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ABOUT PRACTICAL PROBLEM SOLVING

Author(s): Arto Mutanen / Language(s): English Issue: 89/2016

Knowledge is, by definition, reliable and, hence, it can be applied to a variety of different problems. Nevertheless, in practical problem solving, we do not rely on mere truthful knowledge, but also on information which frames the practical acceptability. We are not looking for truthful solution but an optimal solution. Optimal solution is found out by optimizing some given (practical) parameters. The optimization is both theory based and practice based process. That is, practical problem solving is a human deliberation that interconnects theoretical and practical knowledge. So, the philosophical foundation of practical problem solving interconnects theoretical and practical philosophy. Especially ethical deliberation plays – or should play – central role in practical problem solving. The complexity of the advanced scientific knowledge needed in solving present day practical problems separates the people who know, from the people who do (decide). The situation makes immediate that we need some deeper pedagogical conviction: we need ecological education.

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FREGE’S „BEDEUTUNG“ KAIP „REIKŠMĖ“ IR KAIP „NURODYMAS“

Author(s): Albinas Plėšnys,Marius Povilas Šaulauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2017

This article deals with the problems of understanding and translating the term Bedeutung as introduced by Gottlob Frege, which arose in the analytic tradition of philosophy of English-speaking world, and with their solutions in the context of Lithuanian philosophical terminology. Two different approaches in the translation of the term should be distinguished: literal, which pays the biggest importance to the lexical properties of the word within the context of the natural source language, and interpretive. Both approaches emerge at the crossroad of contemporary problems in philosophy of language, mind and science, and choice of one over another demonstrates rather methodological attitude than possible defects in one’s translation technique. Thus the development of Lithuanian analytic philosophy is hardly imaginable without the corresponding equivalents in Lithuanian language at hand. Literal translation of Bedeutung as reikšmė satisfies the needs for being used in both such contexts, where literal English translations, such as meaning or significance of word Bedeutung are used, and where the traditional diachronic standpoint of historiography of philosophy is held. Admitting that the vast majority of texts in contemporary analytic philosophy are written in English we suggest adding a new notion to the Lithuanian philosophical terminology, namely nurodymas, as a way to avoid conceptual difficulties and problematic usage of word referencija.

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Истината – Димитър Михалчев contra Иван Саръилиев

Author(s): Georgi Belogashev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2012

The article is concerned to a considerable philosophical problem of truth which is basically a pragmatist conception. The professor of the Sofia University Dimitar Mihalchev offers a discussion of the possibility to apply the method and the criterion of pragmatism conception in the science.

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Защо е негативно отношението към Тодор Павлов ?

Author(s): Dimitar Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2012

Relying on arhival materials the article attempts at providing an answer to the question why Todor Pavlov as philosopher is predominantly negatively assessed. The need to revisit and revise the imposed today interpretative schemata is pointed out.

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Trauma Freud: Sigmund Freud as a Fictional Character in D. M. Thomas’s The White Hotel

Author(s): Miroslav Kotásek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

The paper views the novel The White Hotel (1981) written by D. M. Thomas as a specific model of a general situation of a human in Modernism. It points at specific instances where the text of the novel itself refers to certain limitations of such a view of trauma which interprets it as an effect of a real (primal) event onto the life of an individual (i.e. as a structural trauma), while the attempt to overcome the personal horizon, so as to apply a general psychoanalytic structure of human existence (structural trauma) onto an individual trauma implies unacceptable consequences. For the purpose of “criticizing” psychoanalysis the text of the novel employs different strategies, especially an imitation of the genre and structure of a Freudian “case study” (Krankengeschichte), making Sigmund Freud one of the main characters in the novel at the same time. The second part of the paper focuses on the article concentrates on the relationship between the traumatizing event and its possible or necessary deformations caused by its later attempted linguistic account. Especially relevant in this context is the way in which Anatoly Kuznetsov used the eye witness testimonies of the Babi Yar massacre survivor, while the article stresses the strategy D. M. Thomas employed when using Kuznetsov’s “documentary novel” in The White Hotel.

