Makedonský fenomén a česká slavistika

Author(s): Ivo Pospíšil / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Slovanská Makedonie je zakládající fenomén mezinárodní slavistiky. Má výrazný diachronní rozměr, jenž je právem spojován se staroslověnštinou a Ochridským kulturním centrem, k němuž se hlásí jak dnešní Makedonie, tak Bulharsko. I když makedonský jazyk nepatří ani mezi slovanskými k největším co do počtu mluvčích, je důležitou součástí jihoslovanské jazykové skupiny, rozvíjí se, obohacuje a vytváří umělecké, esteticky a poeticky hodnotná umělecká díla.

Antonín Frinta a počátky pražské makedonistiky (1884–1979)

Author(s): Ivan Dorovský / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

V makedonské slavistické vědě se bohužel stále šíří několik mýtů, mezi nimi mýtus o první univerzitě v Evropě, kterou založil Kliment Ochridski, a o tom, že počátky pražské (československé) makedonistiky jsou spjaty s Antonínem Frintou (14. 6. 1884–21. 11. 1975). Přirozeně že jako mýty jsou buď nepravdivé, nebo vyjadřují pouze částečnou pravdu. Mýtus o první univerzitě na Balkáně a v Evropě tu nebudu rozebírat, protože pojednávám o tom jinde. Pouze pro klid duše podotýkám, že šiřitelé tohoto mýtu vůbec neberou v úvahu, že soluňští bratři Konstantin a Metoděj studovali na magnaurské vysoké škole v Konstantinopoli. A pokud jde o prof. Antonína Frintu, nebyl první, kdo se zajímal o makedonský jazyk. Jeho přenášky o spisovné makedonštině, o nichž se ještě podrobněji zmíním, byly završením etapy zesíleného zájmu o vše, co bylo spjato s Makedonií a zároveň začátkem nové etapy odlišného pohledu na makedonskou problematiku.

Přínos literárního historika Zdeňka Urbana pražské makedonistice

Author(s): Marcel Černý / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Author of this article deals with Zdeněk Urban’s (1925–1998) Macedonian studies, especially his innovative doctoral dissertation on the Faculty of Arts of the Charles University in Prague Beginnings of the Macedonian literature in relation to the other South Slavic literatures and their reflections in Czech one (in Czech; 1949). Urban’s other works were mainly aimed at Bulgarian, folklore or Sorbian studies. There are some supplements of this article: a list of contents of Urban’s doctoral dissertation, review of its supervisor (Antonín Frinta) and opponet (Julius Dolanský) and the list of his Macedonian contributions. Urban explained the genesis of the Macedonian literature in two phases. Initially the feudal ecclesiastically Slavonic culture became the bourgeois (works of Kărčovski and Pejčinovič) and only then the young Macedonian middle class took part in the cultural life during its struggle against the hellenization from the 1850s. As the first Macedonian written literature was closely bound up with the Bulgarian one, the Macedonian National Revival gained extrinsically pure Bulgarian traits. Urban interpreted this fact from the Marxist point of view: qualitatively more backward and quantitatively weaker Macedonian bourgeoisie learnt from richer and culturally more advanced Bulgarian one during the common struggle for the national school system, church and culture. This direct contact between both literatures was radically disturbed in the 1870s, when the revolutionary democrats got control of the Bulgarian literary field. Urban anticipated in his monograph From the History of Czech-Bulgarian Cultural Contacts (in Czech; 1957) and article Problems of the Comparative Studies of South Slavic Literatures in the 19th and the 20th centuries (in Czech; 1968) Ďurišin’s conception of theory of the interliterariness process with its most important ideas of dioecism (polyoecism) and biliterarity (polyliterarity) in his interpretation of the “borderline” Bulgarian-Macedonian literature phenomenons.

Примената на јазичните теории од Прашката школа во македонската лингвистика

Author(s): Dimitar Pandev / Language(s): Macedonian Publication Year: 0

This paper is about the co-relations between the Prague school and the Macedonian linguistics (in the first decades of its development), giving the possible influences from Theses. Travaux du cercle linguistique de Prague and the language theories that come from the thesis.

