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4.50 €

Od ústavní demokracie k ústavnímu soudnictví

Author(s): Jiří Baroš / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Jednu z nejvýstižnějších definic povahy naší demokracie v judikatuře Ústavního soudu najdeme v odlišném stanovisku emeritní ústavní soudkyně Elišky Wagnerové k nálezu Pl. ÚS 73/04. Wagnerová ve svém disentu zdůrazňuje, že se Česká republika přihlásila k „demokracii s přívlastkem liberální, přesněji k ústavní liberální demokracii. K takové demokracii patří nejen formálně chápané volby, nýbrž volby, které musí dostát určitým minimálním požadavkům, a dále vláda práva, dělba moci, respekt a ochrana základních práv a svobod.“ K modifikaci (pojetí) demokracie tak dochází s přijetím různých konstitucionalistických elementů, asi nejbrilantněji vypracovaných již Johnem Lockem a americkými otci zakladateli, jež si kladou za cíl omezit moc vlády. Autorita vlády přitom spočívá do značné míry právě na dodržování těchto omezení. Prostřednictvím omezení moci vlády dochází k efektivnějšímu uskutečnění základních principů daného politického režimu. Znakem moderního konstitucionalismu bývá zajištění účinné ochrany lidských práv, a proto bývá spojován s liberální tradicí. Kromě materiálních limitů státní moci existují též její limity strukturální, týkající se rozsahu autority (federalismus) a mechanismu uplatňování moci (procedurální požadavky upravující formu a způsob výkonu zákonodárství).

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Výběr soudců mezinárodních soudů nominovaných čr: politika, odbornost, nebo oboje?

Author(s): Renáta Klečková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

V březnu 2013, po více než roce od svého zvolení, se své soudcovské činnosti u Mezinárodního trestního soudu ujal český soudce Robert Fremr. Pro ČR se jedná o jeden z nejvýraznějších mezinárodních soudcovských postů v celé její historii. Úspěch českých (československých) právníků to však v těchto letech není rozhodně jediný. V lednu 2013 se komunita mezinárodních soudců v Haagu rozrostla o Ivanu Hrdličkovou, která se stala soudkyní Zvláštního tribunálu pro Libanon. Prezidentské žezlo „hlavního soudního orgánu OSN – Mezinárodního soudního dvora“ od roku 2012 třímá bývalý československý diplomat Peter Tomka (dnes občan Slovenska) a profesor Pavel Šturma od roku 2012 zasedá v Ženevě v Komisi OSN pro mezinárodní právo.

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Evropský soud pro lidská práva a národní politický systém

Author(s): Jiří Kmec / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Cílem této kapitoly je zamyslet se nad vztahem (mezinárodního) soudnictví a (národní) politiky v kontextu Evropského soudu pro lidská práva (dále též „ESLP“), který je orgánem Úmluvy o ochraně lidských práv a základních svobod (dále též „Úmluva“ nebo „EÚLP“), přijaté v roce 1950 na půdě Rady Evropy, a jehož úkolem je dohlížet na respektování povinností, které pro jednotlivé státy z této Úmluvy vyplývají.

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Právo, justice a politika - několik poznámek k problému

Author(s): Stanislav Křeček / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Úvahu nad úrovní práva u nás je velice vhodné započít připomenutím dvou velmi aktuálních událostí, neboť z nich, alespoň podle mého názoru, plynou některá obecná poučení. Studenti jakéhosi jihočeského gymnázia protestují proti přítomnosti jedné z politických stran, která se s dobrým výsledkem účastnila svobodných voleb, v politické koalici, jež byla po volbách ustavena. Prý si ostatní politické strany měly najít jiné koaliční partnery. Protestovat a demonstrovat prý, spolu s částí svých profesorů, nepřestanou, dokud nedosáhnou svého. Není to krásný důvod pro položení otázky: Co se to o právu na našich školách vlastně učí? Jaké asi je povědomí o právu u mainstreamového občana, pokud nám takový přístup k právu demonstruje skupina středoškoláků? Nejenže tito „demonstranti“ neslyšeli patrně nikdy nic o tom, že v demokratické společnosti je možné výsledky svobodných voleb změnit opět jen svobodnými volbami, ale – a to je ještě důležitější – vůbec netuší, že každé rozhodnutí orgánů vzešlých ze svobodných voleb vyjádřené obecně závaznými právními předpisy podléhá z hlediska ústavnosti kontrole Ústavního soudu. Proto za existence demokratického uspořádání společnosti vůbec nehrozí, že by kdokoliv, kdo na základě voleb přejímá politickou odpovědnost, mohl svévolně změnit základní náležitosti demokratického právního státu. Toto povědomí o této relativní stabilitě demokratického uspořádání naší společnosti zřejmě zcela obecně sdíleno není.

