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The purpose of the article is to evaluate the influence of the 18th century great German colonization, Germanisation and the related bilingualism (Lithuanian and German) on the Lithuania Minor anthroponyms that functioned in the 18th-19th centuries. The object of the study is anthroponyms of the most intensely colonized counties (Įsrutis and Ragainė) of Lithuania Minor, inscribed in manuscript church books of christening, marriages, confirmation and death registration in the 18th-19th centuries, which are currently stored at the central archive of evangelicals (Berlin, Germany) and the funds of Lithuanian National Martynas Mažvydas Library. The study has justified that the situation of bilingualism played a crucial role in the assimilation of Lithuania Minor residents (Įsrutis and Ragainė counties). It has been found that such a situation prevailed until late 19th century in the region (Įsrutis and Ragainė counties). The analysis of anthroponym versions evidences superstratic impact of the German language dialects on the anthroponyms of local people and substratic impact of the Lithuanian language on the German anthroponyms. There were features of the Germanisation (orthographic and phonetic Germanisation methods) of local people’s anthroponyms in the 18th century, though these Germanisation cases were not regular: only a few surnames Germanised in the aforementioned methods were found. Thus, rare cases of orthographic and phonetic Germanisation should be evaluated in the extralinguistic context – different genders of the same surname could be written in the documents due to insufficient Lithuanian language knowledge of priests. Obvious consequences of Germanisation process of local people’s anthroponyms was manifested in late 19th century, when the structure and formation of surnames were strongly affected. Various structures of surname genders without endings were established, e.g., Markß, Maʒeik, Skalik, Woicʒul, female surnames also lost their typical methods of formation and became the same as male surnames, i.e. surnames with the Germanised suffix -eit (Lith. -aitis) were established, e.g., Abromeit, Joneleit. On the other hand, in the early 18th century names and surnames of German newcomers sometimes took Lithuanian elements. However, German acronyms in general were not Lithuanianised. Sporadic cases of sound substitution (German. f – Lith. p, Ger. ch– Lith. k), as well as addition of Lithuanian endings, illustrating the influence of the Lithuanian language, are assessed as a result of foreign lexeme adaptation in the Lithuanian linguistic area.
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The article deals with folk terminology of farm buildings in respect of concepts, origin and semantic relations. The researched terms are taken from various lexicographical sources of Lithuanian folk terminology. There are 196 terms in the researched sources which name 54 different farm buildings. The majority of the terms are of Lithuanian origin, they make up nearly two thirds (64%) of all terms researched, for example klėtis (granary) ‘building for storing grain or clothes’, kluonas ‘building for storing, drying and threshing cereal’, daržinė ‘building for storing hay’. Borrowings from Slavic and Germanic languages as well as the Latvian language make up one fifth (20%), for example pavietis (Belarus. павец) ‘building for storing hay’, staldas (Germ. dial. stall) ‘building for keeping animals’, reja (Latv. rija) ‘building for storing and drying cereal’. Hybrids and terms with mixed composition, for example stojinė (Sl. stoinia and Lith. -inė) ‘building for keeping horses’, karvinis (Lith.) staldas (Germ. dial. stall) make one sixth (16%) of all terms researched.
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Die Bibelübersetzung des Johannes Bretke (lit. Jonas Bretkūnas, 1536–1602) ist eines der umfangreichsten Zeugnisse preußisch-litauischer Literatur. Noch heute, über 400 Jahre nach dem Tod des Übersetzers, sind die meisten Teile des Werks unediert, lediglich der Psalter wurde 2002 von Friedrich Scholz herausgegeben, die Edition der Evangelien und der Apostelgeschichte ist bis heute unveröffentlicht.
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Mit Nehrungskurisch wird in der deutschsprachigen sprachwissenschaftlichen Literatur die auf kurländisch-lettischen Dialekten basierende Sprache bezeichnet, die von den Bewohnern – in erster Linie Fischern – auf der Kurischen Nehrung und daran angrenzenden Gebieten bis ca. 1958 gesprochen wurde. In der litauischsprachigen Literatur hat sich dafür der Terminus kuršininkų kalba bzw. kuršininkų tarmė, in der lettischen – kursenieku valoda eingebürgert.