Makedonské regionální skupiny. Problémy klasifikace, etnonym a kolektivních identit

Author(s): Helena Bočková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The author deals with the history and present situation of Macedonian regional ethnocultural groups. She compares the studies on these topics in the Macedonian national ethnology with the studies in the Czech, Slovak and Bulgarian ethnology. For the regional groups the ethnology used and uses variety of terms, which differ in the diverse national traditions, and all of them have their own historical development. The shift of various terms (tribe, ethnographic group, subethnical group, regional group, ethnocultural group, ethnic group) is accompanied by a change in the interpretation. The conception of regional groups as ethnic subgroups leads nowadays to a new interest in them. Regional groups are delimited by a collective identity, an awareness of dissimilarity and by an ethnonym. Nowhere on the Earth they are a nation, they are smaller than a nation, they differ in a specific characteristic from the surroundings and geographically they cover the area from several localities to a macroregion. On the Balkans their main features are incoherence caused by the migration and heterogeneity caused by the Balkan‘s multiethnicity and multiculturality. Hence these groups were not of the same importance in a cultural characteristic of the regions in the Balkan countries as e.g. in Moravia. In multiethnic Macedonia, one or two regional groups, several ethnic minorities and members of the majority usually lived next to each other. Among the Macedonian regional groups we count particularly Torbeshes and Gorani in the large region of Sharr Mountains, who differ mainly in a religious way (Islam), while they keep a genetic language affinity with their parent ethnic group. On the basis of ethnonym, identity and language and culture specifics four other groups can be delimited: Brsjaks, Mijaks, Shopi, Mrvaks. During the 20th century a majority of these groups was split by new political borders into the new Balkan states. The identities of the members of the regional groups were made complicated by a spreading of modern national identities: the regional and national identities either became hierarchical or they got into a conflict. They were also influenced by national agitations from outside. Therefore some of these groups or parts of them consider themselves or they are considered as Bulgarian, Serbian or Albanian. On the multiethnic Central Balkans individuals or parts of the regional groups chose and choose various strategies of determination their identities.

K vybraným lexikálním grécismům ve staroslověnštině a jejich rozšíření v slovanském areálu (s důrazem na makedonštinu a češtinu)

Author(s): Helena Karlíková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The article deals with lexical borrowings in Old Church Slavonic, particularly with borrowings from Greeks, from the point of view of their etymological origin, meaning and further spreading in other Slavonic languages. On examples from semantic field “architecture” it is shown that the borrowings in Old Church Slavonic constitute a peculiar part of the lexicon the sorting of which does not have a simple solution according to generalizing rules.

За наставата по македонски јазик како втор (немајчин или странски) во Република Македонија и надвор од неа

Author(s): Gordana Aleksova / Language(s): Macedonian Publication Year: 0

The article is a review of the teaching of Macedonian as a second language – non-mother tongue or foreign language in the Republic of Macedonia and abroad. It states some facts about the teaching of Macedonian language in the primary and secondary schools, to students whose mother tongue is Albanian, Turkish or Serbian, and are based on the current curriculums and teaching plans, the contents of the appropriate books and my own position on their current and possible realization plans. In the Macedonian linguistic terminology the phrase second language refers to, almost always, the language that is not students’ native or to the one that is widely spoken in the social environment. The actual conditions of the teaching of Macedonian language as a foreign are only briefly mentioned.

