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(Ne)ambivalentiškas požiūris į Michelangelą Federico Borromeo traktatuose De pictura sacra ir Musaeum

(Ne)ambivalentiškas požiūris į Michelangelą Federico Borromeo traktatuose De pictura sacra ir Musaeum

Author(s): Tomas Riklius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2020

This article discusses the role of Michelangelo Buonarroti in the Seventeenth-century art theory treatises of Cardinal Federico Borromeo De pictura sacra and Musaeum. In the referred text we can notice an ambivalent approach to the artistic genius of Buonarroti. In several cases Borromeo mentions Michelangelo as an artistic example who equalled or even exceled the great artists of Antiquity, albeit in other paragraphs the author criticises the artist for his aesthetic fallacy. A close reading of De pictura sacra and Musaeum, as well as an analysis of Borromeo’s didactic programme in the newly established Accademia del disegno in Milan allows to heed that Cardinal was rather an admirer of Michelangelo’s personality and talent. In De pictura sacra Buonarroti and other Renaissance Masters serve a rhetoric function and allow to conceptualise the theological and aesthetic framework for a post-Tridentine Catholic religious art.

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19. Yüzyıl İngiliz Ahlak Düşüncesinde William Whewell ve John Stuart Mill Polemiği

19. Yüzyıl İngiliz Ahlak Düşüncesinde William Whewell ve John Stuart Mill Polemiği

Author(s): Metin Aydin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 43/2021

This article deals with the polemic between William Whewell and John Stuart Mill, two major thinkers of 19th century British moral thought. In his work, Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy in England, Whewell criticized Bentham and utilitarianism. Mill also wrote an article titled "Whewell on Moral Philosophy" to answer these criticisms. Whewell generally accuses utilitarianism of evaluating actions on the basis of pleasure and pain and Bentham of building a moral theory on pleasure and pain; Mill accuses Whewell of solving the relation between self-interest and duty by appealing to God, and of appealing to utilitarian reasons when generating justifications for the basic moral principles of his system. This polemic, in which both thinkers often apply rhetorical tricks, is a polemic in which opinions are supported by popular arguments rather than technical ones. In this polemic, Whewell's main purpose is to show that utilitarianism does not have as strong foundations as it seems, while Mill's aim is to present that Whewell's criticisms are based on prejudices. In this context, based on the answers given, it can be said that Mill is more successful than Whewell, which I think should not be accepted as the absolute defense of both theories.

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A „másik” esztétikai jelenléte Hobbes szerződéselméletében

A „másik” esztétikai jelenléte Hobbes szerződéselméletében

Author(s): Mihály Szilágyi-Gál / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2019

In several of his works, Thomas Hobbes contrasts rhetorical and scientific speech. Although in Leviathan his position is changed, Hobbes continues to emphasize the inordinate, excessive nature of rhetorical speech in politics and distinguishes it from sovereign scientifically true and legally correct speech. According to my thesis, both models of persuasion, the rhetorical and the anti-rhetorical model, have an aesthetic character in Leviathan. This fact is evident in the doubling of the person who represents both his/her self and his/her fellow citizens as dependent subjects in their public/political roles. This self-representation as the inherent imaginary act of the political man echoes the rhetorical hierarchy of the difference between the private and the public.

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A Cosmos Without a Creator: Cesare Cremonini’s Interpretation of Aristotle’s Heaven
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A Cosmos Without a Creator: Cesare Cremonini’s Interpretation of Aristotle’s Heaven

Author(s): Pietro Daniel Omodeo / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

