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Pravo glasa je političko pravo i ubraja se u red osnovnih ljudskih prava. Žene danas uživaju ovo pravo u gotovo svim državama sveta. Međutim, nije uvek bilo tako. Borba žena za ostvarivanje prava glasa, kao i mnogih drugih prava, trajala je veoma dugo. U malom broju zemalja ona traje i dan danas.
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History of the social sciences at the University of Warsaw presented in the volume includes five main fields: economics, political sciences, psychology, sociology and law. The authors of the texts - specializing in the history of their disciplines - write about the process of their development on the academic level and about the changes they have been subjected within the University. The most important research currents, as well as the most distinguished representatives of the disciplines and their achievements are also reported.
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History of the social sciences at the University of Warsaw presented in the volume includes five main fields: economics, political sciences, psychology, sociology and law. The authors of the texts - specializing in the history of their disciplines - write about the process of their development on the academic level and about the changes they have been subjected within the University. The most important research currents, as well as the most distinguished representatives of the disciplines and their achievements are also reported.
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History of the social sciences at the University of Warsaw presented in the volume includes five main fields: economics, political sciences, psychology, sociology and law. The authors of the texts - specializing in the history of their disciplines - write about the process of their development on the academic level and about the changes they have been subjected within the University. The most important research currents, as well as the most distinguished representatives of the disciplines and their achievements are also reported.
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History of the social sciences at the University of Warsaw presented in the volume includes five main fields: economics, political sciences, psychology, sociology and law. The authors of the texts - specializing in the history of their disciplines - write about the process of their development on the academic level and about the changes they have been subjected within the University. The most important research currents, as well as the most distinguished representatives of the disciplines and their achievements are also reported.
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This paper tries to briefly address some of the legal effects deriving from communication of law generated by the jurisprudence of the High Court of Cassation and Justice of Romania and the Constitutional Court of Romania. During the recent years, certain legal interpretation divergencies were notices between the jurisprudence of the Courts. In both civil and penal matters brought before these Courts, their jurisprudence comprised sometimes contradicting solutions in similar cases. In addition to the introductory aspects that will be presented in this paper, regarding the communication of law and the role of jurisprudence as a possible source of law, we will also describe some concrete situations dealing with the divergence of opinion from judicial practice of the above mentioned Courts
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In order to fight against the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the authorities took a series of measures which had as object the restriction of some of the rights and liberties granted or, as the case mey be, defended by the Romanian Constitution, such as: the right to free movement, the freedom of assembly, the economic freedom. The measures taken by the authorities had a major impact upon the entire social and economic life and generated in many cases the total or partial interruption of the activity of some economic operators, with the consequence of the appereance of financial difficulties hard to overcome and even with the risk of the disappearance from the market of some economic operators. The current study refers to the amendments adopted by the legislator to the legal provisions regarding one of the fields of interest and continuos topicality of the economic and legal life, respectively the insolvency proceedings, with an emphasing on the amendments of the legal provisions related to the proposal and the implementing of the reorganisation plan, as well as case-law regarding the application of such amendments.
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The pandemic generated by the new Coronavirus caused a rapid change in the way of approaching the legal issues and the adaptation to a legislative framework that tried to regulate the new factual situation. A number of notions and legal institutions have acquired a special importance, being necessary their reinterpretation in the context of COVID-19, in order to identify solutions that correspond to these situations that humanity has been facing and, at the same time, have brought to the light systemic deficiencies which until then had not been considered sufficiently relevant or which had been amplified to an incredible extent. Force majeure, state of emergency, military commands, public interest, public health are just some of the notions that got a major role overnight. Emergency medical assistance and dental care, the rights of patients with chronic diseases, the fair balance between restricting the exercise of individual rights and public safety have led to a relaunch of medical law - a branch of law which, until recently, has been in a shadow cone, poorly represented from a doctrinaire point of view. Also, the sudden emergence of an unprecedented new global situation has been a challenge for public administration authorities, both at central and local level, and, in the same time, a necessity to manage it effectively and make appropriate decisions. The objective of this study is to present a retrospective analysis of the most important situations of this kind, from a juridical perspective and the underlining of the found deficiencies.
