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Борбата срещу младежкия жаргон по времето на социализма

Author(s): Valeri Lichev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

Founder of the study of Bulgarian youth speech is Ivan Shishmanov. His initial research interest is in the secret speech of Sofia seminarians whose speech codes are pretty simple: before or after each word they add certain syllables. Interest in social languages is renewed after the release of “Dictionary of criminal’s language” by two anonymous authors. At this time began publishing the newspaper “The taricat (sly) voice” whose motto reads: “Destroy the stupid men, the brave ones will disappear by themselves.” In the 30s of the twentieth century starts more serious research of youth slang as a sort of social languages. According to St. Mladenov taricat (sly) speech arises under the influence of criminals’ speech (argo). Persons, who violent the law, invent special words in order not to be understood by the secret police eavesdroppers. In 1945 in the newspaper “People’s Militia” was published an article which contained a list of more frequently used words by law offenders. Censored words were omitted. After establishment of the socialist political system the attitudes towards taricat speech become fundamentally changed. This unacceptable social phenomenon is condemned as “filthy stream of words,” “negative factor that contributes to thriving of hooliganism in our country,” “linguistic corruption, an expression of immoral consciousness and decadent bourgeois ideology.” One of the decisions of the party plenum, which took place in 1954, was related to some measures, aiming to eradicate the language, spoken by some young people, who refuse to follow the norms of socialist moral. It wakes heated discussions on the pages the newspaper “People’s Youth”. Readers’ reactions are similar to power measures, studies historically by M. Foucault, and related to transforming of human being in the subject of obedience and discipline. The authors of written opinions express threats of physical assault, recommendations to impose prosecution or “treatment” of those who violate the “language hygiene”. Measures taken lead to immediate success. Delinquent youths publicly repent on the pages of “People’s Youth” and declared their unwavering position to fight by all forces and resources against people who use taricat (sly) language.

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Paradigm Shift in the Understanding of the Creative Abilities of Consciousness

Author(s): Helena Knyazeva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The understanding of human consciousness as a kind of computer is insufficient and even irrelevant, taking into account the modern advances in the development of cognitive science. The author argues that a certain paradigm shift in the understanding of human consciousness and its creative abilities takes place. Consciousness is rather dynamic and autopoietic entity that is embedded into environment and intimately related with the human body. Consciousness is embodied, situated and enactive. A great contribution to this conception of human consciousness (mind) is made by Francisco Varela and his followers. Autopoiesis of consciousness means that it is able to maintain its integrity in the processes of self-organization in the permanently changing environment. An autopoietic activity of consciousness it directed to the search of elements that are missed, it longs for completing integral structures. For these reasons, it is possible to create a new, fresh view on the creative activities of consciousness, if we base our notions on the modern theories of complexity, dynamic chaos and self-organization. In the theoretical frames, chaos acquires a creative image; it is not simply a destroying force. Complex structures emerge in chaos and out of chaos. Chaos is organized and it organizes. When destroying, it builds. Chaos has many facets. Chaos is a way of renovation of complex organizations. A periodical immersion of human consciousness into chaos is a way of stimulation of its cognitive and creative activities.

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Epistemology in the context of social construction of reality

Author(s): Angel Tsvetkov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Contemporary cognition theory claims to be a separate branch, separate from philosophy. Would that mean that the other major pillar ontology would also become independent? What will be left of the philosophical body in that case? This, however, will not be a topic to be dealt with here, but only with this side of epistemology that is relevant to anthropology and the social sciences. The context of anthropology will give another status of knowledge theory to the human world, which is socially constructed. The problem of reality and truth will be related to what people believe and adhere to.

