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This paper focuses on the the concept behind and dilemmas (palaeographical and typographical) faced by the author, Nenad Hančić-Matejić, in creating a font (named ‘Arvatica. Fra Divković’) on the basis of the graphemes in Matija Divković’s printed editions for Bosnian/Croatian Cyrillic script.The main purpose for creating a font for the Bosn ian/Croatian minuscule variant of the Cyrillic script was to provide a standard font for transmitting original texts and to be able to write contemporary Croatian texts in this script. Cyrillic prints, in particular from this minuscule tradition – which Matija Divković had developed in full, mostly on the model of writing from books from Dubrovnik – were selected for the creation of this computer font. At the same time, the long Bosnian and Herzegovinan tradition of writing with this Slavonic script was taken into account. The creation of this font is of high importance for analyzing literature in Cyrillic within the framework Croatian literary history.
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A typical case of direct object is non-prepositional accusative, which can alternate with non-prepositional genitive with negative verbs. The task of this paper is to examine all forms of alternation of non-prepositional accusative with other (prepositional) cases in documents of Bosnian language from medieval and Ottoman period, written in Bosnian Cyrilic and "Bosančica".
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In the next chapter, Eva Mikulková makes use of the linguistic deficiencies in a Czech-language Slovenian travel guide named Slovinsko (Baedeker, Praha 2008) to point out the typical mistakes in the declension of Slovenian city names and other toponyms (and rarely also anthroponyms) that a Czech speaker may encounter. The author summarizes here all existing rules for declining foreign toponyms and anthroponyms, and applies these general rules to Slovenian names. In addition to matters of declension, Mikulková also covers the question of whento use a name's original form vs. the Czech one.
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In this paper we focus on what is central and what is peripheral in the grammatical structure of the Croatian language, in particular on the grammatical categories of number, aspect and word classes. With respect to the category of number, the relationship between singular and plural is central, while the periphery consists of other ways of expressing quantity relations (number as a word class, collectiveness, substantivity). With respect to the category of aspect, the opposition imperfective – perfective is central, while the periphery consists of Aktionsart. With respect to word classes, the basic word classes are central, while the periphery consists of hybrid forms and/or hybrid word classes (e.g. participles, infinitive, gerunds, pronominal adjectives and pronominal adverbs, etc.). Finally, we will discuss the central and the peripheral in phonology and semantics (as peripheral areas in relation to grammar).
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The paper addresses deviations from the standard language norm on the grammatical level. Although it is expected of teachers of Croatian to display the highest degree of competence at all levels of language (description), an analysis of essays written by trainee teachers of Croatian at the licence examination revealed a deviation from the standard language norm. The paper uses a corpus of 90 essays to analyse the incorrect use of conjunctions budući (da) and jer, s obzirom na to da, kako… tako, followed by the preposition kroz, the change of government relations of the verb koristiti (se), as well as the non-normative spelling of Future I tense when the enclitic follows the verb ending in -ti, and the position of the enclitic within the sentence. The paper objective is to define the reasons and frequency of such deviations and using the cognitive model of grammatical competence, we will ascertain if the deviations are exclusively mistakes or we can speak of doublets or even linguistic changes.
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The group of words used to denote colors is one of the most open lexical areas of Croatian, and probably other languages of Western civilization, perhaps even the most open because in this area the names are multiplied almost monthly, if not more often. The paper discusses whether all words, i.e. units, which in the Croatian language and culture denote colors in the extralinguistic world, belong to the category of ‘Croatian color names’. In order to determine the boundaries of that lexical area, several features of the color names that can be considered marginal are listed. Some colors are marginal as they are words of languages that are simply taken into Croatian, temporarily or in a certain context, e.g. aubergine. Others are intercultural, but also interlingual phenomena, such as bianca white. Given today’s marketing and the presence of global trade, this whole category is possibly marginal. Are the colors on the margins of the Croatian language along with all future words marked on products offered to Croatian speakers, regardless of which language they belong to, or will this belong to code switching, making the switching a margin, or beyond the margin of Croatian color names? Are (all) words denoting color in the Croatian language names of colors in Croatian, Croatian color names or Croatian color terms?