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Závěr

Author(s): Hubert Smekal,Ivo Pospíšil / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

V závěrečné části krátce shrnujeme poznatky a hlavní teze jednotlivých příspěvků, z nichž následně syntetizujeme sdílené postřehy. Čtenáři, kteří jsou zvyklí nejprve nalistovat závěr a následně meditují nad fatální otázkou, zda číst, či nečíst celou knihu, budou tedy mít značně ulehčenou úlohu. Texty jsou představeny a zůstává jen na čtenáři, jestli se ponoří hlouběji. Kapitoly lze v zásadě rozdělit do dvou větších oddílů, přičemž první se zabývá tématy vzájemné konfrontace práva a politiky na národní úrovni, zatímco druhý oddíl na úrovni mezinárodní. V rámci národních témat dominuje reflexe legitimity aktivity soudů, jež jde nad rámec pouhého rozhodování sporů mezi stranami, konkrétně zejména reflexe soudu ústavního.

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Choice of law in insurance and liability for damage of the State

Author(s): Alexander Kult / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with the possibilities of choice of law in the field of personal insurance in a comparison of Czech and Slovak law, the question of the legitimacy of geoblocking in the distribution of insurance and with liability of the state for damages in the event that its national law is in conflict with EU law. The Rome I Regulation allows national legislatures to adopt looser rules in certain cases. Slovak law allows for greater flexibility but did not take the restrictions of Rome I Regulation into account. If an insurance company chooses the law under Slovak Act No. 97/1963 Coll. on Private International Law and Procedure, is such a choice valid and would the state be liable for damages?

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Slovak national regime of the protection against anticompetitive interventions by public authorities

Author(s): Lukáš Lapšanský / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Slovak Act on the Protection of Competition prohibits the public authorities from restricting competition by providing evident support giving advantage to certain entrepreneurs, or in any other manner. This national regime of protection against anticompetitive interventions by public authorities evolves alongside the European one. The issue of a normative administrative act, the issue of an individual administrative act (or failure to issue such act, where it should have been issued), adoption of decision by a representative body or conclusion of a contract were identified as vectors of unlawful intervention into competition. The creation of a situation of inequality of income, costs or obligations of undertakings (or tolerating such situation), the creation of barriers to the participation in the market or giving advantage to certain undertakings in their competitive or supplier/customer relations were declared as having anticompetitive effect.

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Pricing algorithms: are they threatening the competition?

Author(s): Regina Yusupova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper deals with pricing algorithms in the context of competition law. Antitrust authorities around the world are concerned about the fact that pricing algorithms with even relatively low level of sophistication tend to cooperate without specific instructions, what may lead to their tacit collusion challenging current antimonopoly regulation. Negative impact may be seen in prices set above the market level and suppressed competition which may bring damage to consumers. Current legislation is not prepared for such technological advancement. The paper provides an overview on possible solutions for taking autonomous pricing algorithms under control.

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Consumer protection in contractual practice of supply of digital content and digital services

Author(s): Štěpán Richter / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is to showcase the Czech and EU law that regulates supply of digital content and services and assess its general usefulness with regards to contractual practice and consumer protection. This is achieved primarily by analysing the present and upcoming law that regulates the said topic and its comparison with con- tractual practice on the market. The paper concludes, that in the digital market, consumers have little control over the contracts they can enter into. Many of these contracts are consumer-unfriendly or even illegal. The law offers several ways the consumer can de- fend their rights on the market, but these are not cost-effective.

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Organizational and legal forms of intermunicipal cooperation to ensure human rights in the framework of COVID-19 pandemic: Ukraine and European experience

Author(s): Elvira Titko,Zhanna Hrushko / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article reveals the international legal regulation and features of inter-municipal cooperation. The author reviews the regulation of IMC in the law of the Council of Europe, and the author focuses on the decisions of the ECtHR. It focuses on the fact that IMC in Europe is a strategy to guarantee the ability to achieve the proper level of development of the territorial community and to ensure the ability to provide quality services to meet the modern challenges of society. In addition, the article reveals different aspects of the benefits of IMC under the quarantine restrictions caused by the spread of COVID-19. And the application and usefulness of IMC in the fields of transport and medicine. The article aims to analyze the European experience of IMC, its role under COVID-19, as well as to identify individual areas that can be applied when implementing the European experience in Ukrainian practice of IMC to ensure human rights and protection against coronavirus infection in conditions of quarantine restrictions. The authors used the following methods in the article: method of analysis and synthesis to study the current situation with IMC; historical-logical method to analyze the formation of legal regulation in European countries and the Council of Europe; legal method to analyze the legal regulation; systematic method to determine the necessity of IMC in Ukraine, as well as under conditions of quarantine restrictions. The authors concluded that, in general, the role of IMC can hardly be overestimated, especially in the context of the global need for security and human rights.