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In Defence of Utopia. Józef Tischner’s Thinking about the Social Ethos

Author(s): Krzysztof T. Wieczorek / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

An important trend in Tischner’s philosophical output was the observation of the phenomena that would occur in the current social life of Poles. The trend gained particular significance at the turn of the 1970s and the 1980s, when the processes that finally led to the systemic transformation began. During this period, Tischner made a successful attempt to reconstruct the Polish social ethos. It turned out that its integral element is the presence of utopian projects to rebuild the social order in the country. Tischner stated in his analyses that these utopias play a constructive role in the social life because they motivate people to engage in the political struggle for deep system reforms. The article presents the content of Tischner’s reconstruction of Polish utopias from the 1970s and the 1980s and the correlation between social ethics, ideological discussions, and political practice of the declining period of the Polish People’s Republic.

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The Idea of Solidarity in the Concept of Man Created in God’s Image

Author(s): Marek Petro / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

Moral theology concerns the morality of society and acts of an individual or a group of individuals that constitute that particular society. Morality teaches us to properly respond to God’s calling, so that we can fulfil our ultimate goal. The Catechism of the Catholic Church, regarded as a compendium of the doctrines of the magisterium of the Church, can also serve as a valuable source for teaching moral theology. In the first section (“Man’s Vocation Life in the Spirit”) of the third part (“Life in Christ”) of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, we can learn that man has been created “in the image and likeness of the Creator” (chap. 1, art. 1), where solidarity plays a significant role. The present paper analyses this issue.

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The Concept of Subjectivity in the Light of Józef Tischner’s Thought

Author(s): Krzysztof Wielecki / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

Reverend Józef Tischner was undoubtedly one of the most outstanding Polish philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century. What we owe to this student of Roman Ingarden is the flourishing of phenomenology and the philosophy of dialog not only in our domestic philosophical, but also sociological, psychological, and anthropological thought. His philosophy of drama is an original and very important current, which is enriched not only by the “Queen of the Sciences” but also offers great support to the related sciences, particularly sociological sciences. Within them, subjectivity is an extremely important subject of contemplation. This article is a sketch of the analysis of the benefits that a sociologist, researcher of subjectivity, can derive from reading Józef Tischner’s works.

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Philosophical Reflection on Ideology against the Backdrop of Józef Tischner’s Thinking

Author(s): Radovan Šoltés / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

Since its beginnings, philosophy has been associated with a critical quest for answers and has rejected biased and uncritical a priori interpretations. Methodic doubt has thus become not only the ever-present method of philosophy, but also a symbol of defiance against every kind of closed-minded and ideological thinking that has a tendency to simplify explanations and adapt reality to its own projections about the said reality. This type of thinking has always been linked to truth claims made by individual power entities. In the past, we have witnessed twists and abuses of ideology with far-reaching political consequences and yet the problem still persists. Each and every situation affected by crisis is a breeding ground for quick, clear and black and white explanations which attract attention and gain support, since they are generally easy to comprehend. This paper introduces a philosophical context of ideological thinking, in which the “will to power” is typical, as reflected upon by many thinkers, among them Józef Tischner who draws from his personal experience with the Communist regime in Poland.

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Dignity of the Human Person

Author(s): Adrian Loretan-Saladin / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

The Vatican II fundamentally changed the ecclesiastical view towards the human person. Especially in Nostra aetate, Gaudium et spes, and Dignitatis humanae it strengthens the dignity of the human person and personal freedom as base for a world with equal rights for all mankind. Therefore, the council qualified discrimination of all kind as against God’s will. These statements have a huge impact on the necessary further development of theology and canon law.

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Narración y otredad en „Membrana”, de Jorge Carrión

Author(s): Laro Del Río Castañeda,Claudia Sofía Benito Temprano / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 22/2022

Jorge Carrión’s novel Membrana represents itself as a leaflet for the “21st Century Museum”. This intriguing premise produces in the contemporary reader a state of cognitive estrangement, as she needs to contemplate his present as the past. However, Carrión’s repertory of disconcerting strategies does not end here. His narrator is a female artificial intelligence that uses plural pronouns to identify herself (or themselves). Coming to terms with this machine will be the main purpose of the exhibition’s visitor, forced to make sense of an entangled history created by someone with a different sense of time, different ideas about cause-effect relations, and a different understanding of what truth is. This article’s aims is to describe the mechanisms used by Carrión to build the algorithm’s voice while exploring its political and epistemological possibilities.