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Frege’s „reikšmė“

Author(s): Jonas Dagys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 97/2020

The article raises the question what is the content of Frege’s infamous notion of Bedeutung? It is claimed that the so–called standard interpretation of this notion – Bedeutung as referential relation between a name and an object – was developed and established evaluating Frege’s ideas in philosophy of language in isolation from his logicist ideas. However, precisely his logicist concerns have motivated Frege’s interest in semantic issues. A broader consideration of Frege’s works reveals an internalist and rationalist notion of meaning, that is based on the context principle, and that should not be reduced to mere reference. The question of the meaning of subsentential components, for Frege, is closely related to the question of the meaning of the whole sentence, that is, the meaning of sub–sentential components should be construed as secondary with regard to the meaning of the whole sentence.

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A Renaissance mathematician’s art

Author(s): Ryszard Mirek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Piero della Francesca is best known as a painter but he was also a mathematician. His treatise De prospectiva pingendi is a superb example of a union between the fine arts and mathematical sciences of arithmetic and geometry. In this paper, I explain some reasons why his painting is considered as a part of perspective and, therefore, can be identified with a branch of geometry.

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Philosophical and Cognitive Existence of Linguistic Subjectivity and Its Realisation Paths from the Perspective of Integrating Embodied Philosophy and Cognition

Author(s): Bingzhuan Peng / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

Language is the product of human’s discursive practice. It is bound to bear speakers’ feelings, attitudes and opinions toward events, that is, linguistic subjectivity (LS). However, the phenomenon of linguistic subjectivity (LS) cannot be fully unravelled by the existing single perspective of semantics, pragmatics, philosophy, or cognitive linguistics. To reveal the philosophical attribute and cognitive nature of linguistic subjectivity (LS), a model of integrating embodied philosophy and cognition of linguistic subjectivity (IEPCLS) was constructed, and a philosophical cognitive analysis frame work of linguistic subjectivity (LS) was proposed. By integrating the embodiment and non-objectivity of language meaning in embodied philosophy and the speaker’s self-orientation in cognitive linguistics, the philosophical and cognitive existence of linguistic subjectivity (LS) was explored. The concrete realisation paths of the philosophical and cognitive existence of linguistic subjectivity (LS) were investigated on the basis of the framework, and the feasibility of the model and framework was verified by taking discourse constructions as examples. The results show that linguistic subjectivity (LS) is the attribute of speakers as subjects and exists in the speaker’s realistic experience, the speaker’s self, and the speaker’s interaction and perception of the social communication context (SCC). The realisation paths of the philosophical and cognitive existence of linguistic subjectivity (LS) include the speaker’s self-expressions, the speaker’s meaning assignment to social communication context (SCC), and the speaker’s meaning interpretation of social communication context (SCC). The study provides references for interpreting the subjective factors behind discourse.

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ETHICAL SUBTERFUGES OF CIORANIAN NIHILISM

Author(s): Liliana PAVEL (MIREA) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 26/2021

The existential vacuum arises from several interfering causes and can occur in a multitude of forms, masks and faces. The true meaning of life must be discovered outside, in the world, because the human being is not a closed system. To become human means, without a doubt, to dedicate yourself to causes oriented outside you, to a sense of love that looks at the other. In the struggle with himself, in the burden of suffering, Cioran seems to miss precisely this alliance of human perfection, often deliberately omitting contact with the world, blinded by the obsession of his own suffering. Then suffering begins to dig the (inner) subterfuges of ethics, to which we cannot determine the efficiency, nor the viability in relation to the outside, in a possible ethical process with the world, their origin being so sensibly subjective. In other words, self-transcendence is essential for ethical relationships; without it man remains captive in himself, exterminating any possibility of reconciliation with the world. The human being temporarily comes to resort to a helpful, adapted ethic.