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Stylistics and rhetoric have always neglected stylogenic procedures associated with the writing level of the language message, procedures based on manipulating the spacing between the words remaining peripheral even in one of the most elaborate overviews of the figures of writing, that of the German rhetorician H. F. Plett, who displays a series of procedures the basis of which is playing of graphemes (or graphs), punctuation and spelling signs. The method of this research will be inspired by the research of Plett, who divides and defines the graphemic figures (as he calls the processes known as figures of writing) by the addition, subtraction, permutation, substitution and equivalence of individual elements of the writing. According to these operations, five subtypes of these figures will be identified and exemplified: the addition, subtraction, permutation, substitution and equivalence figures of spacing, depending on whether any conventional record is modified by adding, omission or displacement of spacing, by replacing spacing with any other means of writing, or about whether any equivalence of the methods of manipulating the spacing between the word within a record is shown. The corpus consists of examples from the Croatian advertising, journalistic and literary discourse, also including examples from other contexts, in order to address the omnipresence of these figures in contemporary culture.
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The article explores semantics and the use of two lexemes: periphery and margin. Both lexemes in dictionaries are explicitly or implicitly defined in opposition to the center and denote the surface, the area, the space that is away from it, which is ‘outside’. The first part analyzes their definitions in Croatian language dictionaries, primary and secondary meanings and similarities and differences in meanings. The second part covers the study of contexts in which they have been recorded and the correspondence of lexical meaning with a specified situation. The analyzed lexemes have similar range of meaning, so the article also questions their possible substitutability. Both lexemes are of foreign origin and in the original languages they refer to neutral categories, they have a denotative meaning. However, in the Croatian language, they also have a secondary, marked meaning, therefore the research takes into account (in)direct evaluation that indicates how these lexemes work in the mind of language user. The searching covers the problem of their marking and tries to answer the question whether they are always stigmatized as a negative sign of concepts that indicate what Croatian phrases can suggest (for example to be on / at the periphery of something, to be on the margins) or they can also be relied to positive features and affirm certain phenomena. The analysis is carried out on examples from the Croatian Language Corpus and the Croatian National Corpus, which allowed an overview of different types of discourses and texts.
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The term demonym (cro. etnik) is used in the Croatian linguistic bibliography to denote „the name of a person (a male or a female) living or having origins in an inhabited place (oyconym), region, country, state and continent“ (Babić, 1976: 145). Previous researches on the formation of demonyms in the standard (Barić, 1997; Silić and Pranjković, 2005) and some regional varieties (Šimunović, 2006; Čilaš Šimpraga and Kurtović Budja, 2009) of the Croatian language suggest that they are most frequently formed by the means of suffixation. Namely, 86 suffixes for male and 21 suffixes for female gender have been identified in the standard Croatian language. The aim of this paper is to present and analyse a corpus of demonyms of the Central Dalmatian island Brač. The corpus is a result of a field research conducted in September 2018 and March 2019. The research shows that there are 22 inhabited places on the island of Brač whose names were used to obtain about forty demonyms for each gender. For the purposes of this paper, they were subsequently recorded, verified, listed and analysed in terms of the type of their formation. Since the analysis of demonym formation revealed instances of multi-layered language variation, this paper will present some special features of local speeches recorded directly on the spot through the examples of interesting types of formation of demonyms for both genders. The aim of this paper is, therefore, two-fold: to preserve the demonyms from oblivion (since some of the places on the islands of Brač may soon be abandoned and uninhabited), and to systematize the demonyms of Brač in line with the models of demonym formation established for the standard Croatian language.