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How does the GDPR impacts real estate transactions?

Author(s): Simona Guțiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Any processing of personal data should be lawful and fair. GDPR provides rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and rules relating to the free movement of personal data. In is well known that a real estate transaction (regardless if it is an asset or a share deal), implies processing some personal data. This is applicable also for the legal persons involved in real estate transaction. This article aims to answer to some relevant questions related to the restrictions imposed by the GDPR in the context of a real estate transaction of whatsoever type.

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Matters concerning multiple office holding in light of the CJEU judgment in case C-585/19

Author(s): Mihaela-Emilia Marica / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the field of labour law, we are currently witnessing a development in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning multiple office-holding with the same employer, which is changing the framework of the regulations and practices related to employment relationships at national level. The CJEU's judgment in Case C-585/19 established as a matter of principle that the mechanism for determining the daily rest period for workers who have concluded several contracts of employment with the same employer is to be determined by reference to the total number of contracts - irrespective of how high the number of contracts concluded with the same employer is - and not by reference to each contract individually. Therefore, we will make an attempt at analysing the effect of this ruling at national level, by reference to the specific provisions of the current Labour Code regulations which, in some cases, enshrine differences of nuance and different perspectives from those established by Directive 2003/88/EC concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time.

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Relationship between infringement proceedings applied by the European Commission and the WTO law

Author(s): Gina Orga Dumitriu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The analysis of the interaction between the legal order of the Union and the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) would be incomplete without a critical assessment of how European judges and panels and the WTO appellate body contribute to the articulation between the two legal systems. The Court has rejected the direct applicability of WTO law in settled case-law. This merely means, however, that Member States, in an action for annulment, or the parties in a reference for preliminary ruling on the validity of an EU act, may not rely on the incompatibility of an EU act with the WTO Agreement. The possibility of basing infringement proceedings on an infringement of WTO law does not run counter to the aims and particular character of dispute settlement in the WTO and can ensure the effective enforcement of any negative ruling by the WTO dispute settlement bodies. If the European Union was not able to bring infringement proceedings against Member States in such cases, the internal implementation of international trade law would even be seriously jeopardised.

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Отнемането на собственост според европейската и конституционната съдебна практика

Author(s): Lyuba Panayotova-Chalakova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article attempts to systematize and compare the European and constitutional mechanisms for the protection of property today. The aim is to make a kind of parallel between the protection mechanisms in its withdrawal. This calls for an analysis of the practice in relation to Protocol 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as the enhanced protection afforded by the individual constitutional courts in the EU Member States. The formation of a broader view on the protection of property at the European level is useful for Bulgarian theory and practice. The article also attempts to outline some of the difficulties of including property in conventional provisions.However, it is a law with a strong economic significance, and economic rights are traditionally regulated in civil law sources. This situation also leads to a critical attitude towards the possibility of protecting at European level a national right as property. The article presents all three parts of Art. 1 of Protocol No. 1, which protects various aspects of property. The first norm protects the substance of the property, the second and the third refer to the applicable regime in the matter of expropriation and control over the use of the property. The European Court of Justice respects the rights of nation states by applying the texts of the Protocol, but in general its case law expands the scope of protection of property. At the national level, such a role is played by the constitutional courts.

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Uwagi de lege ferenda o ujednoliceniu przepisów i kodyfikacji prawa rolnego

Author(s): Karol Mierzyński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main premise of this article is to present attempts of uniformisation and codification, pertaining Polish agriculture law. In this essay shall be covered historical efforts of agricultural law systemisation. First and foremost example of such uniformisation ought to be mentioned draft ventured by Władysław Leopold Jaworski titled “Agriculture code”. Moreover a post-war attempt, endeavoured by Interdepartamental Comitee of agricultural law uniformisation, intended to address myriad of regulations in one, uniform legal regulation. The following segment of article is based on theoritical opinions, pertaining uniformisation of agriculture law. Despite of double nature of Polish agriculture law, which combines substantial administrative law and civil law, as major denominator within agricultural law, the theoretical views upon uniformisation, sees them as unfeasible. Owing to still aggregating administrative aspect of agricultural law, whilst remaining inseperably bound to civil law foundations, agricultural law seems to be beyond any crucial uniformisation, however in greater extend of legal regulations, undoubtedly sourcing from agricultural law.