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Kantowska filozofia transcendentalna. Mariana Massoniusa próba ujęcia krytycyzmu Immanuela Kanta

Author(s): Anna Musioł / Language(s): Polish Issue: 48/2022

In the article, Anna Musioł, by referring to the assumptions of Marian Massonius’s doctoral dissertation and taking into account the assumptions of his several smaller works, considers Massonius’s approach to the Kantian system of critical philosophy. Analyzing, inter alia, the problem of analytical and synthetic judgments, and a priori synthetic judgments, Musioł addresses the issue of the possibility of pure mathematics. She considers the problem of time and space and analyzes the ways of presenting Kantian antinomies and the theory of cognition developed in the context of idealism and realism as well as the realism of time and space. Additionally, Musioł focuses on the problem of Massonius’s moderate agnosticism and his scientific approach to philosophy. Finally, she proposes an answer to the fundamental question, Why did Massonius, like the early neo-Kantist Liebmann in 1865, challenge a return to Kant (Zurück zu Kant!) and advocate as necessary the development of a critical formula of the a priori forms of the mind?

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Koncepcja etyki naukowej i wizje postępu moralnego w ujęciu liderów polskiej myśli pozytywistycznej

Author(s): Włodzimierz Tyburski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 48/2022

The article presents one of the components of the intellectual legacy of Polish positivism, a philosophical position which proposed a new attitude towards ethical issues. Its representatives put forward the notion of scientific ethics, reducing moral philosophy to it. They strongly emphasized their critical attitude towards traditional ethics, for which there was no place in the positivist model of science, and proposed a distinction between theoretical and practical ethics. Their project was motivated by an ambition to make ethics into jurisprudence, a discipline whose accuracy would make it similar to other sciences. Their efforts were consistently motivated by the idea of making ethics into an empirical and applied science. This scientific ethics would fulfill the important task of forming a set of moral requirements, which, by referring to moral knowledge (“ethology”), would have a chance of influencing the conduct of individuals and society. The new ethics was expected to contribute to the change in social morality and thus greatly support moral progress, an issue which was hotly debated. All positivists subscribed to the idea of progress, including that of morality; however, some differences can be discerned in how they defined progress. Some defined it in realistic categories, while others focused on optimistic visions of the future. Among the first advocates of scientific ethics and of the idea of moral progress, differences notwithstanding, were Aleksander Świętochowski, Julian Ochorowicz, Feliks Bogacki, Władysław Kozłowski, and Bolesław Prus. The article gives an overview of some of their views.

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A Possible Theological-Philosophical Architecture of Interfaith Dialogue between Christianity and Hinduism

Author(s): Ioan Dura,Bogdan Dinoiu,Irinel Ciobotaru,Dumitru Ioan Beșliu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The experience of the religious and cultural encounter of East and West was consummated. Both civilizations looked at each other, admired each other, criticized each other, appreciated each other, but could not avoid the continuous encounter on the social space. This encounter is translated into the everyday experience of a world in which religious-cultural boundaries are much more fluid and perishable because of the innovative complex of communication, mobility, and relationship. Extensive research has been produced exploring the stakes of this West-East encounter from historical, cultural, and religious perspectives. Books, studies, and projects have been written about the differences and common elements of this encounter. Our aim in this study is to project the possibility of a new architecture of the dialogue between Christianity and Hinduism, in particular between Orthodox theology and Advaita-Vedanta, one of the darśana in Hinduism, an architecture whose morphology is constituted by the density of the human experience with the divine.

