Телесността в граничната ситуация на богочовечност

Author(s): Nedyalka Tosheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

Тhe study offers an insight into the anthropological grounds for the God-man body in one of the most prominent philosophers of western philosophy, Aurelius Augustinus. In the context of his philosophical teachings, the compatibility is explored and problematized of the extreme and the 207 infinite, the existential and the high spiritual being, which is not limited to any physical matter, and the same as defined within the limits of body.

Stvaranje čoveka: Avgustin vs Hegel

Author(s): Nevena Jevtić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 29/2018

Comparison of Augustine’s to Hegel’s vision of creation of man, as well as their understanding of soul, could show Hegelian contribution to deconstruction of long-lasted essentialist philosophical prejudice regarding the nature of man. Augustine’s understanding of soul is in the very core of the most influential current of western European theological tradition. To the extent that this tradition was intertwined with history of philosophy, his doctrine was very influential in the subsequent development of philosophy. Analysis of Hegel’s understanding of soul, as a auto-poiesis of sorts, gives nontraditional, even radically different, answer to the question of that which is the most defining trait of man.

MEVLÂNA'NIN FELSEFEYE VE FİLOZOFLARA BAKIŞI

Author(s): Nurettin YAKIŞAN / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2011

Jalal al-Din al-Rumi (d. 1273), interested in philosophy and has made critical evaluations. He, does not ignore the philosophy. But, he make some warnings about both mind and philosophy. To him, mind is an extremely valuable device in our daily life; however, it is insuffıcient in reaching the truth. Concequently, in search of the truth, love and the message should be preferred. As to the philosophy, it is based on the mind, and it is useful in the base of the thoughts. Yet, neither enables the man to reach the truth nor it contributes to his spiritual development. To Mevlâna, the philosophy is dangerous for the blievers because of the suspicion it carries with its esence.

REALIZM CHRZEŚCIJAŃSKIEJ PRAWDY O CZŁOWIEKU

Author(s): Rafał Czupryk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2018

The article discusses the Christian truth about man. Thomistic and personalist thought was invoked among the philosophical anthropological concepts. The considerations focus on the following issues: man as a rational being; man as a person who “becomes”; man as the image of God; man as the unity of body and spirit; man as an integral being. Any field of study cannot answer the question: What is a human being? The author emphasizes that man can find the true value of their humanity only in God, in the person of Jesus Christ.

A Foreword to Eriugena’s Periphyseon

Author(s): Gerd Van Riel / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

THOMAS AQUINAS’TA MUTLULUK

Author(s): Muammer İskenderoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 11/2005

Thomas Aquinas is one of the greatest thinkers of Christianity. His ethical theory, together with the theories of Augustine and Abelard, constitutes one of the main ethical theories of Medieval Christianity. Aquinas develops his theory most extensively and systematically in the Second Part of the Summa Theologica. For Aquinas ethics has two principal topics: first, what is the ultimate goal of human being, and second, how that goal is to be achieved. The aim of this study is to present Aquinas’ understanding of happiness in general. For this reason it will discuss the following questions: What is the ultimate goal of human being? What constitutes man’s happiness? What is happiness? What are the things required for happiness? Whether happiness can be attained? The article concludes that Aquinas tries to harmonize Aristotelian ethics with Christianity, and in doing so he adds new dimensions to the Aristotelian ethics.

Agnostos Theos: Relacja między nieskończonością a niepoznawalnością Boga w doktrynach medioplatoników

Author(s): Damian Mrugalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

In the times preceding the emergence of Neo-Platonism (1st–3rd century BC), the philosophers now known as Middle Platonists elaborated an extensive reflection on the possibility of knowing God, and the ways that could lead to acquiring knowledge about the transcendent. According to Plato, “To discover the Maker and Father of this Universe were a task indeed; and having discovered Him, to declare Him unto all men were a thing impossible” (Plato, Timaeus 28c). The Middle Platonists believed that God, whom they sometimes identified with the Platonic One and Good, is possible to know but not possible to express. Even though the knowledge of God is accompanied by all the difficulties associated with the process of intellectual and ethical improvement, and although what one comes to know in this process is ultimately impossible to express in human language, gaining knowledge of God and becoming like Him is nevertheless the goal of all Platonic philosophy. Jewish and Christian thinkers working at this time came to similar conclusions. These include Philo of Alexandria, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen, who are themselves sometimes deemed Middle-Platonic philosophers. Unlike their pagan colleagues, they believed that man’s process of coming to know God would go on forever. They thought that the finite human mind would never be able to contain the infinite, and they held that the essence and power of God are indeed infinite. The goal of this article is to expose the relationship between the infinity and the unknowability of God, and at the same time to point out the differences in the theses put forward on this question by pagan Middle Platonists and those who accepted Judeo-Christian revelation.

