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Argumenty na rzecz nieredukcyjnego ujęcia tożsamości osobowej

Author(s): Mariusz Grygianiec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2016

In the debate on personal identity many different criteria of identity are proposed and defended. Criteria of identity are usually taken to state necessary and sufficient conditions of identity and are viewed, in their metaphysical interpretation, as providing truth conditions of relevant identity statements. In my paper I argue that this view is misconceived and I present some arguments for the simple view of personal identity, according to which there are no noncircular and informative criteria of identity for persons. In particular, I argue that there are no other facts of the matter than identity itself which would serve as truth conditions of statements concerning numerical identity. I also try to justify the view that in most cases criteria of identity should be interpreted either epistemically as a means for finding out whether identity holds or not or metaphysically as criteria of genidentity, which provide appropriate persistence conditions for objects of a given kind.

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Czy przyjaźń etyczna nie jest przyjaźnią pozorną? – rozważania wokół drugiego rozdziału siódmej księgi Etyki eudemejskiej

Author(s): Maciej Smolak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2016

In The Eudemian Ethics 1237b6–7 Aristotle seems to suggest that if the ethical friend has an unpleasant odour, he is left by his friend. The article is devoted to demonstrating that the ethical friendship is not the apparent friendship. For this purpose author presents the characteristics of the true friend and distinguishes two types of the ethical friendship, the first between good men, i.e. men with a typical mixture of good and bad traits of character, the second between noble men, i.e. the best men who are heroes of intellect and character – intellect because prudent, character because noble. On this basis author shows three interpretations which neutralize controversial statement. According to the first interpretation – called “superhuman stink” – unpleasant odour is impossible to endure for the men, even good or noble. Therefore ethical friend must leave his friend in such circumstances. According to the second interpretation – called “one-dimensional courage” – ethical friend, who has an unpleasant odour is left by ethical friend, since one, who leaves can not endure stinking friend. The reason is that he has one-dimensional courage and apart from direct hostilities he does not cope with own weakness. According to the third interpretation – called “heroic solitude” – ethical friend, who has an unpleasant odour does not want to grieve his friend. Therefore decides to heroic solitude – heroic, since a human being is a civic being and one whose nature is to live with others – and leaves his friend.

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Shaftesbury as a Popperian: critical rationalism before its time? Part I

Author(s): Lydia Amir / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2016

Shaftesbury has assigned humor an unparalleled role within philosophy, which may be encapsulated in the following tenets: (1) ridicule is the test of truth; (2) humor and good humor have a habilitating function with regard to truth; (3) the most effective criticism is humorous; and (4) humor is the mark of rationality. In the present article, I introduce Shaftesbury’s views on ridicule, good humor and humor in order to assess both the originality and viability of Shaftesbury’s contribution. I argue, first, that Shaftesbury’s views on ridicule as a test of truth and on good-humor as habilitating truth are thoroughly original, but cannot be implemented without adhering to his metaphysics and epistemology. Second, Shaftesbury’s views on humor are only partially original, though these can be implemented independently of metaphysical and epistemological assumptions for the greatest benefit of philosophers in general and critical rationalists in particular. I conclude that not only does Shaftesbury anticipate the view that critical thinking is the core of rationality, the main principle of the view known as critical rationalism associated with the renown 20th century philosopher of science and social philosopher, Karl Popper, but he also offers a viable means to enhance criticism as rationality by taking into consideration the psychological resistance to criticism that Popper acknowledges but refuses to address.

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Czy istnienie może być lepsze albo gorsze od nieistnienia? Część I: Ustalanie wartości w ramach dobrostanu

Author(s): Mirosław Rutkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

The aim of this paper is to examine whether there is any possibility to compare the value of someone’s existence with his nonexistence. The final conclusion is that such a comparative evaluation can never be made in a meaningful and valid manner. Nobody can know as well whether he would be better off or worse off created than he would have been had he never existed.