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Teaching Croatian as a foreign language (CFL) significantly differs from the teaching of Croatian as a first language, and the differences arise from the fact that it is intended for different recipients, and that it most often takes place in substantially different contexts. This dissimilarity is largely reflected in the choice of learning materials in the approach to teaching and the progression of teaching, most notably in distinguishing what is considered crucial in teaching from what is considered minor. This paper presents the distribution of teaching materials in terms of those which are considered crucial in the teaching of CFL, and those which are considered minor. Crucial content is considered to be anything that encourages the development of communication competence, i.e. productive grammar, the semantics of grammatical forms, the lexicon of different styles and registers which are involved in everyday communication, as well as paralinguistic content, while minor content is considered to be standardized-prescriptivist questions and disputes, accentuation (except regarding the place of stress), as well as everything that requires the introduction of the metalevel in the teaching of language. In addition to that it is important to bear in mind that this is not a matter of „either … or,“ but rather a gradient distribution along a scale, which largely depends on the degree of linguistic competence at which the teaching takes place, the context of instruction, and the purpose for which CFL is studied. This means that the assessment of whether instructional content is crucial or minor in teaching is made on the basis of the different circumstances in which the teaching takes place – for example whether it is an academic program or course, whether general language or a specialized type of language is being taught, whether the teaching takes place in a program with a large number of lessons or a few, what level of linguistic competence is involved, whether the teachers are with linguistically homogenous or heterogenous groups of learners, what the learning outcomes are, and so on. In comparison with teaching Croatian as a first language, the teaching of CFL is very different and the approach to its instruction is specific, and therefore requires special training and specialization.
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The aim of the paper is to indicate the status of the peripheral representation of verb-nominal collocations in Croatian monolingual dictionaries. After the analysis, it is evident that dictionaries and language portals do not record collocations as separate lexicographic units. Collocations appear only in the entries of individual lexemes that form a particular collocation, which is also not consistent, as there is no systematically implemented rule as to whether collocation should be listed next to the collocator or collocate. The absence of certain rules for recording collocations is a problem for people learning Croatian as a foreign language and for translators who need to quickly find the meaning of the required language problem. The problem of recording collocations can be solved by publishing a collocation dictionary of the Croatian language in digital or printed form.
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This paper is address to the current state of the language of the Croatian national minority in Hungary, which is one of 13 autochthonous groups with rights granted by the constitution. Within this matter the correlation of official (state) and minority (Croatian) language politics is observed in the context of language rights, which primarily highlights supporting first language dominance and balancing bilingualism. The status of the Croatian minority today (2020) is regulated by legal directives and the most important issue is related to education (for instance, taking over institutions and publishing textbooks). However, there is a great need for sociolinguistic research on a macro level regarding cognitive linguistic representation. Applying results of such research is necessary for analyses of linguistic impacts, measuring the development of diglossia, and respectively for describing linguistic reality intertwined with identity that leads to the process of language planning.
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Modern-day Trieste keeps following its tradition by maintaining its status of a border city for the Roman and Slavic civilization. For the new Croatian settlers who began to play an essential role from XIX century onwards the city was a window to the world and an attractive place for the contact with the European civilization. As the Croatian diaspora had to make difficult experiences in the 20th century as well as socio-political changes after 1990, especially on the Balkan Peninsula (the fall of communist regimes, the establishment of new structures of the European Union) substantially changed the relationship between Croats and Italians.
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The paper presents and interprets Constantine Cyril’s script – his Glagolitic Azbuka – from the perspective of the number, i.e. in the matrix form. The matrix interpretation implies an arrangement of letters in columns and rows, i.e. vectors, whereby vectors mean one-column matrices. Such an arrangement of ones, tens, hundreds, and thousands expressed in letters establishes new meaning relations within that script and offers its new reading as a philosophical-symbolic medium. This medium, the vectorial reading shows, demonstrates with itself the purpose of Christianisation intended for it in the 9th century, and not just with the texts realised by it; this script (even today) teaches faith in the triune Christian God – the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, the Word that has become the body and the Letter as the evangelical message and will of the Incarnate Word.
