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The proposal to establish the Commission as an independent body represents a positive shift and an understanding of society on the need to find an adequate body in whose jurisdiction is an essential element in preventing corruption. Although conflict of interest is only one element in the prevention of corruption, it encompasses different forms of situations and actions of public officials with the highest corruption risk, which are not covered by criminal law, and therefore requires serious approach to these circumstances. The requirement extends to the need for a separate independent body, the competence of which would entail considering such circumstances and pointing to them. The results of each body acting within the scope of whose competence are different measures and ways of combating corruption, their synergistic effect, and the results of the Commission or the Commission for Conflict of Interest may be diminished, if there is no clearly expressed political will and public condemnation of every manifest form of corruption, but also public condemnation of every identified conflict of interest that precedes it. In conclusion, in order to achieve social condemnation and zero tolerance for all forms of corruption, including situations of unresolved conflicts of interest, it is necessary to develop awareness among public office holders and all those parts of the state and social system that should control them, about what a conflict of interest is, how to identify it, and how to properly manage it. Raising such a level of awareness and promoting good and desirable conduct in the exercise of public office is a primary responsibility and obligation of both the Commission envisaged by the Bill on Prevention of Conflict of Interests in the government institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Commission for Conflict of Interest in the Republic of Croatia.
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Obrazovanje pravnika za sudijsku i tužilačku funkciju u Bosni i Hercegovini bi se u najkraćem moglo svesti na nekoliko faza i to: završetak pravnog fakulteta, obavljanje pripravničkog staža u sudu ili tužilaštvu, polaganje pravosudnog ispita, rad na poziciji stručnog saradnika u sudu ili tužilaštvu, odnosno sticanje radnog iskustva za imenovanje na poziciju sudije ili tužioca. Samo obrazovanje pravnika za sudijsku/tužilačku funkciju u Bosni i Hercegovini nije regulisano posebnim zakonom. Pravnici u Bosni i Hercegovini se obrazuju u skladu sa zakonima o visokom obrazovanju, a tek nakon položenog pravosudnog ispita i stečenog propisanog radnog staža na poslovima pravnika, stiču uslove za obavljanje sudijske/tužilačke funkcije. Nakon sticanja propisanih uslova, da bi pravnik u Bosni i Hercegovini postao sudija/tužilac potrebno je da konkuriše na javni oglas i u konkursnoj proceduri bude izabran/imenovan za sudiju/tužioca.
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The aim of this analysis is to provide an overview of specific segments of education of judicial officials in BiH and to compare them with Serbia, which has a Judicial Academy, in order to raise, in the scientific and professional public, the question of the possible need for the existence of a judicial academy in BiH, i.e. the transformation of Judicial and Prosecutorial Training Centers in BiH into judicial academies or one Judicial Academy.
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A number of countries in the world have initiated various programs aimed at realization of public legal education (PLE), which may be defined as systemic and continuous dissemination of information about the legal system for purpose of better understanding thereof by the citizens, building confidence in justice institutions, and better coping by the citizens in the maze of legislation, rights, and responsibilities. Education of general public about the legal system offers potentially important contribution to addressing a number of societal problems, especially improvement of the status of various marginalized and vulnerable groups. Thus, for example, the report of the UN General Secretary for 2009 emphasizes the importance of legal education for the poor as one of the necessary conditions in order to create sustainable living and eradicate poverty. This study, completed in the period September – December 2011, confirms that there is considerable need for such educational programs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Some of the fundamental reasons why PLE is especially relevant for Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter BiH) are the post-conflict, transitional, and reform contexts marked by a myriad of new legal institutes and regulations, as well as the complicated network of judicial and other institutions, and often unclear competences at different levels of organization of the government in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Creating relevant programs for public legal education is especially important for young people who are usually not aware of the legislation that relates to them, or available mechanisms of exercising their rights. Research in other countries demonstrates that it is exactly the young people who are most likely to face a legal problem. In addition, it is important to keep in mind that organizing such programs is especially fitting for a group of young people, given the fact that the formal education system, encompassing the great majority of the young people, may be used for the purpose. The goal of this present research was to assess the nature and scope of current activities in public legal education, with special focus on the youth, as well as the needs and capacities for their development within the specific context of BiH. To that end, a comparative analysis of PLE programs was conducted, mainly based on secondary sources about the programs and activities in this field of public education in Bosnia and Herzegovina, countries of the region, Europe, and beyond. In that context, experiences from Canada, United States of America, and United Kingdom were especially important, for these are the countries where such programs are the most advanced. In addition, the data for assessment was collected through primary research, which included 14 interviews with the representatives of competent ministries and other governmental institutions, as well as international and domestic organizations dealing with these issues at least to a certain extent. With respect to the current situation in the PLE domain, the first thing to highlight is that most of the past efforts