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Sfera niczyja jako źródło życia psychicznego: Nietzsche, Scheler, Wittgenstein, Goffman

Author(s): Katarzyna Gurczyńska-Sady / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

Traditionally mental life of the person goes into “seclusion” called his/her interior. It is believed that because of its secret nature of the it and because it is not immediately given to other subject who may – at best – guess of what “goes in”. Free access one has got only to his/her own experiences (feelings, emotions, thoughts etc.). In the twentieth century (and a bit earlier) this traditional view is criticized and changed. As a fruit of this criticism emerged the opposite trend: the knowledge of both my and his/her inner experience is explain by introducing an element that allows this knowledge and is placed outside any of them. I call it the impersonal sphere of nobody – supra-individual matrix of the knowledge of my and his/her mental life. In this article I try to indicate the origin of the idea of this sphere giving its main characteristics. A description is based on the views of known philosophers: Nietzsche, Scheler and Wittgenstein and one sociologist – Goffman.

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Podmiot jako wewnętrzny biegun symbolizmu. Antymentalistyczna wykładnia „Traktatu logiczno-filozoficznego”

Author(s): Jakub Gomułka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

The purpose of this paper is to offer a radical anti-mentalistic interpretation of Wittgensteinʼs Tractatus. Contrary to mentalistic approaches postulating that the task of projection must be performed by a subject (transcendental or psychological), the author claims – after Rhees, Diamond and McGinn – that the projection itself is an intrinsic relation within the symbol. The main point of the paper is the thesis that the transcendenal subjectivity – or, as Wittgenstein calls it, the metaphysical subject – is the inner pole of the symbol, and since the meaning of the symbol is itʼs other inner pole (as anti-realist interpretations point out), the whole intentional relation of symbolizing is intrinsic to the symbolism.

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Dysjunktywizm i natura percepcyjnej relacji

Author(s): Paweł Zięba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

This paper surveys selected (though arguably representative) versions of metaphysical and epistemological disjunctivism. Although they share a common logical structure, it is hard to find a further common denominator among them. Two main conclusions are: (1) a specific standpoint on the nature of perceptual relation is not such a common denominator, which means that it is very unlikely that all of these views could be refuted with a single objection; (2) contrary to what its name suggests, disjunctivism can be correctly expressed without the employment of disjunction.

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Czy emocje mogą być racjonalne? Analiza wybranych aspektów filozofii emocji Ronalda de Sousy

Author(s): Andrzej Dąbrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

In the paper I examine the three aspects of Ronald de Sousa’s philosophy of emotions: intentionality, objectivity, and rationality of emotions. In the beginning, I put up the basic question, how he sees emotions? De Sousa argues that emotions are a kind of perception (perception of axiological properties). At the same time he defends an objectivist approach to emotions. It implies that emotion apprehends something in the world that exists independently of us. The fundamental question, how emotions relate to their objects, leads to the inquiry on the intentional structure of emotion and, then, to the study of the truth of emotion. Finally, I reconstruct a very important study concerning rationality: cognitive rationality, strategic rationality, and axiological rationality. The latter one is specific to the emotions.

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Czy istnienie może być lepsze albo gorsze od nieistnienia? Część II: Wartości osobowe a obiektywne racje moralne

Author(s): Mirosław Rutkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

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Zwierzę jako absolutny Inny – otwieranie nie/możliwości

Author(s): Patryk Szaj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

The starting point for consideration is to put the Emmanuel Levinas’s philosophy into question whether the status of “absolute Otherness” may also belong to the Other other than man. On the basis of the thought of Levinas it receives a negative response and it is because of his involvement in the so-called anthropological machine (which he shares with Martin Heidegger and some other critics of metaphysics). But it is, however, possible to open the (broadly defined) phenomenological ethical thought drew on the achievements of Levinas to the question of the animal. This attempt might be centered around the proposals of Jacques Derrida, the author of the essay The Animal That Therefore I Am (More To Follow), where he spoke about the singularity of each animal, the problematic status of border between man and animal, and the being-with animals as a full-fledged modality of being. This is a provocative thought which asks us about our attitude to such issues as “responsibility” and “responsiveness”, “carno-phallogocentrism”, or the status of non-human animals. Derrida’s thought is here very close to some kind of phenomenological language, but it is rather the phenomenology of the otherness than the phenomenology of intentional subject. The same phenomenology that we find in Bernhard Waldenfels’s or John D. Caputo’s writing.

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Jak czytać/pisać historię? Wobec sztuki, literatury i przeżycia

Author(s): Dominika Gruntkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

The author of the article tries to describe the most important issues in thoughts of Frank Ankersmit, Hayden White and Dominic LaCapra. The author of the article wants to analyze, how Ankersmit and White treat connection between historiography and literature and other fields of art. The object of the article was also to describe the problem of memory in history studies, this problem is united with trauma and her influence to the memory of the experience (LaCapra). This article tries also to describe the most important assumption of microhistory in thoughts of Ankersmit and White.