In the years after the first circulation of Sidereus Nuncius, Galileo’s Padua anti-Copernican colleague, the staunch Aristotelian philosopher, Cesare Cremonini, published a book on ‘traditional’ cosmology, Disputatio de coelo in tres partes divisa (Venice, 1613) which puzzled the Roman authorities of the Inquisition and the Index much more than any works on celestial novelties and ‘neo-Pythagorean’ astronomy. Cremonini’s disputation on the heavens has the form of an over-intricate comment of Aristotle’s conceptions, in the typically argumentative style of Scholasticism. Nonetheless, it immediately raised the concern of Cardinal Bellarmin, the Pope and other Inquisitors. At a close reading, Cremonini’s interpretation of Aristotle’s cosmos proved radically anti-Christian. It represented a radicalization of Pomponazzian Alexandrism. In fact, Cremonini did not only circulate Aristotelian principles used by Pomponazzi to argue for the soul’s mortality (first, no thought is possible without imagination and the latter faculty is dependent on the body; secondly, all that is generated will eventually perish). He also wiped away all transcendence from the Aristotelian cosmos. In fact, he marginalized the function of the motive Intelligences by explaining heavenly motions through the action of animallike inseparable souls although he did not erase nor reduced all Intelligences to only one, in accordance with Alexander. Also, he put at the center of Aristotle’s cosmos the idea of its eternity, a thesis which he explicitly connected with the rejection of the idea of God the Creator. Cremonini assumed that the universal efficiens, that is the efficient cause of all motion and change in the world, is nothing but the first heaven. As a result of this radically naturalist reading of Aristotle, he banned God from the cosmos, reduced Him to the final cause of the world, and deprived Him of any efficiency and will. This essay on less explored sources of Renaissance astronomical debates considers the institutional, cultural and religious setting of Cremonini’s teaching and conceptions. It assesses the reasons for his troubles with the religious authorities, and the political support he was granted by the Serenissima Republic of Venice in spite of the scandalous opinions he circulated as a university professor. My reconstruction of his views is based on the Disputatio de coelo of 1613 and later works, which are directly connected with cosmo-theological polemics with the religious authorities: his Apologia dictorum Aristotelis de quinta coeli substantia (1616) and the unpublished book De coeli efficientia, two manuscript copies of which are preserved in the libraries of Padua and Venice.

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A Kantian Critique of Grotius

A Kantian Critique of Grotius

Author(s): Macarena Marey / Language(s): English Issue: 95/2019

During the last few years, it has become usual to turn to some seventeenth century readings of the traditional idea of an original common possession of the earth for philosophical aid to explain and support the rights of persons in situations of extreme need, including refugees. Hugo Grotius’s conception of this idea is one of the most cited ones. In this paper, I hold that a Grotian reading of the idea of an original common possession of the earth is not a fruitful principle if we want to elaborate a solid defence of the rights of the ones in need. I reconstruct and analyse the role this idea has in Grotius’s theory of private property and present objections to it from a Kantian perspective.

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Abbagnanowska krytyka tradycyjnej filozofii: Augustyn, Descartes, Kant

Abbagnanowska krytyka tradycyjnej filozofii: Augustyn, Descartes, Kant

Author(s): Jakub Bartoszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

The article discusses the issue of possibilities in the context of Abbagnano’s perspective on traditional philosophy. Following the founder of the philosophy of possibilities, certain philosophers were selected who in the opinion of the Italian existentialist had a significant impact on culture and philosophical tradition. Therefore, only three figures are discussed: Augustine, Descartes and Kant.

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ABSOLIUTIZMO IR RELIACIONIZMO KONTROVERSIJA: NEWTONAS VS. LEIBNIZAS

ABSOLIUTIZMO IR RELIACIONIZMO KONTROVERSIJA: NEWTONAS VS. LEIBNIZAS

Author(s): Jonas Čiurlionis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2016

The article deals with a controversy between absolutist and relationist conceptions of space and time. Comparison between Newton’s and Leibniz’s theories is drawn. Points of view of other philosophers who took part in the discussion are also analysed. Strong and weak parts of both theories are revealed. The article is not aimed at taking sides in the debate rather it provides the reader with a possibility to construct his own assessment. The publication states that premises of both conceptions of space and time are metaphysical rather than physical. However, this classical debate is still relevant in today’s modern scientific context.