in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been directed towards education about human rights, with inconsequential engagement in awareness raising and providing information and knowledge on certain judicial institutions, their powers, and roles they play in the society, as well as the legal rights and responsibilities of citizens. The analysis shows that current efforts towards public legal education in BiH are also insufficient, and that Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the countries where PLE programs are underdeveloped, though there are also substantial initiatives in this field. Some of the major problems in this domain are weak collaboration between key players, especially governmental and non-governmental sector, and the fact that projects in this area do not sufficiently encompass important aspects of the law and legal system, such as family law, employment and labor rights, social care rights, as well as available mechanisms for protection of rights. Another problem is presented by the lack of appropriate platforms for strategic partnerships between non-governmental sector and justice institutions and other governmental institutions in this area, as well as inadequate integration of PLE segments within the strategic documents of the justice sector and other sectors relevant to certain target groups (e.g. youth strategy at different levels of government). In addition to the above, another problem is presented by inadequate representation of the PLE in formal education, which lacks permanent institutional solution, continuity of education, and of educators in this field. Most of our interlocutors think that a significant problem is presented by the lack of financing or human resources for organization and coordination, as well as for the very implementation of activities aimed at public legal education and information. Implementation of such educational programs for general population is a complex task in any environment because it requires a larger number of participants and communication channels to encompass the broadest population possible. Nonetheless, according to relevant comparative experiences and available literature, in order to fulfill their purpose, PLE programs should reflect five key principles: accessibility (information should be written in plain language, and accessible to all, regardless of obstacles like cultural differences, life in isolated areas etc.), decentralization (forming of networks and partnerships among service providers in PLE at the level of the entire state improves efficiency and encompasses the majority of population), coordination, continuity, and sustainable financing. Of course, different target groups also lend themselves to different options for implementation of PLE programs. In that regard, it is estimated that these educational programs are especially easy to organize for a group of young people given their accessibility through educational institutions, as well as due to the fact that, because of their inexperience, they are exposed to additional risk. Options for development and institutionalization of PLE programs for youth are primarily identified in expansion of the existing PLE elements within the educational system (i.e. primarily civil education subjects) aiming to include as many young people as possible, and education in this field would be implemented even before they start encountering specific legal problems. In that context, it is especially important to address introduction of curriculum contents that develop competences, as well as creating interesting educational programs to entice the interest of this population. However, one should not neglect options for implementation of PLE programs for general population, such as the activities planned in various strategic documents of competent institutions, primarily those operating in the justice sector, or the potential in the domain of PLE offered by legal aid agencies, as well as the coordinated activities by non-governmental organizations. Some of the possible solutions include intensifying activities of relevant departments of various, primarily judicial institutions (e.g. public relations departments) in the domain of PLE or long-term PLE programs implemented through the media, as well as utilizing different educational mechanisms such as seminars, printed materials, free info lines etc. Examples of the best practice in the world have served us as a framework for the analysis, as well as the source of inspiration in formulating proposals for possible future steps in the domain of PLE in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Within such comparative framework, and based on the analysis of accessible sources and practices, as well as the assessment of needs and capacities for enhancement and institutionalization of PLE programs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the following recommendations were formulated: 1. It is necessary to create an appropriate framework, i.e. strategic documents, for implementation of PLE in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They should adhere to and reflect the five key PLE principles identified, and they are as follows: accessibility, decentralization, coordination, continuity, and sustainable financing. 2. It is necessary to create detailed and long-term PLE programs for the youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a broad scope of topics, and explore options for their institutionalization. An integral part those programs should include continuous evaluation systems, which would ensure that the contents correspond to expressed needs, as well as to changes in the legal system. 3. Necessary steps should be taken towards establishment of a network or partnerships between organizations and institutions that would take active part in implementation of PLE programs. 4. It is necessary to establish an appropriate resource center, where legal professionals, as well as trainers from other professions would be able to obtain required information, training, materials, and whatever they need to conduct various activities and PLE programs. 5. Scarcity of human capacities and resources for implementation of PLE programs could be overcome by establishment of institutional mechanisms to create incentives for legal professionals to volunteer in this field. Another possible solution is to focus the education on future trainers in this field, such as teachers in elementary and secondary schools, activists in various non-governmental organizations, or to engage a number of unemployed lawyers or law students from BiH universities on a voluntary basis in realization of PLE programs.