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Winkulacja ustawowa w spółkach akcyjnych prawa rolnego

Author(s): Klaudia Raczek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article attempts to shed light on agricultural policy law according to sales of the shares of joint-stock companies which are holders of lands. Free movement of capital and free markets should always be guaranteed, because of being a guiding principle in establishing democracy. Whereas whole freedoms needed to be limited ahead of potential conflicts between another goods. Land transitions and protecting empowers Sates to set restrictions if only they have been empowered in public interest ex. prevent speculations and land grabbing. Notwithstanding these current regulations which is in force in Poland shouldn’t gain a land policy which is protecting a land.

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Војна доктрина као извор међународног хуманитарног и кривичног права

Author(s): Živorad Rašević,Vladimir M. Simović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The norms of international humanitarian law oblige states to include the study of humanitarian law into their military training programs and to acquaint other states with their regulations that ensure their application. In this sense,military manuals prescribing rules for the use of military force are becoming a source of knowledge about the practice of war, which is relevant for determining of the responsibility of states for violations of international humanitarian law and for determining of individual criminal responsibility for war crimes. This paper clarifies the legal nature of military doctrine as a systematized set of publications that regulate, guide, and train participants in armed conflicts. To this end,the relevant rules of humanitarian and criminal law are interpreted.It is shown that military doctrine is an important material source of law and a source of rules of the military profession, and that in the formal legal sense it has a multi-significant nature. First, in international humanitarian law, military doctrine is considered as evidence of state practice, which is used in the practice of the International Court of Justice as proof of state responsibility. In some cases,especially when it comes to Western publications, military doctrine is considered a formal source of humanitarian law in the form of the opinions of prominent jurists, principles recognized by civilized nations, and even international customs. In addition, military doctrine becomes criminally relevant through blanket provisions describing domestic and international criminal offenses. Having in mind the great importance of the rules of military doctrine for the assessment of the legality of the use of military force, this paper proposes certain institutional measures that would pay more due attention to military doctrine.

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ОСОБЕНИ СЛУЧАИ НА СТРОИТЕЛСТВО

Author(s): Biserka Marinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The research is focused on specific legal regimes and construction admissibility influenced by co-ownership or restrictive measures depending on the territory and land use such as protected areas and agricultural land. Attention is paid to the constructions of national projects and those in national heritage objects. The current legislation is followed and the differences from the general legal regulation are highlighted. Key issues related to the scope of the considered regimes and their resolution in current judicial practice are mentioned and discussed.

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Towards a Contemporary Understanding of Administrative Procedure

Author(s): Javier Barnes / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The bulk of official legal decisions are made not by judges, nor by legislature, but by public administrations. Behind these decisions are administrative procedures, understood as the rules governing the process of decision-making: from administrative sanctions, to public procurement, from ministerial regulations supplementing a statute, to urban planning developing and designing the land use. “Administrative procedure” ultimately refers to a how governmental organizations actually conduct business and manage responsibilities. Today there are a bewilderingly large and diverse number of administrative procedures. Whilst the first general administrative procedure acts (APAs) focused on the so-called “administrative act” (typically a unilateral decision made by public bodies), their reach progressively broadened as the responsibilities of the executive branch and public administrations grew. APAs branched out to deal with other legal acts, such as rules and regulations, agreements under public law, guidelines and administrative guidance, as well as setting general principles to which administrative activities would be subject. The different models on which most administrative procedures are based differ deeply from each other and require a different legal approach regarding their basic elements: from the main types of administrative procedure to their general procedural principles; from infringement sanctions of procedural rules to judicial review, and so forth. A contemporary theory of administrative procedure – and an updated APA – will thus have to assume a broader concept.

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Poglavlje 7: Pravo intelektualne svojine

Author(s): Marko Šošić / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Na pomen veće regulacije u oblastu prava intelektualnog vlasništva i njenog značaja za obične građane i građanke Crne Gore, često se misli samo na kraj besplatnog preuzimanja raznih licenciranih softvera, muzike, filmova, knjiga i dr. za što će biti predviđene stroge kazne i efektivan monitoring. Međutim, unaprijeđenje zakonskog okvira i prakse u ovoj oblasti, značiće i zaštitu interesa crnogorskih potrošača. To znači i smanjenu mogućnost da kupljeni proizvodi zaista ne potiču od proizvođača čiju etiketu nose, odnosno zaštitu potrošača od plaćanja visokih cijena za krivotvorenu robu.

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