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ACADEMIILE DOMNEŞTI DIN
BUCUREŞTI ŞI IAŞI ŞI ÎNCEPUTURILE
ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNTULUI FILOSOFIC ROMÂNESC MODERN.
SCHIŢA UNUI CONTEXT ISTORIC ŞI CULTURAL

ACADEMIILE DOMNEŞTI DIN BUCUREŞTI ŞI IAŞI ŞI ÎNCEPUTURILE ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNTULUI FILOSOFIC ROMÂNESC MODERN. SCHIŢA UNUI CONTEXT ISTORIC ŞI CULTURAL

Author(s): Dragoș Popescu / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 1/2016

The paper presents the historical and cultural context of the establishmentof the two higher education institutions in the capital cities of the Romanian Principalities(Moldavia and Wallachia), between around 1700 and 1821. In the investigated period,the political and economic dependence of Moldavia and Wallachia to the OttomanEmpire increased, but the administrative organization of the two Principalitiesimproved. At the Princely Academies of Bucharest and Jassy, the education was held inGreek (the recognized language for culture and religion in the former regions of theByzantine Empire), many teachers being Greek language speakers, while the studentswere mainly of Romanian upper class origin or Orthodox Christians from the OttomanEmpire. There are two important periods in the functioning of the Princely Academies:1. The Neo-Aristotelian Period (around 1700 – around 1770); 2. The EnlightenmentPeriod (around 1770–1821). The article analyses each period, with a special focus onthe philosophical disciplines taught in the respective time.

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Actual and Ideal Infi nitesimals in Leibniz’s Specimen Dynamicum
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Actual and Ideal Infi nitesimals in Leibniz’s Specimen Dynamicum

Author(s): Tzuchien THO / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This article aims to treat the question of the reality of Leibniz’s infinitesimals from the perspective of their application in his account of corporeal motion. Rather than beginning with logical foundations or mathematical methodology, I analyze Leibniz’s use of an allegedly “instantiated” infinitesimal magnitude in his treatment of dead force in the Specimen Dynamicum. In this analysis I critique the interpretive strategy that uses the Leibnizian distinction, drawn from the often cited 1706 letter to De Volder, between actual and ideal for understanding the meaning of Leibniz’s infinitesimal fictionalism. In particular, I demonstrate the ambiguity that results from sticking too closely with the idea that ideal mathematical terms merely “represent” concrete or actual things. In turn I suggest that, rather than something that had to be prudentially separated from the realm of actual things, the mathematics of infinitesimals was part of how Leibniz conceived of the distinction between the actual and ideal within the Specimen Dynamicum.

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Adornova i Horkheimerova kritika masovne industrijske kulture na temelju prosvjetiteljskih ideja slobode, uma i jednakosti

Author(s): Mirela Karahasanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 22/2014

Adorno’s and Horkheimer’s understanding of the reality of the modern man, and a critical attitude towards the same shows a tendency which brings to the attention the consistency of destructive tendencies of the 20th century, but also finds the causes of such destructiveness much earlier, first in ideas that were viewed by the Enlightenment. The ideas of the Enlightenment, mind, freedom and equality, losing their original goal of human nature, have created a new cultural-historical epoch, based on the enslavement of man and nature, but also dehumanizing ideologies such as National Socialism and Fascism. The key question that Adorno and Horkheimer ask is the question of how the world has ever come to the present condition, if the Enlightenment and tendencies that it brings promised a better world for man. How did it come to the situation that progress in civilization at the same time also means a return to barbarism? The aim of this paper is certainly not only to display the questions and dilemmas that Adorno and Horkheimer set, but also to draw attention to Adorno’s and Horkheimer’s solutions of the crisis, which are based on the critical examination of the Enlightenment and Enlightenment ideas.