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A Phenomenological Quest for the Concepts of Dasein in Tribal Metaphysical Enterprise: Prospect towards Tribal Onto-Theology

Author(s): Zodinsanga Toimoi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

It is misunderstood that tribal people have no proper awareness of phenomena of a thing. Perhaps it is for this reason that in any academic scholarship concerning tribal state of affairs, metaphysics in particular and philosophy in general has been dislocated from tribal enterprise. Their physical problems such as landlessness, hunger, poverty including liberation from these sufferings have been the age-old headlines in tribal studies. Many have miscalculated that tribal people solely rely on the objective revelation in defining reality without truly participating in it. In fact, tribal people suspend neither subjective nor objective affirmation; they keep harmonious relationship between the two. It is in the harmonious environment through being in the world that tribal identity has been acknowledged, and the objective truth has also been understood. Being-in-the-world (Dasein) as a methodology for doing tribal theology helps tribal in building authentic existence and in direction towards ontological theology.

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Człowiek w obliczu bankructwa kapitalizmu. Zakończenie trylogii „MaddAddam” Margaret Atwood jako posthumanistyczna utopia

Author(s): Kacper Tochowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (21)/2023

In his article, Kacper Tochowicz analyses and interprets the ending of Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam Trilogy. He focuses on the idea of utopia in postapocalyptic literature as a method of negating the systemic assumptions of late capitalism. Taking this context into account, Tochowicz reads the trilogy in the perspective of posthumanist discourse’s search for human and non-human subjectivity. In terms of methodology, Tochowicz’s analysis is based, on the one hand, on the critique of capitalism and, on the other, on the philosophy of posthumanism. Hence, the most important sources of this approach are Fredric Jameson’s reflections of on the place of utopia in the contemporary world and the philosophical theories of Rosi Braidotti and Bruno Latour. Tochowicz’s main goals are, first, to show how Atwood’s novels can be considered as posthumanist utopias, and, to inquire about the role non-human beings in MaddAddam in relation to Homo sapiens. The interpretation’s aim is to describe the mechanisms governing a world in which man no longer occupies a central position.

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Trauma Engraved in Stone. Material Community and the Singularity of a Traumatic Affect in Yusef Komunyakaa’s “Facing It”

Author(s): Michał Kisiel / Language(s): English Issue: 46/2023

The purpose of this article is to trace the behaviour of a traumatic affect based on the reading of Yusef Komunyakaa’s “Facing It,” a poetic ekphrasis of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Tracing the manners in which war trauma is worked through and acted out by the speaker, this paper discusses how trauma eludes both compensating processes. At the same time, the nonhuman or inhuman features of trauma are analysed alongside the nonhuman agency of the memorial. The intersection of both nonhuman modes of being makes it possible to align the trauma discourses with materialist criticism. In addition, the traumatic experience is discussed through its tactile connotations following Komunyakaa’s poem and Maya Lin’s commentaries to her monument. Touch turns out to be a potent category capable of capturing the dynamics of a traumatic affect and a promising trope on which new ethical modes of being together in trauma might be founded. Hence, the aim of this article is fourfold; it attempts to: (1) analyse how Komunyakaa’s poem, informed by the selected developments in materialist criticism and trauma studies, might illustrate and expand the affect of trauma; (2) deepen our understanding of the intersections of the material and the traumatic; (3) investigate how the speculative reorganisation of human and nonhuman boundaries, inspired by “Facing It,” might help in assessing trauma, which necessarily resides at the edges of subjectivity; and (4) propose how the figure of trauma based on vulnerable and transformative limits might revise our understanding of community and formulate an ethical obligation for the traumatic times we live in.

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Darwin, Marker, Deleuze: The Expression of the Emotions and the Filmic Unconscious

Author(s): Ruben Borg / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

My article traces a speculative history of the unconscious in a tradition of films and theories of cinema that engage with the face as a simulacrum of the psyche. Taking Gilles Deleuze’s discussion of the close-up in Cinema 1 as my starting point, I tease out the historical, conceptual and figural continuities between Charles Darwin’s work on the role of habit in emotional expression, Henri Bergson’s writing on perception and memory, and Deleuze’s own reflections on affectivity in film. I then turn to the films and essays of Chris Marker to suggest that within this cinematic model of the psyche, the unconscious corresponds to an irreducible passivity that conditions habit and perception and determines the expressivity of the face.