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Brojne zemlje u svijetu pokrenule su različite programe usmjerene na obrazovanje javnosti o pravnom sistemu (OJPS), koje se može definirati kao sistemsko i kontinuirano pružanje informacija o pravnom sistemu s ciljem njegovog boljeg razumijevanja od strane građana, stjecanja povjerenja u pravosudne institucije, te boljeg snalaženja građana u labirintima pravnih akata, prava i obaveza. Obrazovanje šire javnosti o pravnom sistemu nudi potencijalno važan doprinos rješavanju brojnih društvenih problema, a naročito poboljšanju položaja različitih marginaliziranih i rizičnih grupa. Tako se, npr., u izvještaju generalnog sekretara UN-a iz 2009. godine posebno naglašava značaj pravnog obrazovanja siromašnih kao jedan od uvjeta neophodnih za kreiranje održive egzistencije i iskorjenjivanje siromaštva. Ova studija, realizirana u periodu septembar – decembar 2011. godine, potvrđuje da postoji značajna potreba za provođenjem ovakvih obrazovnih programa u Bosni i Hercegovini. Neki od temeljnih razloga za posebnu relevantnost programa OJPS-a u Bosni i Hercegovini su postkonfliktni, tranzicijski i reformski kontekst obilježen mnoštvom novih pravnih instituta i propisa, kao i komplicirana mreža pravosudnih i drugih relevantnih institucija, te često nejasne nadležnosti na različitim nivoima organizacije vlasti u Bosni i Hercegovini. Kreiranje odgovarajućih programa obrazovanja javnosti o pravnom sistemu posebno je značajno za mlade ljude, koji najčešće ne poznaju zakonske propise koji se na njih odnose, kao ni mehanizme za ostvarivanje njihovih prava. Istraživanja u drugim zemljama pokazuju kako upravo za mlade ljude postoji veća vjerovatnoća da će biti suočeni sa nekim pravnim problemom. Pored toga, važno je imati na umu i činjenicu da je organiziranje ovakvih programa posebno pogodno za grupu mladih ljudi s obzirom na to da se u tu svrhu može koristiti sistem formalnog obrazovanja, kojim je velika većina obuhvaćena. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti prirodu i obim trenutnih aktivnosti na obrazovanju javnosti o pravnom sistemu, sa posebnim fokusom na mlade, ali i potrebe i kapacitete za njihov razvoj u specifičnom kontekstu Bosne i Hercegovine. U nastojanju da se taj cilj ostvari, izvršena je komparativna analiza programa OJPS-a, uglavnom zasnovana na sekundarnim izvorima informacija o programima i aktivnostima u ovom području obrazovanja javnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini, zemljama regiona, Evrope, ali i šire. Od posebnog značaja u tom kontekstu bila su iskustva iz Kanade, Sjedinjenih Američkih Država i Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, kao zemalja u kojima su ovi programi najbolje razvijeni. Također, podaci za procjenu prikupljeni su i primarnim istraživanjem, koje je obuhvatilo ukupno 14 intervjua sa predstavnicima nadležnih ministarstava i drugih državnih institucija, ali i međunarodnih i domaćih organizacija koje se, barem u određenoj mjeri, bave ovim pitanjima. Kada je riječ o aktuelnoj situaciji u domenu OJPS-a, najprije treba istaći da je većina dosadašnjih nastojanja u Bosni i Hercegovini bila usmjerena na educiranje o ljudskim pravima, sa neznatnim angažmanom na podizanju svijesti, te pružanju informacija i znanja o pojedinim pravosudnim institucijama i funkcijama, njihovim nadležnostima i ulogama koje imaju u funkcioniranju društva, kao i zakonskim pravima i obavezama građana. Rezultati analize pokazuju i da trenutna nastojanja usmjerena na obrazovanje bosanskohercegovačke javnosti o pravnom sistemu nisu dovoljna, te da se Bosna i Hercegovina može ubrojati u red zemalja u kojima su programi OJPS-a slabo razvijeni, iako postoji nezanemariv broj inicijativa u ovoj oblasti. Neki od najznačajnijih problema u ovom domenu jesu slaba saradnja između ključnih aktera, naročito vladinog i nevladinog sektora, te činjenica da projektima u ovoj oblasti nisu dovoljno obuhvaćeni značajni aspekti prava i pravnog sistema, poput porodičnog prava, prava iz oblasti zapošljavanja i radnih odnosa, prava iz oblasti socijalne zaštite, ali i dostupnih mehanizama za zaštitu prava. Problem predstavlja i nepostojanje odgovarajućih platformi za strateška partnerstva nevladinog sektora i pravosudnih i drugih državnih institucija u ovoj oblasti, kao i nedovoljno uključivanje segmenta OJPS-a u strateške dokumente u sektoru