Aquinas’ Commentaries on Boethius’ Treatises: a Modification or Interpretation?

Author(s): Faustinus I. Ugwuanyi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Nearly seven hundred years after the death of Boethius, Saint Thomas Aquinas appears to comment on the two works of Boethius: De Trinitate and De Hebdomadibus. In the last years of the 20th century, Aquinas’ comments aroused many discussions and questions among scholars. The question was asked why Aquinas was commenting on the texts of Boethius. Some scholars, such as Marian Kurdziałek, a Polish philosopher, argued that Aquinas intended to get rid of the old method of argumentation that dominated both philosophy and theology. Other scholars, such as Etienne Gilson, Pierre Duhem and Cornelio Fabro, criticized Aquinas, arguing that he used the texts of Boethius as a platform to create a metaphysics that was completely different. The last group of scholars, such as Ralph McInerny, rejects these allegations and claims. The article author joins the ongoing debate, arguing that Aquinas’s comments to Boethius aimed to develop further arguments against the heretics who lived in his time upon the authority of Boethius, who according to Timothy Noone represented the characteristic style of the scholars from the twelfth to the seventeenth century. The other part of the article discusses the question of whether Aquinas’ comments were correct interpretations of Boethius’ texts. In his opinion, the author of the article claims that the interpretations of the texts of Boethius made by Saint Thomas Aquinas is credible and may be the best commentary on Boethius. But, it is necessary to keep in mind the modifications resulting from various scientific cultures that prevailed in the time of the two great scholars.

A short summary of Ibn Gabirol’s Fons Vitae Book One

Author(s): Timo Schmitz / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2018

Ibn Gabirol Fons Vitae is one of the most renowned books of medieval Jewish Neoplatonism which is dedicated to the matter of true knowledge of the world and its substances. In this paper, we want to summarize the thought process of Ibn Gabirol as the work is very profound, it shall be a help for all students of Ibn Gabirol’s philosophy to grasp his basic world outlook. All references are taken from the Jacob-translation.

ACADEMIILE DOMNEŞTI DIN BUCUREŞTI ŞI IAŞI ŞI ÎNCEPUTURILE ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNTULUI FILOSOFIC ROMÂNESC MODERN. SCHIŢA UNUI CONTEXT ISTORIC ŞI CULTURAL

Author(s): Dragoș Popescu / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 1/2016

The paper presents the historical and cultural context of the establishmentof the two higher education institutions in the capital cities of the Romanian Principalities(Moldavia and Wallachia), between around 1700 and 1821. In the investigated period,the political and economic dependence of Moldavia and Wallachia to the OttomanEmpire increased, but the administrative organization of the two Principalitiesimproved. At the Princely Academies of Bucharest and Jassy, the education was held inGreek (the recognized language for culture and religion in the former regions of theByzantine Empire), many teachers being Greek language speakers, while the studentswere mainly of Romanian upper class origin or Orthodox Christians from the OttomanEmpire. There are two important periods in the functioning of the Princely Academies:1. The Neo-Aristotelian Period (around 1700 – around 1770); 2. The EnlightenmentPeriod (around 1770–1821). The article analyses each period, with a special focus onthe philosophical disciplines taught in the respective time.

Francesco Petrarca - diskusijos apie pasaulio pradžią dalyvis?

Author(s): Rūta Marija Vabalaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 39/2004

This article deals with the philosophical thought of Francesco Petrarca, the Italian humanist, poet and scholar. He is the first great representative of Renaissance humanism, but it is not easy to find original ideas in his philosophy. An important thought (not typical for the Renaissance) is on the weak possibilities of human cognition. One of the themes of Petrarca’s treatise “On His Own and Many Other People’s Ignorance is the problem of the beginning of the world and time. All the arguments that are presented by Petrarca one can find in Plato’s Timaeus, Cicero’s treatise “On the Nature of Gods” and Augustine’s “The City of God”. Petrarca accepts Cicero’s opinion that the world had a temporal beginning, only God is eternal. So he meets the problem of time when there was no time. There is no investigation of the problem in Petrarca’s treatise, but there is a reference to Augustine’s opinion on it. Augustine shows that the proposition about the creation of time by God implies the proposition that there was a time before time. One cannot think of time co-eternal with its Creator as well. Those propositions are incompatible. Petrarca gives no last answer to the questions, but presents us with the possibility to inquire into the problem.