Apendix

Author(s): Ivan Dorovský / Language(s): Czech,Macedonian Publication Year: 0

Na začátku považuji za nezbytné připomenout několik důležitých fakt. Podle našich i cizích encyklopedických a jiných příruček žilo ve 20. století v Řecku 95 % Řeků, zbytek tvoří občané makedonské, turecké, albánské, židovské, romské nebo jiné národnosti. Nedlouho po skončení 2. světové války v Evropě v květnu 1945 došlo na jihu Balkánského poloostrova k prvnímu ozbrojenému konfliktu. Levicové a demokraticky orientované síly v Řecku, které sehrály rozhodující úlohu v antifašistickém a národně osvobozeneckém boji, byly pronásledovány členy četných profašisticky, monarchisticky a pravicově orientovaných skupin a spolků. I přes nepříznivou vnitřní a zahraničně politickou situaci se proto na podzim roku 1946 začaly formovat první partyzánské jednotky. Jejich zástupci podepsali dohodu s Národně osvobozeneckou frontou (NOF), jež sdružovala Makedonce z Egejské Makedonie. Řekové i Makedonci však byli zřejmě nedostatečně informováni nebo vůbec nevěděli o jednání W. Churchilla a J. V. Stalina v říjnu 1944 o rozdělení zájmových sfér na Balkáně.

Hrvatsko rječotvorje na društvenim mrežama

Author(s): Tatjana Pišković / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Since the first decade of the 21st century, when social networks have become a part of everyday life, socially-oriented activities of Internet users have been on the continual rise. By creating a profile on social networks, Internet users cease to be passive Internet content and information consumers, but rather turn into creators, who shape a dynamic space of new media by virtue of their activities and personal contribution. One of the most significant areas in which social network users introduce numerous changes and innovative contents is most certainly communication and language practices. Each and every social network most often ground their recognizability on a fixed set of communication genres available to their members and in that way determine how the members are going to communicate with each other. This has made all the polyfunctional languages, Croatian among them, respond with a rather swift expansion of the existing vocabulary. In my paper, I will be presenting most productive word formation methods in which Croatian language makes up for social networks lexical gaps and shapes the communication style on social networks and instant messaging services. The first is a semantic loan from the English or neosemanticism word formation (e.g. profil, prijatelj, status, zid, dodati, blokirati, notifikacija); the second is a lexical loan word (e.g. lajkati, postati, šerati, atendati, hejtati, trolati, folover, selfi), and the third is creation of abbreviations (pozz, nezz, bmk, jbt, dns, fkt). Emergence of this new and abundant lexical layer in Croatian language requires from us to register a number of new entry units in general dictionaries of Croatian language.

Slobodni diktat u nastavi hrvatskoga jezika u srednjim strukovnim školama

Author(s): Josip Miletić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Free dictation still remains a neglected type of dictation in Croatian schools, although researchers of methodics pointed to its useful use in teaching the Croatian language back in the 1960s. Based on the results of a field research, this paper will show the possibility of a convenient use of free dictation exercises in teaching Croatian in secondary vocational schools related to the sectors of economy, trade and business administration (economist, business secretary, administrative referent, commercialist). The exercises were performed by reproducing the tone record. The results of the research point to the multiple usefulness of free dictation exercises in teaching Croatian in secondary schools in the economy, trade and business administration sector. It is suitable for correlation with the contents of a number of vocational subjects (Office Automation, Communication Technique, Computer Dactylography, Modern Communication in Economy, Administrative Procedure, Office Business and Correspondence, Secretarial Correspondence, Computer Dactylography with Office Practice). Additionally, it develops practical skills important to experts from this sector in carrying out their everyday activities and tasks, while due to the interdisciplinary and multimedia approach, it is also interesting to students, thus enabling a motivational effect.

LEKSIKOGRAFSKI POSTUPAK U TRETMANU NJEMAČKIH PARONIMA U DVOJEZIČKOM RJEČNIKU

Author(s): Minka Džanko,Alma Čović-Filipović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