pravosuđa i drugim sektorima relevantnim za pojedine ciljne grupe (kao što su, npr., strategije za mlade na različitim nivoima vlasti). Osim navedenog, problem je i nedovoljno prisustvo OJPS-a u formalnom obrazovanju, gdje u pravilu nedostaju trajno institucionalno rješenje, kontinuitet obrazovanja i stručni edukatori u ovoj oblasti. Većina naših sagovornika značajnim problemom smatra i nedostatak finansijskih sredstava i ljudskih kapaciteta kako za organizaciju i koordinaciju, tako i za samo provođenje aktivnosti usmjerenih na informiranje i obrazovanje javnosti o pravnom sistemu. Provođenje ovakvih obrazovnih programa za opću je populaciju u svim sredinama složen zadatak s obzirom na to da on zahtijeva uključivanje većeg broja aktera i kanala komunikacije kako bi se programom obuhvatila što šira populacija. Ipak, prema relevantnim komparativnim iskustvima i literaturi, programi OJPS-a, da bi ispunili svoju svrhu, trebaju reflektirati pet ključnih principa: dostupnost (informacije trebaju biti napisane jednostavnim jezikom, te pristupačne svima bez obzira na prepreke poput kulturalnih razlika, života u izoliranom području itd.), decentralizaciju (formiranjem mreža i partnerstava pružalaca usluga OJPS-a na nivou cijele države unapređuje se efikasnost i obuhvata veći dio populacije), koordinaciju, kontinuitet i održivo finansiranje. Naravno, različite ciljne grupe nude i različite mogućnosti za provođenje programa OJPS-a. U tom smislu, procjenjuje se da je ove obrazovne programe posebno jednostavno organizirati za grupu mladih ljudi s obzirom na njihovu laku dostupnost kroz obrazovne institucije, ali i zbog činjenice da su, usljed neiskustva, izloženi dodatnim rizicima. Mogućnosti za razvoj i institucionalizaciju programa OJPS-a za mlade ponajprije se ogledaju u proširivanju postojećih elemenata OJPS-a unutar obrazovnog sistema (odnosno, prvenstveno, predmeta građansko obrazovanje) s ciljem obuhvatanja što većeg broja mladih ljudi, a obrazovanje u ovoj oblasti realiziralo bi se i prije nego se oni počnu susretati sa konkretnim pravnim problemima. U tom kontekstu, posebno je važno obratiti pažnju na uvođenje sadržaja koji bi razvijali kompetencije, ali i na kreiranje zanimljivih edukativnih programa koji bi izazvali interes ove populacije. Ipak, ne treba zanemariti ni opcije za realizaciju programa OJPS-a za opću populaciju, poput aktivnosti predviđenih različitim strateškim dokumentima nadležnih institucija, prije svega onih u oblasti pravosuđa, ili pak potencijal koji u domenu OJPS-a mogu ponuditi službe za besplatnu pravnu pomoć, te koordinirane aktivnosti nevladinih organizacija. Neka od mogućih rješenja su i intenziviranje aktivnosti relevantnih odjela različitih, prvenstveno pravosudnih, institucija (npr. službi za odnose sa javnošću) u domenu OJPS-a ili dugoročni programi OJPSa realizirani putem medija, ali i korištenje različitih mehanizama edukacije poput seminara, štampanih materijala, besplatnih informativnih linija itd. Primjeri najbolje prakse u svijetu poslužili su nam kao okvir za analizu, ali i kao izvor inspiracije za formuliranje prijedloga mogućih daljnjih koraka u domenu OJPS-a u Bosni i Hercegovini. U takvom komparativnom okviru, a na osnovu analize dostupnih izvora i praksi, te procjene potreba i mogućnosti za snažniji razvoj i institucionalizaciju programa OJPS-a u Bosni i Hercegovini, formulirane su slijedeće preporuke: 1. Potrebno je kreirati odgovarajući okvir, odnosno strateške dokumente, za provođenje OJPS-a u Bosni i Hercegovini. Oni bi trebali uvažavati i reflektirati pet identificiranih ključnih principa OJPS-a, a to su: dostupnost, decentralizacija, koordinacija, kontinuitet i održivo finansiranje. 2. Potrebno je kreirati detaljne i dugoročne programe OJPS-a za mlade u Bosni i Hercegovini, sa širokim rasponom tema, te ispitati opcije za njihovu institucionalizaciju. Sastavni dio tih programa trebali bi biti i sistemi kontinuirane evaluacije, kojima bi se osiguralo da sadržaji prate iskazane potrebe, ali i promjene u pravnom sistemu. 3. Potrebno je poduzeti neophodne korake u pravcu uspostavljanja mreže ili partnerstva organizacija i institucija koje bi aktivno bile uključene u provođenje programa OJPS-a. 4. Potrebno je kreirati odgovarajući resursni centar, u kojem će pravni profesionalci, ali i edukatori iz drugih profesija moći dobiti potrebne informacije, treninge, materijale i sve što im je potrebno za provođenje različitih aktivnosti i programa OJPS-a. 5. Nedostatak ljudskih kapaciteta i resursa za provođenje programa OJPS-a mogao bi se prevazići uspostavljanjem institucionalnih mehanizama kojima bi se pravosudni profesionalci motivirali za volonterski rad u ovom području. Moguće je rješenje i to da se edukacija posebno usmjeri na buduće edukatore u ovoj oblasti, poput nastavnika u osnovnim i srednjim školama, aktivista različitih nevladinih organizacija ili da se u realizaciji programa OJPS-a na volonterskoj osnovi angažira i jedan broj nezaposlenih pravnika ili studenata pravnih fakulteta u Bosni i Hercegovini.