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„Bezstronny obserwator” Adama Smitha a neutralne kryteria oceny w etyce społecznej

Author(s): Cezary Kalita / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

Ethical theory for Adam Smith is first of all the basic mechanism of social controls. Going out from decisions of the matter of the moral feelings, which the ‘sympathy’ states the foundation; it tries to work out the neutral criteria of ethical opinions introducing the ‘impartial spectator’ figure. Superiority of this category in relation to John Rawls ‘veil of ignorance’ depends on this, that the Smith places his philosophical theory in the strong empirical context (the kind of sociological philosophy). Social ethicist is the base to build more folded regulators of community life, or social, such as economy and politics. The neutral criteria of ethical opinions are the foundation of different derivative social workings (economy, politics).

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(Nie)obiektywna podmiotowość

Author(s): Piotr Piotrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

In this article, I analyze the issue of subjectivity in the form in which it appears in Charles Taylor’s and Richard Rorty’s writings. Positions of these philosophers are generally regarded as contradictory. I will, however, argued that the position on subjectivity represented by Rorty finds its complementation in Taylor’s concept. To do this, I will show firstly that both Rorty and Taylor use the category of contingency, presenting some common thesis about subjectivity. This way I will show that the location of the category of subjectivity and the scope of its use in each of them concept is closely related to the understanding of objectivity accepted by each of them. This will allow then to reconstruct the concept of subjectivity presented by Taylor and Rorty. Next, in the conclusion, I will present such a summary of those two standpoints, which will include justification of the thesis of their complementarity.

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Responsibility in Existential Approach of Psychotherapy

Author(s): Anita Gralak / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2016

The aim of this paper is to show that responsibility arises from an existential dimension of the human being and therefore an existential depth is a necessary condition of undertaking or rejecting responsibility. Linking ethical and existential dimensions has an application in the process of psychotherapy, beginning with M. Boss, to I.D. Yalom. Both of them applied the philosophical issues of M. Heidegger’s thought. Yalom isolated the area of problems and medical conditions, and put forward a thesis that they arise from the existential depth of Dasein; thus, assuming or escaping responsibility brings consequences for mental health. Following such indications, one may find oneself on a ground of one’s own responsibility. In this paper, it will be shown that if one deals with existential issues, one may answer to human problems during the process of psychotherapy, and might approximate oneself to authenticity, which means prosperity, well-being and integration of personality. I hope that the following paper will be a contribution to polemics and treatment not only among psychotherapists but also among the milieu of philosophers.

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Spiritualizirani komunizam: komentar uz Krležinu reviziju kršćanske ortodoksije (od Legende /1914. i 1933./ prema Chestertonu)

Author(s): Leo Rafolt / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 09+12/2016

Prva Krležina tiskom objavljena drama, Legenda, ujedno je i prvi njegov objavljeni književni tekst. Kao drama u nastavcima, izlazila je u Književnim novostima Milana Marjanovića, u prva četiri broja 1914, i sam ju je autor namjeravao objaviti u sklopu »biblijskog ciklusa« u knjizi pod naslovom Legenda. No, tu će dramu Krleža ipak premjestiti u nedovršeni ciklus o gigantskim ličnostima europske povijesti, Isusu, Kolumbu, Michelangelu, Kantu i Goyi, da bi je, naposljetku, 1933. otisnuo u izmijenjenoj verziji u knjizi drama, ponovno pod naslovom Legende, no s posve drugim izborom dramskih tekstova.

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Sve je samo konstrukcija

Author(s): Žarko Paić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 09+12/2016

Gdje vlada razasutost metafizičkoga tereta istine bitka, tamo cvate estetsko iskustvo Stvari. Nigdje kao u suvremenoj umjetnosti gotovo da ne postoji kompromis između ozakonjene institucije njezina djelovanja–u–svijetu i zbiljskoga svijeta o tome da promjena učvršćuje stabilnost, kaos podaruje legitimnost poretku, a entropija ga čuva od propasti. Imamo jezik kojim više ne objašnjavamo što jest smisao bitka. Umjesto toga, služi nam kao alat za razotkrivanje mnoštva značenja. Ona nisu ukorijenjena u onome što se pokazuje kao stvar sama. Jednostavno, proizlaze iz »forme života«. U nju upisujemo znakove i tragove, šifre i kodove.