In the process of creating a contemporary, universal bilingual Bosnian-German dictionary, a number of lexical-semantic challenges emerged. One of them is the occurance of paronyms which are defined in the literature quite differently. Following Storjohannʼs (2021a, 2021b) work on German paronyms, in this paper we define paronyms as formally, phonetically and/ or semantically similar words that may have the same etymological root (e.g. formal - formalistisch, kindisch - kindlich). The previous research showed that paronymic pairs are a source of uncertainty for both native speakers and learners of German as a foreign language due to their semantic and phonetic similarity. However, the existing Bosnian-, Croatian-, or Serbian-German bilingual dictionaries rarely treat this phenomenon neither explicitly, with a note or a separate window, nor implicitly - by taking into account different conceptual referential aspects of the meaning and use of paronyms. The goals of this work are: 1. to offer concrete solutions for a lexicographic treatment of paronyms in the microstructure of the Bosnian-German universal dictionary; 2. to encourage further research into this phenomenon in order to fill an evident gap in domestic and bilingual lexicography. Data comes from the online paronym dictionary of German Language Institute Mannheim, in which their meaning structures are clearly delineated and schematically shown. We investigate their lexicographic presentation in existing bilingual dictionaries and propose more adequate lexicographic treatment in order to offer a more appropriate equivalent. For example, the entry bezbolno (painlessly) occurs in the existing dictionaries with the equivalents schmerzlos and schmerzfrei, suggesting that these two words are synonyms and can be used equally in any context in the German language, even though they are actually paronyms.

PRIKAZ POMENSKO POVEZANIH IZTOČNIC V SLOVARJU PREGOVOROV IN SORODNIH PAREMIOLOŠKIH IZRAZOV

Author(s): Matej Meterc / Language(s): Slovenian Publication Year: 0

Dictionary of Proverbs and Similar Paremiological Expressions lists semantically related entries for each paremiological expression, if they have already been included in the dictionary. The article first presents the first paremiological dictionary of the Slovenian language, which is being created at The Fran Ramovš Institute of the Slovenian Language (Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts). The first dictionary entries were published on the Fran.si webpage in 2020, and since then new dictionary entries have been added once a year. Currently, 400 paremiological expressions (mostly proverbs but also other) are included in the dictionary. The information on semantically related paremiological expressions shows the connections between synonyms, hypernyms, hyponyms and antonyms. In the analysis, we help ourselves with the typology of semantic relationships presented by Peter Ďurčo. The lexicographical information on semantically related paremiological expressions also provides a connection between (phraseologically fixed) anti-proverbs and proverbs from which these anti-proverbs were created. Similarly, in the dictionary, wellerisms and the expressions from which they were formed are linked. In the article, we touch upon the issue of a wider group of paremiological genres that are created through parody (so-called antiparemias), which Jozef Mlacek pointed out. The special feature of this paremiological dictionary is the display of semantic relationships between phraseological replies that respond to the same or similar stimuli. All the mentioned semantic relationships are shown in the article with concrete paremiological expressions, their explanations of meaning and examples of usage. The article also explains to what degree the display of semantic connections between paremiological expressions affects the choice of paremiological expressions presented in the dictionary.

FEATURES OF WORD FORMATION IN CONTEMPORARY MASS MEDIA TEXTS (IN RUSSIAN AND CROATIAN LANGUAGE)

Author(s): Marina Vasilievna Radčenko / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article analyses features of word formation in contemporary Russian and Croatian mass media texts. Active types, models and morphemes of word formation system used in both languages are determined. A comparative analysis of the ways of forming new words shows that occasionalisms in both languages can be created by conventional methods, such as affixation and composition or by non-conventional ways of word formation (contamination, derivation according to a specific pattern, graphoderivation).

За думата „хавра“ в българския, гръцкия и руския език

Author(s): Emilia Avginova-Nikolova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Greek, Modern (1453-) Publication Year: 0

In this paper is presented the word “havra” from semantic point of view – its meanings, matchability, use, as well as the origin of the word “havra“ in Bulgarian, Greek and Russian with fair relevance in the examined three languages.