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Although the regulations in force indicate a whole range of the revitalization stakeholders, the commune plays a key role in this process, and it is responsible for the preparation, coordination and creation of conditions for revitalization. In practice, this task is most often carried out on the basis of the Public Procurement Law, which is associated with the need of following extremely formalized procedures, which sometimes constitutes a significant obstacle for municipalities. However, the Public Procurement Law provides for the possibility of excluding the application of its provisions, provided that the revitalization projects meet the conditions indicated therein. The presented text describes and analyzes the revitalization issues in the above-mentioned context, in particular focusing on the specific rules of public procurement in the Special Revitalization Zone.
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The article examines the measures proposed by the EU to protect persons who are obliged or on their own initiative to signal transactions and actions aimed at money laundering. The European legislator takes very seriously the need to create security guarantees for whistle-blowers and their families. As a result of serious and in-depth research, the European legislator has come to the conclusion that the adoption of a special directive introducing safeguards for such leases is particularly urgent.
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Sartre's vigilant matrix of contemplation, in the words of a distinguished Serbian intellectual Željko Simić, is that a man is imperfect being striving for perfection. Despite being illuminated by unquenchable dialects, this holistic note may serve as an impoverished description of a lavish God-given portrait of a life of a human. Academician D. Basta in one of his essay-like notes on literature pointed to illusion of charm / uniqueness of "dull Belgrade parties". From globalist and imperialist view, inevitable Hollywood attractiveness ends up in predictable / sterile plainness. Everything, man and life alike, end up closer to pain (A. Dedić). The whole path of cognizing law is illuminated with glimmers of light and obscured by dark and shadows. Law is a necessity of harmony (in its joyous form). Law and pedagogy both share the art of argumentation. Family law strives to philharmonic with accent on harmony of three or more tones of parents and their child / children. As in Constitutional law, where it is not simple to achieve harmony between notes of power and freedom, in Family law alike it takes an effort to unite in harmony sounds of devotion to freedom and freedom of devotion i.e. hymn to Christ's twofold mono existence. The law of enantiodromia. Harmonization and reconciling opposites is omnipresent. Flares and fire of contradiction is a quality of truth, not its negation. Saint Sava to his father is a biological son, but a spiritual father. All the creativity of Raphael, the prince of painting, in the words of Delacroix, lied in imitation. While experiencing his blackest depression, Sava Šumanović painted cheerful paintings of vibrant colors. Chekhov's writing desk is in the state of disorderly order. Soviet major Gagarin could have done more (to be the first man in cosmos) but could not have done less (to use cutlery properly in English court. Our Queen nobly disregarded the fact). Saint Nicholai reveals that there is no virtue without sin, no death without resurrection, no Moikovac without Kaimakchalan. Professor S. Troitsky says that the members of the Church are free because they are slaves of the law. Raskolnikov was dubbed saint devil....