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Gaston Bachelard’s Psychoanalysis of Reason and Its Practical Dimension

Author(s): Marta Ples-Bęben / Language(s): English Issue: 48/2024

The aim of the article is to analyze Gaston Bachelard’s psychoanalysis of the scientific mind in its practical dimension. Inspired by Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis, Bachelard deployed his own method to analyze the scientific unconscious, populated by epistemological obstacles inhibiting scientific cognition. As this article seeks to demonstrate, Bachelard’s psychoanalysis aims to purify, and thereby streamline the cognitive mind on two levels: individual and historical. Bachelard’s methodological experiment, transferring psychoanalysis into the spheres of the theory of knowledge and philosophy of science, turns out to be, at the same time, an instance of the architecture of a scientific mind, a polemic with cognitive realism and empiricism, and a postulate of analytical therapy in the field of cognition.

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O specyfice wiedzy we współczesnych naukach humanistycznych

Author(s): Mateusz Falkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 48/2024

In the paper, the current condition of the humanities is confronted with the crisis of foundations in mathematics at the turn of the 20th century. This reveals the difference between mathematical knowledge and the humanities, especially that of the structuralist variant with its formalist aspirations. The birth and decay of structuralism involve a simultaneous transformation of the research field, which henceforth becomes culture, and of the cognitive instrumentarium. As a result, it turns out that not only is there no proper object of humanistic research, but also no truly humanistic language. Humanistic knowledge – called extensive knowledge, in contrast to mathematical intensive knowledge – is doomed to meta-languages.

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Dyskurs glottoedukacyjny a dyskurs glottodydaktyczny. W poszukiwaniu genus proximum i differentia specifica dyskursu dotyczącego nauki języków obcych (perspektywa lingwistyki historycznej)

Author(s): Joanna Przyklenk,Irmina Kotlarska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article stems from the belief in the usefulness of the discourse category used to present the transformations of communication activities in old texts, and the need to supplement linguistic descriptions of the glottodidactic process with a diachronic perspective. The text constitutes a part of the Polish studies on a diachronic discourse, and its aim is to expand the network of concepts used to describe the communication process of individuals in terms of developing competences in a foreign language and the knowledge about this language and its users being transmitted. Proposing a term other than glottodidactic to describe communication practices in the area of teaching/learning foreign languages results from the adopted diachronic perspective. Observation of old texts documenting foreign language education indicates a greater share of informal education at that time as compared to the present. Professionalization and institutionalization, which are key to the glottodidactic discourse, begin to dominate in the 20th century. This makes the term less appropriate in relation to older statements describing the discursive space of foreign language education. The understanding of the expression a glottoeducational discourse is presented against the background of taxonomies of discourse functioning in Polish literature and the conceptual scopes of the terms didactics, glottodidactics and education. This allowed us to establish that a glottoeducational discourse fits into the space of educational discourse and is a term that is broader in scope than a glottodidactic discourse. The definitional considerations are exemplified by the description of non-discursive elements in the texts of the glottoeducational discourse based on the sources illustrating the English-speaking education of Poles. The text sources in question indicate a high absorbency of the glottoeducational discourse – it is formed in close connection with an institutional and a specialist discourse, and is subject to ideological influences as well as serves identity functions.

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Go woke, go broke? On black elves, anthropological perspective and critical approach to “culture wars”

Author(s): Tomasz Raczkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2023

The text reflects on the issues of wokeness and culture wars in regard to mainstream cinema and its reception. Building on the author’s own ethnographical fieldwork within film industry, it addresses the question of desired anthropological approach to the discourse about representation in popular culture. The case of backlash against certain elements of popular fantasy live action series The Lord of the Rings: Rings of Power and The Witcher is used by the author to argue for intersectional analysis rooted in economic perspective that exceeds identity-oriented, binary discursive setup, in search of more nuanced social knowledge, which is something that should constitute anthropological presence in public debate.

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