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Reflections on the Legality of Some Normative Administrative Acts Issued by the Minister of Health During the State of Alert Determined by the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Execution of Law No. 136/2020 on the Establishment of Measures in the Field of Public Health in Situations of Epidemiological and Biological Risk. In the situations of epidemiological and biological risk provided in Law no. 136/2020, if there is an imminent risk, the Minister of Health establishes by order - administrative act of a normative nature - the manner of application of the measures provided in the mentioned law. Thus, the measure of isolation in a health unit established by decision of the public health directorate will be based on the order of the Minister of Health issued for the concrete execution of the law. However, the judicial control of the normative administrative acts is exercised by the administrative contentious court only within the action for annulment, under the conditions provided by Law no. 554/2004, so that ministerial orders cannot be the subject of the objection of illegality. Therefore, persons in respect of whom the measure of isolation in a health facility has been instituted, although they can ask the court to annul the decision issued by the public health directorate, they will not be able to invoke a possible illegality of the order issued by the minister of health, the latter not being able to be the object of the exception of illegality. This is why it is essential that ministerial orders be issued in the letter and spirit of the laws adopted by Parliament. In order to illustrate the (un)lawfulness of normative administrative acts issued by the Minister of Health during the alert period, in this short study we will analyse the orders that imposed the social medical detention of persons infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus after the entry into force of the Law on the establishment of measures in the field of public health in situations of epidemiological and biological risk.
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The Covid - 19 pandemic has generated a global health crisis, with profound implications for all areas of life, and the measures taken against it have been unprecedented challenges for all state authorities and the population. Justice has not been spared by the effects of the pandemic, restrictive measures taken all over the world, including at European Union level, have in many cases disrupted activity in this area, they infringed fundamental rights, caused procedural delays, affected procedural deadlines and led to the suspension or reduction of legal aid and public and community services. The measures have significantly affected international cooperation and also reconfigured the use of digital tools in the judiciary system. In this context, this article aims to provide an overview of the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic on the judiciary system in the European Union in the light of the measures taken to combat its effects, using official information on the portals of national and European institutions.
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This study aims to present the changes to the rights and obligations of employees as a result of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The study follows the new regulations and legislative changes brought to the employees' rights at national level, such as: work from the employee's home, or from any other location agreed with the employer; telework, granting days off for parents to supervise their children, reducing working time, extending the validity of documents including collective labor agreements and related data processing. Since the state of emergency, economic operators have had to provide employees with an adequate level of protection through measures such as: providing logistical means for working from home or teleworking, where possible, measuring body temperature with appropriate means to check whether it exceeds or does not exceed a certain predefined level at the entrance to the operator's buildings. In the context of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the massive digitalization, new personal data were processed such as: place of work of the employee in the situation of work at home or telework, data on health, electronic signature, image, voice, calendar dates and times for online connection to virtual meetings and events, trainings conducted on various platforms. At the level of the European Union, the European Parliament adopted the Resolution of 21 January 2021 by which it addressed a series of recommendations to the European Commission on the need to regulate at the level of the member states the employee's right to disconnect. The pandemic accelerated the transformations and reconfigured the labor relations that had to be adapted to the new realities, bringing new particularities and associated risks.
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In principle, in exceptional circumstances, social or natural, which threaten the normal existence of society, the state may resort to derogatory measures concerning most of human rights, that is their exceptional limitations, much more severe than those acceptable in a period of normalcy. However, the derogating measures must have a single purpose, namely to resolve the crisis situation and return to normalcy, so they must respond to an overriding social need, must be strictly proportionate, the limitation must be duly substantiated and the application must be non-discriminatory.
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The objective of the present paper is to conduct an analysis of ways to commit fraud in the online environment, through the phishing method, to identify the fraudulent means used to exploit the fear generated on people by the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as ways to prevent such attacks.
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Taking into consideration the fact that the activity with the purpose of ensuring the national security carried out by the Romanian Service of Intelligence, emphasizes serious acts and facts likely to alter the national security values which correspond juridically to terrorism crimes. The Romanian Service of Intelligence, within the framework of its legal attributions and competencies, cooperates with the Public Ministry and with the other enabled institutions of criminal investigation. The cooperation between the Romanian Service of Intelligence and the other enabled institutions of criminal investigation documenting the terrorism crimes, aims at supporting the efforts bashed for fighting and preventing terrorism, a rather clandestine phenomenon whose prerequisites in investigation call for special techniques, that reside mainly within the authority, as the law stipulates, of the state institutions for ensuring the national security.