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Ka određenju značenja postmoderne

Author(s): Samir Arnautović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 01/1998

Pitanje značenja postmoderne odavno već nije semantički orijentirano i izražava se u preispitivanju tokova otvorenih nastojanjem prevladavanja situacije u kojoj je već sve općenito izgubilo važnost u tome što je postalo poznato. U tom smislu "postmoderna" je jedna razdražujuća riječ. Ona plaši i mami (Wolfgang Welsch, Wege aus der Moderne, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1994., str.l) ona je izraz primarnosti promišljanja svih životno određenih momenata, te se u tom smislu pojavljuje kao izraz vremena. Istovremeno, upravo iz ove određenosti "postmoderna" je izraz koji više neće biti okrenut samo ka literaturi, arhitekturi i drugim oblastima umjetnosti, nego će jednako dobro biti sociološki upućena kako i filozofski, ekonomski, tako i teološki, za nju je pronađen priključak i u historiji i antropologiji, pravu i psihijatriji, teoriji kulture, geografiji i pedagogiji (W. Welsch, Ibid. str.l). Jasno je da postmoderna nije nikakvo relativiziranje stvari radi samog relativiziranja, ona nije izraz zahtjeva za partikularizacijom, čime bi bila samo novum moderne, nego potreba dekonstrukcije tradicije i perspektivističkog promišljanja zbilje. Značenje prefiksa "post" treba tražiti u višeznačnosti i spremnosti na polivalentnost u promišljanju.

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Canis lupus i tajemnice ludzkiej duszy. O literackim obrazie wilka na przykładzie wybranych dzieł niemiecko‑ i anglojęzycznych

Author(s): Aneta Jurzysta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The article is devoted to the literary representation of the wolf, and the texts analysed include Hermann Hesse’s “Steppenwolf” and Mark Rowlands’ “The Philosopher and the Wolf”. In both texts the wolf becomes the mirror in which the man’s inner life is reflected, and the authors search for the answers to existential questions in the wolfish nature. “And so the Steppenwolf had two natures, a human and a wolfish one. This was his fate, and it may well be that it was not a very exceptional one.” Those words of Hermann Hesse refer to the complicated, split personality of the main protagonist and the complex nature of every man. Harry is partly a man, who desires social respect and the comforts of the middle‑class life, and shares human ideas and interests, and partly a wild beast, who mocks these vain and absurd desires, and remains untamed and impulsive. Mark Rowlands’ wolf is not only part of the author’s inner self, but a wild animal, with which the American philosopher spent 11 years of his life. The wolf companion changes completely the man’s way of thinking, becoming an inspiration for philosophical considerations over the nature of love, death, happiness and humanity, the purposefulness of human actions, the sources of despair and hope, the nature of the fear of death. The wolf ’s company makes it possible for Rowlands to find his human nature, makes him eventually become a different person: of partly human and partly wolfish nature. In both cases the wolf (being either part of a man’s personality or a real wild companion) determines the protagonists’ lives and helps them understand themselves.

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A Trial of Interpretation of Meister Eckhart’s Thought on God and Man through the Analysis of Its Paradoxes

Author(s): Zbigniew Kaźmierczak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This article interprets Eckhart’s contradictions by presenting them as a result of an existential search for salvific power. It is shown that power is ambivalent in nature: it is the power of what is and the power of (self)overcoming (of what is). Just because power is in itself ambivalent and the process of searching for it existentialist (so not completely conscious), Eckhart’s mystical texts are full of contradictions and the German mystic is apparently not aware of it. The sample of them is shown in this article with regard to his ideas on God and man. Three other interpretations of Eckhart’s (“apophatic,” “educational,” “methodological”) are presented and argued against.

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Prius’ът в Хегеловата онтология

Author(s): Ivo Minkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The article interlace the problem about basis and foundations of Science, its topology with Absolute spirit as self-deployment, so as with the attempt to affirm the “identity of being and thought”. Furthermore, the rational construction of Hegel’s ontology acquire different, heuristic, but not irrational interpretation. More specifically, it points out the possibility to consider Hegel’s speculative ethical life in metaphysical aspect.

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