Семантичен модел богатство-бедност на концепта "хляб" в български, руски и гръцки език

Author(s): Emilia Avginova-Nikolova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Russian,Greek, Modern (1453-) Publication Year: 0

As designated as signs for second nomination, through its internal form the phraseological units are characterized with their feature to carry more enlarged knowledge and help to make more explicit the peculiarities of its world perception in comparison to the signs of first nomination. The present paper is an attempt the semantic aspect of the phraseological units of the semantic field of the concept „bread” to be analyzed and in particular the phraseological units of the model „wealth-poverty”, which belongs to the same semantic field. It is emphasized the central position of the bread in the linguistic consciousness of Bulgarians, Russians and Greeks, as well as its fundamental role in the culture of these three nations.

Наблюдения върху предаването на безеквивалентна лексика в художествения превод от български език на гръцки език и обратно

Author(s): Velichka Simonova-Grozdeva / Language(s): Bulgarian,German,Greek, Modern (1453-) Publication Year: 0

Лексико-семантични особености на гръцките думи в родопските говори

Author(s): Tsvetana Mandzhukova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Greek loanwords in Bulgarian constitute a significant share of the total number of foreign words in it. In some Bulgarian dialects the number of Greek words, in comparison with other foreign lexemes, is larger owing to the proximity of these vernaculars to those of Greek, and also due to the historical and cultural processes transpiring in Bulgarian lands in the past. In a considerable number of Greek words that have entered the Rhodopi vernaculars semantic changes have occurred. There also are loan words that have preserved the central meaning they have in the source language. Depending on the semantic characteristics of Greek loan words in the Rhodopi vernaculars, three main groups can be differentiated: a) words where no change in meaning has occurred, b) words that have acquired new meaning, and c) new words that are derivatives of lexemes from the former two groups. The study also traces penetration routes of Greek words in the Rhodopi vernaculars. The frequency of use of loan words is analysed in a diachronic aspect.

Скалигеровият Патерик и двояката трансмисия на църковнославянските текстове

Author(s): William R. Veder / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Old Slavonic Publication Year: 0

An abridged version of the Slavonic Scaliger Patericon is shown to be copied both from Cyrillic and Glagolitic antigraphs; the same circumstance is observed in the translations of the Scete Patericon and Athanasius of Alexandria’s Homilies Against the Arians. Twofold transmission makes it possible to contrast the features of copying from Glagolitic with those of copying from Cyrillic.

Гръцки следи в българските собствени имена и тяхното значение

Author(s): Emilia Avginova-Nikolova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Greek, Modern (1453-) Publication Year: 0

The anthroponymy deals with the existing or already obsolete proper names of people, as well as with their geographical distribution in a given country or region. Anthroponymy studies anthroponyms, which include personal, patronymic, surnames, as well as generic names and nicknames. The anthroponymic system of any language is constantly changing, just as the language itself is constantly evolving. Although there are not a few purely Bulgarian personal names that managed to be preserved through Christianity and its rituals, many personal names of Greek origin entered the Bulgarian anthroponymic system, which began to replace the old pagan names

ENALAGA VREMENA I NAČINA U PUTOPISNOM ŽANRU

Author(s): Bernisa Puriš / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Narrative sequence is the basic configural element (speech type) of the travelogue, on the basis of which its spatial and temporal arrangement is organized. The temporal arrangement of travel narration depends on the travel writer’s awareness of time and their subjective experience of time while writing about the journey. The writer, as a storyteller, has the freedom to choose a perspective, i.e. time point of view, to narrate the travel story to others. In this context, the question of intentionality in choosing verb forms to express travelogue temporality is important for stylistics. Regarding this question verb forms were studied as stylistic indicators of experiential, dynamic, rhythmic, and interdiscursive effects. These stylistic features make the travelogue genre specific and distinguishable from other genres with which it simultaneously exists. In doing so, it starts from the position that the issue of synonymy is very important in stylistic research. Since the subject of this paper is grammatical synonymy in the field of narrative temporality, the paper uses the concept of analogous time and mode, which in the system of stylistic / rhetorical figures means the expression of the same temporal relations in different verb tenses and modes. The research corpus is an anthological selection of 20th-century travelogues from Bosnia and Herzegovina.