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Ahlat Ağacı ve Var-Kalma Çabası

Ahlat Ağacı ve Var-Kalma Çabası

Author(s): Harun Mustafa Töle / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Iss/2019

This study analyzes the film, Ahlat Ağacı (Nuri Bilge Ceylan, 2018), through the concept of “the inclination to persist in its own being [conatus]” which occupies a significant place in the philosophy of Spiniza. The aim of the study is to examine the relation between the film and the concept of conatus. The study, discussing the concept of conatus over the last film of Ceylan who is among the most prominent director in Turkish cinema, reveals that there can be connections between the film and the philosophy of Spinoza by tracing the main characters’ conatus in the province, their wills, confrontations, happiness and sadness with the fundamental concepts of the philosophy of Spinoza.

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ALIÉNATION, ENTFREMDUNG – AND ALIENATION. HEGEL’S SOLIDARY DISPLACEMENT OF DIDEROT

ALIÉNATION, ENTFREMDUNG – AND ALIENATION. HEGEL’S SOLIDARY DISPLACEMENT OF DIDEROT

Author(s): Asger Sørensen / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit put alienation high on the philosophical agenda, as was readily recognized by Marx. Relatively well-known is also that Hegel’s concept of alienation was inspired by Goethe’s translation of Diderot’s dialogue Rameau’s Nephew, but the details and the conceptual implications of these details typically escape scholarly attention. Recognizing the basic idea of alienation as not-belonging to or being deprived of something, I emphasize that alienation implies a movement towards the limits of the human being, in which the mental suffering this involves is conditioned by social pathologies. To substantiate this claim, I show how Diderot’s satire implies uncompromising materialist social criticism, but that it does not employ the term ‘aliénation’ but instead reserves it for a kind of frenzy that borders on insanity. My claim is then that, in Goethe’s translation of Diderot’s dialogue, and in his translation of ‘aliénation’ to ‘Entfremdung’, Hegel found a general key for the conceptual critique of the spirit of Modernity. I therefore argue that, in the Phenomenology, Hegel employed alienation in more than one sense, raising madness to the level of a characteristic of Modernity, stressing the detrimental implications for consciousness under such living conditions, emphasizing how alienation works as negation, and, finally, pointing nevertheless to the possibility of embracing social and political reality.

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Angus Vine, Miscellaneous Order: Manuscript Culture and the Early Modern Organization of Knowledge, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019

Angus Vine, Miscellaneous Order: Manuscript Culture and the Early Modern Organization of Knowledge, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019

Author(s): Alexandru Liciu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

n/a

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Animalism and the Vagueness of Composition

Animalism and the Vagueness of Composition

Author(s): Radim Bělohrad / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Lockean theories of personal identity maintain that we persist by virtue of psychological continuity, and most Lockeans say that we are material things coinciding with animals. Some animalists argue that if persons and animals coincide, they must have the same intrinsic properties, including thinking, and, as a result, there are ‘too many thinkers’ associated with each human being. Further, Lockeans have trouble explaining how animals and persons can be numerically different and have different persistence conditions. For these reasons, the idea of a person being numerically distinct but coincident with an animal is rejected and animalists conclude that we simply are animals. However, animalists face a similar problem when confronted with the vagueness of composition. Animals are entities with vague boundaries. According to the linguistic account of vagueness, the vagueness of a term consists in there being a number of candidates for the denotatum of the vague term. It seems to imply that where we see an animal, there are, in fact, a lot of distinct but overlapping entities with basically the same intrinsic properties, including thinking. As a result, the animalist must also posit ‘too many thinkers’ where we thought there was only one. This seems to imply that the animalist cannot accept the linguistic account of vagueness. In this paper the author argues that the animalist can accept the linguistic account of vagueness and retain her argument against Lockeanism.

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Antonio R. Damasio, Descartesův omyl

Author(s): Mária Strelková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2002

Review of: Antonio R. Damasio, Descartesův omyl, Mladá Fronta, Praha 2000. 259 s.