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Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas mokslinės kalbos vertimo kompetencijos ugdymas, remiantis išsamia dviejų kalbų lingvistine lyginamąja analize. Mokydamiesi užsienio kalbos, studentai jau turi susiformavusią lingvistinę gimtosios kalbos patirtį; susidūrę su svetima kalba, perkelia turimą patirtį ir atvirkščiai – šį tą skolinasi iš svetimosios kalbos. Taip pat vyksta kalbų interferencija. Straipsnyje daug dėmesio skiriama mokslinės terminijos interferencijos problemoms. Taip pat pateikiama lyginamoji ekonominės terminijos struktūrinė semantinė analizė. Šios analizės tikslas – nustatyti lietuvių ir rusų kalbų ekonominės terminijos gramatinių kategorijų ir semantikos panašumus ir skirtumus. Tai leidžia išryškinti šios terminijos vartojimo sunkumus ir padės tikslingai ir kryptingai organizuoti mokymą.
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Using quantitative and qualitative approaches alongside contrastive analysis, this paper investigates distribution frequency and functions of reformulation markers employed in academic discourse in two languages (English and Lithuanian) and three science fields (humanities, medicine, technology). The English language data is taken from the academic language sub-corpus of the Corpus of Contemporary American English, while the Lithuanian language data comes from the Corpus Academicum Lithuanicum, a specialised synchronic corpus of written academic Lithuanian. The results show that it is the humanities scholars who employ reformulation markers most frequently in both languages. They also employ a wider range of reformulation markers and use them in more diverse ways than scholars in the hard fields. The most frequent function of reformulation markers irrespective of language and science field is the interpretation of explicit content. The analysis highlights the importance of the discipline and genre in the distribution and use of reformulation markers.
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Review of: IWоBA VIII (International Workshop on Balto-Slavic Accentology) – Referati VIII međunarodnog skupa o baltoslovenskoj akcentologiji (Novi Sad, 6–8 jul 2012), Slavistički zbornik (2014), Radmilo Marojević (ur.), Novi Sad: Biblioteka Matice srpske – Filozofski fakultet.
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The term reflexivity names a formal feature that unites a lexical grammatical group of reflexive verbs. The aim of the research is to find out the terms used in various Latvian and Lithuanian sources, such as dictionaries, grammar books, scientific and instructional literature, to describe such verbs and verb-building. Two compound terms of different origin are popular in the works of Latvian linguistics: a three-word term of own language, atgriezeniskais darbības vārds, or a two-word term of foreign origin, refleksīvais verbs ‘reflexive verb’, (to note, endings of a secondary component can be both pronominal and non-pronominal in practice). In Lithuanian, such verbs are also called by synonymous compound terms encompassing a secondary component of different origin: sangrąžinis veiksmažodis and refleksyvinis veiksmažodis ‘reflexive verb’. The descriptions of reflexive verbs demonstrate the diversity of the terms to name the means that built them. In Latvian, atgriezeniskā galotne ‘reflexive ending’, is the most frequently used term; however, the sources display other ones, too: atgriezeniskais afikss ‘reflexive affix’, atgriezeniskais formants ‘reflexive formant, reflexive formative’, atgriezeniskā morfēma etc. In Lithuanian, this notion is named by the terms sangrąžos dalelytė ‘reflexive particle’ (cf. dalelytė in Latvian grammar terminology corresponds with a term partikula, ‘particle’) and sangrąžos afiksas ‘reflexive affix’. It was observed that the character of a formant or the position of it is emphasised in both languages, for example, in Latvian there is postpozitīvs formants ‘postpositive formant’, and in Lithuanian there is galinė morfema ‘end morpheme’, postfleksinė pozicija ‘post-flexion position’. The comparison revealed that the terms naming distribution of verbs into non-reflexive (in Latvian such verbs are called using a term tiešie ‘direct verb*’ (in the Dictionary of Latvian Terms it is given with an asterisk because it is a word-for-word translation, perhaps, there is no tradition in the English language)), and reflexive (in Latvian they are called atgriezeniskie ‘reflexive’) differed.