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The question of the structure of legal argumentation has not been explored in the Bulgarian legal doctrine. Individual researchers deal with isolated problems concerning the structure of legal argumentation. The structure represents the internal form of organization of the system, which appears as a unity of stable regular relationships between its elements. In science, the transition from description to explanation, from phenomena to essence, coincides with the knowledge of the structural features of the deeper levels of matter. This is why the question of the structure of legal argumentation, and hence its effectiveness, is so important.
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Artykuł przedstawia problematykę terroryzmu ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem terroryzmu lotniczego. Rozdział ma na celu udowodnienie tezy, że ochrona praw jednostki zagwarantowana w Euro¬pejskiej konwencji praw człowieka nie zawsze jest możliwa, gdy podejmowane są działania mające na celu walkę z terroryzmem lotniczym.
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W rozdziale dokonano analizy wpływu wybranych aktów terro¬rystycznych w lotnictwie cywilnym na prawa człowieka. Przedstawione zostały definicje prawne ataków terrorystycznych i ich prze-ciwdziałań oraz najważniejsze dokumenty definiujące prawa człowieka w pra¬wie międzynarodowym i europejskim. Oceniono również wpływ ataków terrorystycznych na powyższe prawa, a także omówiono najważniejsze dokumenty sporządzone w celu przeciwdziałania terroryzmowi w lotnictwie oraz wpływ ataków terrorystycznych na przemysł lotniczy.
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W rozdziale przedstawiono istniejący stan praw¬ny w zakresie bezpieczeństwa lotnictwa cywilnego w kontekście zagrożenia terrorystycznego, poddano go krytycznej analizie i sformułowano na przyszłość wnioski, których realizacja może przyczynić się do zwiększenia sprawności organów i innych podmiotów dbających o to, by świat stał się wolny od terrory¬zmu.
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W tekście zaprezentowano odpowiedzialne za bezpieczeństwo transportu lotniczego w Polsce organy i podmioty realizujące zadania związane ze sprawowaniem zwierzchnictwa nad prze¬strzenią powietrzną. Ich rolą jest dbałość o sprawne, prawidłowe funkcjonowanie lotnictwa cywilnego i zapewnienie najwyższych standardów. Organy i podmioty te, określane wspólnym mianem administracji lot¬nictwa cywilnego, swoje zadania realizują poprzez świadczenie usług, wyda¬wanie decyzji administracyjnych, czasem także tworzenie norm i procedur.
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W tekście omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące bezpieczeństwa transportu lotniczego regulowane przez ustawodawstwo Ukrainy.
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German regulator BNetzA on 15 May rejected the application by the Gazprom-owned company Nord Stream 2 AG (NS2AG) for a derogation for Nord Stream 2 (NS2). This meansNS2 has not been granted exceptions from the main rules of the EU’s Gas Directive. As a result, Gazprom will have limited control over the pipeline, which must function in line with EU law (as Poland and others have argued). However, NS2AG plans to appeal the decision. If unsuccessful in court, Gazprom and the Russian authorities might try to circumvent the Gas Directive.
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The Democratic majority in the U.S. House of Representatives have launched an impeachment inquiry regarding President Trump. The decision by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi is related to a complaint by a “whistleblower” from the Trump administration who was concerned by a conversation the American president had with Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelensky in which Trump was alleged to have pressured Zelensky to investigate the son of former U.S. Vice President Joe Biden, who is running for president in 2020. The Democrats are convinced that these actions were aimed at discrediting Biden and reducing his chances of getting his party’s nomination or forcing him to end his presidential bid.
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