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Antonio R. Damasio, Eroarea lui descartes : emoţiile, raţiunea şi creierul uman

Antonio R. Damasio, Eroarea lui descartes : emoţiile, raţiunea şi creierul uman

Author(s): Liliana Moldovan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2005

Review of: Antonio R. Damasio, Eroarea lui descartes : emoţiile, raţiunea şi creierul uman, Bucureşti, Humanitas, 2005, 332 p.

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Aporije estetike: pjevanje od novovjekovlja do suvremenosti

Aporije estetike: pjevanje od novovjekovlja do suvremenosti

Author(s): Safer Grbić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 23/2021

From Baumgarten’s attempt to establish aesthetics preceded by the introduction of the notion of aesthetics as the science of sensory knowledge, taking such a definition and without coming into the discussion of the quality of such a definition, we can say that aesthetics has not advanced much in its pursuit of a safe path of science. What was metaphysics in the Middle Ages, a polygon suitable for every kind of play and open to anyone who wanted to deal with it, that is aesthetics today. The sensory knowledge is an unbuckled space that has, according to that, never allowed aesthetics to establish a final judgement to be a sovereign in determining whether something is aesthetics or not and why aesthetics is forced to count on aesthetic objects in such a way that it never gave the ultimate judgement. Hypothesis as a judgement presumed to be true in order to explain certain facts or as assumed on the basis of fact is reflected in the aporias of aesthetics through an example of singing from the Modern Age to the Contemporaries with a time interpretation of Now. We will see in the example of singing from the Modern Age to the Contemporary the publication of such an apparent aporeticness to which aesthetics agreed at its beginning and which did not differ greatly from leaving it open for the judgements about what is and what is not aesthetics.

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ARISTOTLE – KANT CANON

ARISTOTLE – KANT CANON

Author(s): Mihai D. Vasile / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

There is much talk about “Plato-Kant canon”, but it is no less legitimate discourse about the “canon of Aristotle-Kant”. This communication aims to support the thesis about “Aristotle-Kant canon” with arguments from Aristotle’s work influences history on European metaphysics.

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Ateistyczne nurty filozofii Oświecenia. Wpływ skrajnego materializmu i racjonalizmu

Ateistyczne nurty filozofii Oświecenia. Wpływ skrajnego materializmu i racjonalizmu

Author(s): Konrad Szocik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

This paper presents the development of the basic ideas of the European enlightenment. e philosophy of the enlightenment focused on rationalism and empirical materialism. These concepts had emerged from philosophical atheism. Human reason was brought to the fore, as a new basis for ethical, ontological and epistemological authority. We can find sources for these ideas in the philosophy of Cartesian and Spinozistic rationalism, and in the empiricism and mechanism of English and French philosophy.

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Aydinlanmayi Yeniden Düşünmek: Horkheimer Ve Adorno

Aydinlanmayi Yeniden Düşünmek: Horkheimer Ve Adorno

Author(s): Mehmet Kocaoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 03/2018

On one hand the Enlightement provided an opportunity for many scientific discoveries in a critical and free environment, and on the other hand, it led to the demolition of any mythological or metaphysical component in the social and political arena that resulted in the enslavement of people. On one side of the coin, the scientific developments, and social and political institutions that entitled the people to their freedoms were created by the Englightenment. On the other side of the coin, enlightenment led to another scenario that included a new set of relations by producing and sustaining suppression and domination. The main purpose of this study is to examine this latter scenario that reproduced superiority relations by taking into consideration Horkheimer’s and Adorno’s thoughts on Englightenment. First, the study explains the main arguments of the Enlightenment. Second, the role of the Frankfurt School that shaped Horkheimer’s and Adorno’s perspectives is discussed. In the final section, the criticisms of both philosophers are scrutinized through Odysseus’ adventures.

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