Hezichastų kontroversija vėlyvojoje Bizantijoje: Grigaliaus Palamos debatas su Akindynu, 1341-1347 m

Author(s): Simona Makselienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 39/2004

This is the continuation of the series of articles devoted to the Hesychastic Controversy that took place in Late Byzantium. The first three articles, published in LOGOS 31 (108-117 p.), 32 (66-82 p.), 33 (60-71 p.), analyzed the first phase of the debate, namely that between Palamas and the Calabrian monk Barlaam. The present article focuses on the second phase of the debate, that is, the doctrinal controversy between Gregory Palamas and Akindynos, a great intellectual of that time. All the main issues that were debated - the distinction between the divine essence and operation, the definition of the terms essence - operation - hypostasis, the relations between essence / operations, essence / hypostases, hypostases / operations, operations / created world, Christology, anthropology, participation, the problem of the simplicity of Godhead, are analyzed, presenting the positions of both Palamas and his opponent Akindynos.

Akvinietis apie teisingumą

Author(s): Eleonore Stump / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 38/2004

The article focuses on the ethical consideration concerning the choice between the ethics of justice and the ethics of care, which currently dominates the horizon of ethical problematics. Another distinction, formulated by Nagel, deals with the tension between individual and impersonal standpoints in the sphere of political theories. The author attempts to demonstrate that Aquinas’ theory of justice provides unique and actual opportunities to combine the above-mentioned oppositions and create a feasible, yet practically complicated, ideal for their solution. Detailing particular aspects of Aquinas’ theory, e.g. his insistence on the necessity to help the poor and provide “brotherly correction for wrongdoers”, the author discovers that this might well be helpful, considering the acute problems of nowadays, the evaluation of collaboration with the Nazis and the evasion of overestimation of utilitaristic and liberally formalistic approaches.

Teologijos Suma. Antroji antrosios dalies dalis 95 klausimo 6 artikulas apie pranašavimą sapnais

Author(s): Thomas Aquinas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 38/2004

Sis trumpas Teologijos Sumos artikulas yra svarbiausia Tomo Akviniečio sapnų sampratos dalis. Sapnus ir jų reikšmę žmogaus gyvenimui Akvinietis mini ir kituose savo kūriniuose, pavyzdžiui, Petro lombardo ketvirtosios sentencijų knygos komentare svarsto, ar sapne įvykusi poliurija yra nuodėmė; Izaijo knygos komentare kalba apie apgaulingų sapnų rūšis; Svarstytuose klausimuose nagrinėja įvairias sapnų priežastis, tačiau niekur nerašo išsamesnio traktato apie sapnus, kaip tai padarė jo amžininkas Boetijus iš I Dakijos. [...]

Traktatas apie sapnus arba pranašavimą sapnais

Author(s): / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 38/2004

Apie Boetijų Dakietj žinoma tik tiek, kad XIII a. viduryje jis mokėsi, o vėliau dėstė Paryžiaus universiteto menų fakultete, kad buvo Sigero Brabantiečio bendramintis ir bendražygis, aktyviai dalyvavęs prieš teologijos fakultetą nukreiptame judėjime. Nežinomos nei jo gimimo, nei mirties datos, nežinoma ir jo gimimo vieta: istorikai vis dar ginčijasi, ar vardas Dakietis reiškia Švediją (E. Gilsonas), ar Daniją (S. Scovgaardas Jensenas). Manoma, kad jis priklausė Dominikonų ordinui, nes trylika jo traktatų įtraukta j senovinj dominikonų autorių raštų Stamso katalogą. Mūsų laikus pasiekė jo darbai iš logikos, modistinės semantikos ir Aristotelio raštų komentarai. Perskaičius nors vieną Boetijaus Dakiečio veikalą, tampa aišku, kad tezė, jog viduramžiais filosofija buvo teologijos tarnaitė, yra teisinga tik su išlygomis, nes Boetijus (ir ne tik jis) į savo filosofinių apmąstymų lauką teologijos nejsileidžia. Pavyzdžiui, čia publikuojamame traktate Apie sapnus vienintelis mąstytojo „reveransas" teologijai yra šis traktato turinio fone keistai atrodantis pasakymas: vis dėlto aš neneigiu, kad Dievo valia angelas arba velnias iš tiesų gali pasirodyti miegančiajam arba sergančiajam.