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In this paper the author addresses the issue of recognition of the harmonization process as a significant part of higher education system reform in the Republic of Croatia. The first part of the paper emphasizes neo(institutionalism) as a theoretical approach, which has once been used in conducting empirical research, while at the same time confirming both the hypothesis that the national systems are more frequently being harmonized, as well as its sub-hypothesis, that the harmonization of national systems of higher education is mostly the result of Europeanisation process (along with its corresponding indicators – the Bologna process implementation, international collaboration – inter-institutional cooperation between institutions of higher education, project activities, European higher education politics, teaching and non-teaching staff mobilities). The basis for the paper refers to the Bologna process, that has been recognised as the key contributor for harmonization with the European system of higher education and has, as such, been implemented into the Croatian system of higher education. The necessity for applying the same and/or similar institutional propositions, that is, the necessity for approaching the common model is considered to be the centre of reform goals. The final part of the paper presents the results of a part of the mentioned research, which verify the aforementioned hypothesis and its sub-hypothesis and refer to specific propositions which should be taken into consideration for more successful reform implementation in one of the most significant public administration areas, public service, or better said, higher education system as part of public service.
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Social distancing has become a distinctive feature of the recent global outbreak of the COVID-19 coronavirus and the government's response to it. This is also reflected in the way public administration systems perform their tasks and is a comprehensive feature of the way in which national and European public administrations are performing their tasks at the time of the lecture. In this context, the handling of cases in person has been suspended in several countries, and some public administration staff have switched to working from home. This situation has perhaps highlighted even more sharply the phenomenon that had already emerged in national regulations in the context of the electronisation and digitalisation of processes and electronic communication. And in this context, the question rightly arises, which has become even more striking in the current period: will the transparency of public administration, and within it the transparency of the process of public administration in individual cases, towards the client, remain sustainable in the long term if the client and society do not meet the public administration in person, but only through electronic platforms? The study will seek answers to these questions that can be scientifically substantiated.
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This work focuses on the importance of public procurement in the context of the recent COVID 19 pandemic and the impact it has had on the legal rules for these con- tracts. The analysis refers to the context of the Portuguese legal order and its connection to the European Union law. Objectives: examine the effects of the pandemic on the legal regime of public procurement in Portugal and its compliance with EU law. Analysis of legislative measures adopted by the prevention, containment, mitigation and treatment of epidemiological infection by COVID-19. Methodology: study of new legal measures introduced in pandemic time and study of the solutions adopted by Portuguese law. Results: we present the results of analysis of changes to the rules applicable to the formation of public works contracts, contracts for the leasing or acquisition of movable property and the acquisition of services, provided by the administrative public sector or similar, as result of the pandemic crisis.
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The present paper aims to identify, with the instruments of comparative law, similar provisions, namely differences that can be adopted in national law, by reporting Romanian legislation on combating domestic violence to the legal provisions in the UK. As a novelty, I have included a survey conducted on an accessibility sample of 50 lawyers from the Bucharest Bar, with experience in domestic violence, respectively 50 employees of barristers firms in the UK, to evaluate, comparatively, how they relate to the quality and efficiency of the legislative framework, respectively to the changes that have been brought to it or are still to be brought. The conclusions of this paper derive both from the comparative analysis of the legal norms applicable to domestic violence, in the two legislative systems, and from the analysis of the answers obtained to the questionnaire that include in the Annex.
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Triggered by the recent establishment of the U.S. Space Force, the concept of developing national space forces raises many questions concerning peace and humanity, which simultaneously contradict the guarantee of peace and safety. It is generally assumed that the militarization of outer space manifested by space forces would represent a symbol of the threatening power and dominance of space-faring nations. Considering outer space as a contemporary war zone, however, would legally represent a violation of the Outer Space Treaty, even though the treaty itself contains major loopholes legally allowing hostile extraterrestrial activities. The main purpose of this paper is to legally analyze the militarization of outer space from two contrasting perspectives: national security versus international crime against peace, where national predispositions that lead to the initiation of extraterrestrial wars of aggression are recognized as international crimes against peace, meaning that space forces would likely run afoul of international space law.
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Global water resource protection policy has, over time, undergone a constant process of transformation and adaptation, in the sense that it has faced a number of challenges and uncertainties dominated by economic, political, cultural, climatic and to solve the problems generated by humanity through the actions taken for its survival and wellbeing on earth. For its welfare there has been a substantial increase in civilization, for some states, and an accepted technological and scientific progress, but which over time have unbalanced and degraded the environment and especially there have been massive pollution of water resources. This material discusses general elements on the risks of water pollution with a summary classification of forms of pollution and a summary of the legal instruments governing the area in question, with a presentation of the risks to humanity and the environment in general. The protection against any forms of degradation and pollution of water resources is done by sustaining and streamlining the field with the involvement of all actors in the world, from the public to the private sector.
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