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In our paper we describe a specific, Latvian two-word construction consisting of a verb preceded by an adverb derived from the same verb by the suffix -in-/-tin- (e.g. bērtin bērt). We are interested in how a given language element, apparently archaic and typical of Latvian folk songs (dainas), is used in today’s language. Some research questions are articulated, including one that goes beyond the specific realm of the Latvian language (how can these constructions be translated into other languages?). We search for the construction in the available Latvian corpora (LVK2018, lvTenTen14, InterCorp lv v11, Rainis and SENIE) and compare the resulting occurrences with a description in the current Latvian linguistic sources: both grammars and dictionaries. Deviations from the norm are treated descriptively in this article, as the speakers’ aim is to achieve a communication goal rather than their mistakes, as well as the creative development of this construction up to the present. The article is supplemented with an appendix: alphabetic lists of analysed lemmas along with their frequency.
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The article deals with the compound constructional terms in scientific literature, published between 1918 and 1940. In Lithuania, during the interwar period, the construction sector was rapidly expanding, there were many new realities, which called for many new terms, including compounds. Exclusive personalities were very important for the development of construction terms of this period and for the formation of this professional language: Kazimieras Vasiliauskas, Jonas Šimoliūnas, Pranas Morkūnas, Anatolijus Rozenbliumas, Pranas Jodele, Jonas Kiškinas, Juozas Gabrys and others. Not only did these construction engineers carry out significant research, writing articles and books, teaching young people, but also enriched construction terminology. Quantitative data of related terms from 33 scientific papers and articles on construction indicate that during the interwar period compounding was an important way of developing construction terms: in the literature read, 262 related compound terms were found. The German equivalents presented in addition to some of the compounds make the assumption that the Lithuanian compounds are to be regarded as partial or full evaluations. Although general types of Lithuanian compound terms are characterized by the same major types of compounding found in the the present Lithuanian language, analyzing the period from 1918 to 1940 construction terminology compounds, it is determined that they are made according to 10 types of production.
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The article analyses common names of human genitals used by Lithuanian medical doctors in the popularized medical writings (books, booklets and articles) of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The meanings of these names are identified based on the context of their use and other sources (the Academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, anatomy literature), and the etymological sources are determined (colloquial, written and foreign languages). Questions of the relationship between endogenous and exogenous terms, creation of new terms, problematic meanings of some terms, connotations, terminologization, and euphemization are discussed.
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Review of: Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Aiškinamasis dietologijos terminų žodynėlis / Laisvūnė Petkevičienė. – Vilnius: Homo liber, 2018. – 47, [1] p. – Bibliogr.: p. 43–44; Kn. taip pat: Pratarmė / Rimantas Stukas, apie autorę / Erika Kubilienė, p. 45–47. – Tiražas 200 egz. – ISBN 978-609-446-176-7. Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Aiškinamasis maitinimo įmonių terminų lietuvių–anglų kalbų žodynas / Marija Jonikienė. – Vilnius: Homo liber, 20181. – 164 p. – Tiražas 200 egz. – ISBN 978-609-446-159-0. Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Aiškinamasis miškininkystės terminų žodynas = Лесохозяй-ственный словарь = Forstwirtschaftliches Fachwörterbuch = Dictionary of forestry: (lietuvių–rusų–vokiečių–anglų k. su lotyniškais botanikos, zoologijos ir miško tipologijos terminų vardais) / Leonardas A. Kairiūkštis; [Lietuvos mokslų akademija, Lietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslų centro filialas Miškų institutas, Lietuvos miško ir žemės savininkų asociacija]. – Kaunas: Lututė, 2018. – 736 p. – Bibliogr.: p. 25–32; r-klės: p. 488– 735. – Tiražas [1000] egz. – ISBN 978-9955-37-203-5 (įr.). Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Aiškinamasis projektų valdymo terminų žodynas / Vytautas Būda; ISM Vadybos ir ekonomikos universitetas, Lietuvos projektų vadybos asociacija. – 2-asis patais. leid. – Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras, 2018. – 166, [1] p. – Bibliogr.: p. 164–166 (55 pavad.); Lietuvių–anglų terminų r-klė: p. 116–157. – Tiražas 500 egz. – ISBN 978-5-420-01770-8 (klaidingas). Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Aiškinamasis ryšių su visuomene terminų žodynas [elektroninis išteklius] / Toma Lipskytė (grupės vadovė), Renata Matkevičienė, Orinta Barkauskaitė, Gabija Vaičeliūnaitė, Birutė Norvaišienė; Lietuvos komunikacijos asociacija. – Vilnius, 2018. Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Deutsch–litauisches, litauisch–deutsches Wirtschafts-und Rechtswörterbuch = Vokiečių–lietuvių, lietuvių–vokiečių kalbų verslo ir teisės žodynas / [Yvonne Goldammer, Paulius Jurčys, Sigitas Plaušinaitis]. – Vilnius: Žuvėdra, 2018. – 758, [2] p. – Tiražas [500] egz. – ISBN 978-609-8219-01-2 (įr.). Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler - Kraštovaizdžio projektuotojo terminų žodynas lietuvių–anglų kalba = Glossary of terms for landscape designer, Lithuanian–English languages / Klaipėdos valstybinė kolegija; [sudarytojos Rita Nekrošienė, Regina Repšienė, Jurga Kučinskienė, Vida Gerikienė, Diana Baravykaitė, Regina Malakauskienė, Reda Tamelienė, Elena Moščenkova, Inga Benetienė]. – Kaunas: [Vitae Litera], 2018. – 169, [1] p. – Bibliogr.: p. 166–167 (25 pavad.); Terminų r-klė: p. 108–137. – Tiražas 50 egz. –ISBN 978-609-454-368-5.
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After 1918, the two Catholic convents on the territory of the Republic of Lithuania faced the issue of Lithuanisation, which was solved in different ways. The Benedictine Convent in Kaunas, the provisional capital of Lithuania, had been firmly Lithuanised by 1924. However, St Catherine’s Convent in Krakės in Samogitia chose a different path. This article aims to find out how the Krakės convent dealt with the challenges of nationalism in the context of ongoing modernisation of its life at that time. The main objective is to present the shift from the Polish to the Lithuanian language in public and private life of the convent. The study is mostly based on original documents held in the archives of St Catherine’s Convent in Kaunas. The Polish language was very important for the Krakės convent (established in 1645). According to the modified Rule of St Catherine the Virgin and Martyr adopted in Krakės in 1673, the language of prayers and sermons was Polish. Only daughters of noblemen were accepted to join; they were obliged to donate a dowry, which meant that only wealthy girls could become nuns. The Krakės convent stemmed from the cultural traditions of the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The establishment of the independent Republic of Lithuania meant that St Catherine’s sisters of Krakės needed to re-evaluate their political (civic), national and cultural identities.
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This article analyses the given names of members of the Lithuanian minority in Poland. It is based on a Lithuanian telephone directory issued in Puńsk in 1997, in which a significant number of personal names are recorded in the Lithuanian form. Their comparison with the corresponding data in two Polish telephone directories from a similar period revealed over two hundred “given name + surname” pairs in two language versions: Lithuanian and Polish. About eighty pairs in which the names differed in spelling and morphology have been extracted for analysis. In the analysis of given names, also Kazimierz Rymut’s name dictionary (1995) has been used to establish the frequency of selected names in the Suwalki region and beyond. The statistically significant higher turnout of names of Lithuanian origin in the Suwalki region than in the rest of Poland was confirmed in almost all cases. It was also established that the occurrence of Lithuanian given names in unassimilated form is more frequent there. The frequency of the given names which appear in the aforementioned Lithuanian telephone directory and on the lists of high school graduates in Puńsk from 1959–1995 was compared to the ranking lists of given names used in Poland and Lithuania. This enabled some observations concerning the choice of names by Polish Lithuanians.