Žodžio samprata viduramžių filosofijoje

Author(s): Dalius Jonkus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 37/2004

This article observes some aspects that show a change in the concept of the word in medieval philosophy. In contemporary thinking the word has lost its sacral and ethical meaning. Often a word is understood as a sign, as a means of transmission of communication or information; whereas for medieval philosophers and theologians a word was a key, empowering the openness of the mystery of being. One can see the change in the concept of the word in the development of medieval thinking, which has unfolded in words and language a subtlety of being. From the rhetorical word (Augustine) through the grammatical word (Anselm) and the dialectical word (Abélard) the concept of the word changed to the logical word (Thomas Aquinas). The logical word does not urge and does not piously thank, but proves.

Akvinietis apie teisingumą

Author(s): Eleonore Stump / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 37/2004

The article focuses on the ethical consideration concerning the choice between the ethics of justice and the ethics of care, which currently dominates the horizon of ethical problematics. Another distinction, formulated by Nagel, deals with the tension between individual and impersonal standpoints in the sphere of political theories. The author attempts to demonstrate that Aquinas’ theory of justice provides unique and actual opportunities to combine the above-mentioned oppositions and create a feasible, yet practically complicated, ideal for their solution. Detailing particular aspects of Aquinas’ theory, e.g. his insistence on the necessity to help the poor and provide “brotherly correction for wrongdoers”, the author discovers that this might well be helpful, considering the acute problems of nowadays, the evaluation of collaboration with the Nazis and the evasion of overestimation of utilitaristic and liberally formalistic approaches.

Teologijos Suma I-II, 96-97 klausimai apie teisę

Author(s): Thomas Aquinas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 37/2004

Žmogiškąjį įstatymą galima apibrėžti remiantis bendruoju, arba įstatymo esmės, apibrėžimu: „įstatymas yra proto potvarkis dėl bendrojo gėrio, kurį tas, kuris turi rūpintis bendrija, paskelbė"V Kreacio-nistiniame krikščioniškame pasaulėvaizdyje pats pirmasis įstatymas ir visų kitų įstatymų šaltinis yra Kūrėjo potvarkis dėl bendrojo visatos gėrio (amžinasis įstatymas). Kūrėjui nereikia jokio išorinio įgaliojimo rūpintis tuo gėriu: kūrimas savaime suteikia toki įgaliojimą. Proto neturintiems ir suprasti negalintiems kūriniams savo potvarki jis „skelbia" suteikdamas jiems prigimtis, tarsi ženklindamas juos savo įstatymo antspaudu. Apie toki prigimties suteikimą kalbėti kaip apie įstatymo paskelbimą galima tik analogine prasme (gamtoje veikiantį įstatymą lietuvių kalba vadina ne įstatymu, o dėsniu). Žmonėms savo potvarkį Kūrėjas skelbia suteikdamas gebėjimą pažinti daiktų prigimtis (prigimtinis įstatymas) ir apreikšdamas su žmogumi susieto antgamtinio projekto dalį (dieviškasis įstatymas). Taigi Kūrėjo įstatymą žmogus pažįsta ne tiesiogiai, bet išskaito kaip bendrus savo veiklos principus gyvenimo knygoje (prigimtinis įstatymas) ir Šv. rašte (dieviškasis įstatymas). Kadangi veikla vyksta tam tikru laiku tam tikroje vietoje, tai, siekiant nuspręsti, kaip teisinga elgtis, bendruosius principus tenka taikyti konkrečioms situacijoms, jeigu tokį sprendimą, vadovaudamasis savo kompetencija, daro asmuo, įgaliotas rūpintis bendruoju gėriu, ir ji oficialiai paskelbia, tai tas sprendimas atitinka žmogiškojo įstatymo apibrėžimą. [...]

Teologijos Suma I-II, 90-93 klausimai apie teisę

Author(s): Thomas Aquinas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 34/2003

Tomo Akviniečio Teologijos Sumos vertėjai ir tyrinėtojai skirsto jos turinį j traktatus: Apie Dievą, Apie pasaulio sukūrimą, Apie angelus, Apie žmogų ir t.t. Vienas iš jų pavadintas Traktatu apie įstatymą. Jis apima devyniolika antrosios Sumos dalies (I-II) klausimų, arba skyrių: nuo 90 iki 108. Šiame žurnalo Logos numeryje pateikiame tris pirmuosius skyrius, kuriuose aptariami patys bendriausi įstatymo aspektai: įstatymo esmė, klasifikacija ir paskirtis. [...]

Filosofinė Tomo Akviniečio sistema

Author(s): Battista Mondin / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 33/2003

Politikos problemą šv. Tomas nagrinėja mažajame traktate De regimine prin-cipum ir Aristotelio Politikos bei Etikos komentaruose. Svarbiais politikos klausimais pasisako ir kituose veikaluose, ypač kūriniuose Sentencijų komentarai ir Teologijos suma. [...]