The paper focuses on a debatable issue of whether coordinated structures can appear at levels lower than that of a sentence. Despite the not-so-rare opinion that each instance of use of a conjunction presupposes a complex structure, i.e., a coordinated complex sentence, we support the stance that conjunctions, and therefore coordination, can occur at the level of phrases and the level of the simple, i.e., non-complex, sentence. It can occur both in noun phrases, e.g., in various names, titles and similar, such as Bosna i Hercegovina (‘Bosnia and Herzegovina’), strah i trepet (‘fear and trembling’), rat i mir (‘war and peace’), Ciganin ali najljepši (‘Gypsy, but the fairest of them all’), sve ili ništa (‘all or nothing’) and similar. Coordination is particularly common at the level of the simple (expanded) sentence. Various syntactic elements can be coordinated: subjects, e.g., Ivan i Marko dolaze (‘Ivan and Marko are coming’), predicates, e.g., Marko sjedi i piše (‘Marko is sitting and writing’), objects, e.g., Piše priče i romane (‘He writes short stories and novels’), adverbials, e.g., Radi noću i danju (‘He works nights and days’), Posluje pošteno ili nikako (‘He conducts business in an honest fashion or not at all’), and attributes, e.g., Uporan i marljiv čovjek prije ili kasnije uspjeva (‘A persistent and hard-working man sooner or later succeeds’), etc. We claim that in all the aforementioned and similar cases we are talking about simple sentences regardless of whether we interpret them with the assumption that the syntactic elements are coordinated or as a consequence of different types of economizations of complex structures. We will also analyse occurrences of coordination that are typical only of non-complex structures. For example, correlatives bilo...bilo (either…or) and što…što (both…and) can only link syntactic elements, i.e., they cannot link (complete) clauses in complex (disjunctive) sentences, compare Stalno ima problema bilo poslovnih bilo privatnih (‘He is constantly having problems, either business or private’) with *Bilo ima poslovnih bilo ima privatnih problema (‘Either he is having business, or he is having private problems’) or Pročitali su veći broj romana, što starijih što novijih. (‘They have read a great number of novels, both older and more recent.’).
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In the only monograph dedicated to secondary predicates in Croatian linguistics, Peti (1979) argues that a secondary predicate always forms a coordinate structure with the main predicate due to its syntactic independence. Following the theoretical framework of early generative grammar and the autonomous syntax hypothesis, Peti completely denies the relevance of the semantic relationship between the main and the secondary predicate in determining their syntactic position. It is our intention to show that such a rigid stance is unsustainable. There are several semantic types of secondary predicates in Croatian. Based on the model of seven syntactic and semantic criteria, we examine the extent to which the semantic relationship between the main and the secondary predicates affects or may affect the syntactic position or syntactic structure of the sentences they belong to.
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In contemporary linguistics, subordination and coordination are most commonly used in syntax, with co-ordination referring to independent clauses, and subordination to the dependent ones. In this paper, we approach the phenomenon of coordination from the syntagm point of view with the aim of describing the relation between the syntagm and the word. For the purpose of this analysis, “word” is understood as an orthographic unit (a language unit written between two blank spaces) which is, in addition, in the sense of derivational morphology, a compound with at least two stems. In this respect, the most challenging are the derivation of semi-compounds, in the traditional sense, and the understanding of the function of a dash. The dash conveys two senses: formal (orthographic and derivational) and the semantico-syntactic. The formal function refers to the connection of at least two constituents (stems), while the semantico-syntactic function relates, on one hand, to the subordination (connecting parts of the word, i.e., one stem appears as superior to others; also called single-term compound), and on the other hand, to the coordination (connecting two or more words, i.e., the stems of the equal level; multi-term compounds). A similar problem occurs with respect to the compounds which are formally of the same status as the syntagm or the word phrase from which they have been derived. In this paper, the mentioned derivational-morphological problem is explored from the perspective of orthographic diachrony: we analyse the approaches in Croatian orthography books that mirror the concept of coordination at the syntagm and word level (i.e., a compound consisting of at least two stems). Our analysis includes all parts of speech, with the goal of listing, describing and scientifically explaining all the questionable cases.
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The paper focuses on some grammatical and/or pragmatic properties of questions in the Croatian language and various categorisations of questions, i.e., interrogatives, with regard to the situational scope (general and special questions), the degree of informativeness (open-ended, yes-no and alternative questions), the degree of grammaticalization (direct, indirect and rhetorical), the context (initial, echo, suggestive and neutral questions), etc.
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The Bosnian language has a small number of specifiers of aspectuality, among which they are još (uvijek), već, tek, više / dalje and i dalje. They are relatively sensitive to polarity: već and tek characteristically come in affirmative sentences, više and dalje in negatives, and još (uvijek) and i dalje in affirmative and negative ones. All of them are high frequency functional units with clearly delimitated use. The specifiers of aspectuality never function as adverbs of time, but exclusively as secondary markers of aspectuality. The specifiers još (uvijek) and već in constructions with imperfective verbs indicate that the situation continues, that is, that it has begun. In addition to the present, they can also refer to past and future situations, but then they usually have additional, specific meanings. These specifiers can also carry various strong implicatures, such as imminent realization of the situation, the certainty of the referred state, allusions to the unfavourable state of affairs, etc. The specifier i dalje is competitive with the specifier još, but it is less commonly used. The specifier više (which is mostly competing with the specifier dalje) in constructions with imperfective verbs indicates that the situation does not exist, i.e. that it does not continue, with the presupposition of its previous existence and the implicature of its later existence. The specifier tek in constructions with imperfective verbs indicates a phase of the situation that is earlier than assumed or expected. Therefore, it is characteristic that this specifier (together with the specifier već) is used in time expressions (cf. Tek / već je 12 sati). When it comes to the relationship between the specifiers of aspectuality and the scope of negation, još and i dalje normally have a scope over negation, but it is not impossible for them to be within negation as well. The narrower or broader semantic scope of these specifiers mainly directly affects the pragmatic interpretation of the corresponding sentences. That is so because there are significant differences regarding the (non)existence of certain presuppositions and implicatures. On the other hand, the relation of the scope of the specifiers više and već with negation is generally not pragmatically particularly significant. Finally, specifiers can also be combined with perfective verbs construction. Još then normally comes in negative sentences, and in affirmative and interrogative ones only in the interpretation of the serial state. Već in affirmative and interrogative sentences is used similarly regardless of the type of verb with which it is combined. However, as total aspectuality is not characterized by segmentation on the timeline, već in sentences of this kind does not indicate the begining, but emphasizes the totality of the sitaution. Više comes in negative and interrogative sentences that denote serial states and refer to the continuation of the state of non-actualization of subsituations, with the presupposition of their earlier actualization. In the end, tek works very similarly in constructions with verbs of both aspects, indicating either that the durative situation is at a low level of progress or that the total situation is actualized at an unexpected time, unsuitable for future events.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina has three official languages, very similar and interrelated languages: their speakers communicate without difficulty, but in official communication, documents are prepared and published in all three languages: Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian. In this paper, we will talk about linguistic phenomena that are exploited to make a difference in form between language versions and thus justify the existence of trilingual official correspondence. From the research presented in the paper, we will get answers to the questions of whether these differences are really necessary, whether they become a goal in themselves or whether they can bring versions and languages closer together.
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