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The Glagolitic space refers to the area where in the Middle Ages or the Early Modern Period the Glagolitic script was used in texts of different genres and on different surfaces, and/or where the liturgy was held in Croatian Church Slavonic, adopting a positive and affirmative attitude towards Glagolitism. In line with known historical and social circumstances, Glagolitism developed on Croatian soil, more intensely on its southern, especially south-western part (Istria, Northern Croatian Littoral, Lika, northern Dalmatia and adjacent islands). Glagolitism was also thriving in the western periphery of that space, in today’s Slovenia and Italy, leading to the discovery and description of different Glagolitic works. It is the latter, their structure and language, that will be the subject of this paper. Starting from the thesis that innovations in language develop radially, i.e. starting from the center and spreading towards the periphery, it is possible to assume that in the western Glagolitic periphery some more archaic dialectal features will be confirmed among the elements of the vernacular. It is important that these monuments were created and used in an area where the majority language is not Croatian, so the influence of foreign language elements or other ways of expressing multilingualism can be expected. The paper will outline the Glagolitic activity in the abovementioned space and the works preserved therein. In order to determine the differences between Glagolitic works originating from the peripheral and central Glagolitic space, the type and structure of Glagolitic inscriptions and manuscripts from Slovenia and Italy will also be analysed, especially with respect to potential periphery-specific linguistic features. Special attention is paid to the analysis of selected isoglosses in the Notebook or Register of the Brotherhood of St. Anthony the Abbot from San Dorligo della Valle.
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The idea of Novoštokavian Ikavian as the basis for Croatian literary language appeared in the works of Croatian linguists from abroad in the mid-1950s. The same idea was promoted by certain Croatian linguists as early as mid-18th century, in the period of Croatian language standardisation, when Ikavian was the most dominant among Croatian speeches. The same goes for 19th century, when usage of Novoštokavian Ikavian served as a distinctive feature between the western (Croatian, Ikavian) and eastern (Serbian, Ekavian) speeches. The architect of such a solution was Petar Tutavac Bilić, a Croatian linguist living abroad, together with his associates gathered around the magazine „Svitlenik“. This paper deals with works by Tutavac Bilić in which he tried to initiate changes with regard to the basis of the Croatian literary language. This paper will discuss Tutavac’s works, with which he tried to influence the change of the standard linguistic basis of the Croatian literary language, as well as the works of Croatian linguists living abroad who strongly opposed such a form of linguistic radicalism.
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During the 1960s many citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina fled from the country because of economical reasons and went to German-speaking regions, such as Austria or Germany. The communication in German of those so-called Gastarbeiters was influenced by the vocabulary of building contractors and the automobile industry. Their language had flaws on the morphological and syntactic level so that it led to intrasententional code-switching between the Croatian and German language (for example Max je Libig bio sredovječni viši knjigovođa u Arbeitsamtu za grad Perlach). This paper presents examples of this contact language phenomenon in the novel Legende o rodijaku Ćipi where the author Petar Miloš tells an authentic, amusing and humorous story about the everyday life of the Gastarbeiters, who in this case come from the northwestern regions of Herzegovina. We analyse code-switching on the morphological and syntactic levels as well as the sociolinguistic motivation that can lead to code-switching (such as the absence of an adequate word, distance from a speech community, identity issues, emphasis of a point, etc.).
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Empirical research of the grammar of spoken language shows often that the grammatical concepts of the written language, can be applied only in a limited manner to the analysis of linguistic phenomena of spoken language. The present empirical study is focusing on the usage of filler words in the spoken German and Bosnian language. By examining filler words from the talk shows broadcasted by the German public broadcaster ZDF and the public broadcasting service of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the current research sought to clarify the formal features and interactive functions of these linguistic elements. In addition, the analysis shows which filler words can be used and in which of those two languages they are being used more frequently. This paper will be concluded with a presentation of the results followed by an explanation of key findings.
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The paper deals with fused or free relative clauses, i.e. the relative clauses that have no antecedent in the matrix clause, but, nevertheless, have the clause status within the matrix clause: Gib ihm, [was er wünscht]. – Daj mu, [što želi] (Give him [what he wants]). In the matrix clause, [Gib ihm] and [Daj mu] ([Give him]), the direct object of [gib] or [daj] ([give]) is missing. The free relative clause [was er wünscht] or [što želi] ([what he wants]) becomes the direct object of the verb [gib] or [daj] ([give]). The two languages, i.e. German and Croatian, will be contrasted in the following parameters: free relative clause marker, subordinate function of free relative clause, case hierarchy of free relative clauses as well as their positional properties. The study is not corpus based, but rather a contrastive analysis of the respective parameters.
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