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As a result of application of the principles of multidimensional dialectology in Lithuania in the early twenty-first century, the research discourse of Lithuanian dialectologists now covers not only the traditional dialects, but also several local language variations that continuously interact and compete with one another in the same geographical area. The processes of convergence and divergence of language variations are addressed in a more comprehensive manner, not only analysing the linguistic characteristics of a local variation, but also looking into the language environment (or language landscape) and the attitude of the local populace (especially the young generation) towards their linguistic homeland. The linguistic study presented in this article was conducted in the Žeimiai area in the Kaunas-Jonava region in 2015–2017. It involved interviews with 21 members of three generations of one family (15 females and 6 males aged 19 to 95), over 20 hours of audio material in total; the informants also answered a sociolinguistic survey. The description and analysis of collected material involved: (1) analysis of the degree of viability of language variations used in the area on the basis of a model of sociocultural networks of Žeimiai town; (2) description of the linguistic landscape of the region; (3) description of the linguistic behaviour and attitudes towards local variations on the basis of informants’ replies in the sociolinguistic survey; (4) analysis of salient phonetic features of the informants’ speech that best describe the local language variation in use. The collected and processed material allowed the researchers to investigate the competitiveness of local language variations in this area, identifying ones that have greater demand with representatives of different generations compared to others (cf. Inoue, 1997, p. 41).
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This article presents the assumptions of new research on the legacy of Antanas Juška, recorded in Lithuanian and Polish. We assume that the forgotten works of this bilingual author from Lithuania, mainly translation dictionaries, are an underestimated study material for interdisciplinary research. They are particularly important for understanding the rich conceptualisations of the world by two collective subjects, Poles and Lithuanians, co-existing in Lithuania under the Russian partition. We have formulated two research hypotheses: (1) the bilingual dictionaries authored by Antanas Juška, who was a Catholic priest, are not only a valuable source of knowledge about the state of the Polish and Lithuanian languages in the nineteenth century, but above all specific cultural texts which form part of the social discourse of their time and place, and thus carry relevant ethnolinguistic and ethnocultural information; (2) bilingual dictionaries as a genre had an impact on the crystallisation of Lithuanian national awareness and the strengthening of cultural identity of Lithuanians in the second half of the nineteenth century. Juška’s linguistic legacy will be jointly studied by Polish and Lithuanian researchers from different perspectives, applying the tools and methods available in twenty-first-century humanities.
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The Polish appellative grom m. ‘thunderclap’ (< Proto-Slavic *gromъ m. ‘thunder, thunderclap, roar of a thunder’) should be associated with Greek βρόμος m. ‘any loud noise; crackling of fire; roar of a thunder; roaring of a storm; rage, fury’. Both these nouns derive from the Proto-Indo-European archetype *gu̯rómos m. ‘loud noise; thunder, thunderclap, roar of a thunder’ (originally nomen actionis with the meaning ‘roaring; thundering’, derived from the root *gu̯rem- ‘to roar, to thunder’, cf. Gk. βρέμω ‘to roar; to clash, ring (of arms); to shout, rage (of men)’, pol. grzmieć ‘to thunder’). The comparison of PSl. *gromъ with Gk. χρόμος m. ‘neighing or whinnying (of horse)’ is semantically doubtful.
More...– o nazwach pewnego środka antykoncepcyjnego i ochronnego w historii polszczyzny
W artykule omówiono funkcjonujące w polszczyźnie nazwy prezerwatywy. Oglądowi towarzy-szy perspektywa historycznojęzykowa. Autor przedstawia proces kształtowania się bogatej synonimii nazewniczej, sięgając do leksyki należącej do różnych rejestrów (odmian) języka. W tekście przywołano ilustracje tekstowe z XV wieku i stuleci późniejszych. Artykuł zawiera uwagi związane z etymologią poszczególnych określeń; uwydatnia momenty zapożyczania poszczególnych form i znaczeń z języków obcych. // In this article the author discusses different names for ‘condom’ used in the Polish language. The analysis is carried out with the use of methods characteristic of the study of language history. The author presents the development of rich nomenclature synonymy providing the lexical examples from various registers (varieties) of language. The text presents textual ex-amples from the 15th century onwards. The author discusses the etymology of particular words and emphasizes the historical contexts in which words and meanings were borrowed from foreign languages.
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Review of: Dalia Jakulyte - Birutė Kabašinskaitė, XVI–XVIII amžiaus lietuviškų kalvinistų giesmynų kalba: redagavimo istorija, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2019, 240 p. ISBN 978-609-07-0357-1
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