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Imaging the Absolute: Can Philosophy Visualize Abstractions?

Author(s): Leon Miodoński / Language(s): English Issue: 62/2023

This article consists of three parts: the first gives a synthetic outline of intellectual tendencies in post-Renaissance thought (Hermeticism, Alchemy, Kabbalah, which generated the iconic turn (emblematics, iconology). Its essence boils down to the integral relationship of the motto (lemma), the engraving (imago), and the poetic text (subscription). The second part is a more detailed analysis of one of the illustrations contained in the first volume of the German edition of Jacob Böhme’s works from 1682 (Gutenberg Project). The epoch, aesthetic tastes prevailing at that time and the Theosophical content of the work allow us to read this illustration from the point of view of iconology. The third part is devoted to two issues: First, one of the central themes in German idealism was the discussion around the notion of the absolute—whether the absolute can be grasped in concepts (Hegel) or in internal intuition (Schelling). Romanticism was dominated by a tendency to a subjective and speculative approach to the absolute. The philosophy and art of Romanticism was modeled on, among other things, medieval German mysticism and Böhme’s theosophy, seeking in these sources the best representation of what is unrepresentable, i.e., the absolute. Secondly, philosophical and artistic Romanticism developed a new type of imagery–language images. The dilemma that resulted from the discussion in German idealism—the notion or inner vision—from the modern point of view should be solved by a compromise: word and image.

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Z nowości wydawniczych

Author(s): Katarzyna Stępień / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2020

Piotr Jaroszyński, Kultura. Dramat natury i osoby, seria „Monografie i Studia z Filozofii Realistycznej”, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, Lublin 2020, s. 321, ISBN 978-83-65792-24-2. Św. Tomasz z Akwinu, Dysputa o uczuciach (Dysputy problemowe o prawdzie. Kwestie 25 i 26), przekład z jęz. łacińskiego Aleksander Białek, tekst przekładu przejrzeli M. A. Krąpiec, A. Maryniarczyk, seria „Teksty-Przekłady- Komentarze”, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, Lublin 2020, s. 474, ISBN 978-83-65792-26-6. Vittorio Possenti, Powrót do bytu. Pożegnanie z metafizyką nowożytną, przekład Jarosław Merecki, seria „Monografie i Studia z Filozofii Realistycznej”, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomas z a z Akwinu, Lubl in 2020, s . 373, ISBN 978-83-65792-27-3. Henryk Kiereś, Filozofia sztuki, seria „Monografie i Studia z Filozofii Realistycznej”, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, Lublin 2020, s. 423, ISBN 978-83-65792-25-9. Kim jest człowiek? Współczesne debaty antropologiczne, seria „Zadania współczesnej metafizyki”, red. nauk. A. Maryniarczyk, N. Gondek, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, Lublin 2020, s. 504, ISBN 978-83-65792-30-3. Arystoteles, Analityki pierwsze. Analityki wtóre, przekład i opracowanie Marian A. Wesoły (UAM, Poznań), seria „Teksty-Przekłady-Komentarze”, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomas z a z Akwinu, Lubl in 2020, s . 454, ISBN 978-83-65792-29-7. Karol Wojtyła, The Lublin Lectures – Wykłady lubelskie, translated by Hugh McDonald, series „The Lublin Philosophical School”, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, Lublin-Roma 2020, s. 683, ISBN 978-83-65792-28-0. Paulina Sulenta, Stwórcza moc Boga. Stanowisko św. Tomasza z Akwinu, seria „Scripta Philosophiae Classicae”, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, Lublin 2020, s. 242, ISBN 978-83-65792-36-5. Filozof wpatrzony w naturę i to co boskie. Księga pamiątkowa z okazji Jubileuszu urodzin i pracy naukowej na KUL Księdza Profesora Andrzeja Maryniarczyka SDB, red. T. Duma, A. Gudaniec, Z. Pańpuch, K. Stępień, P. Sulenta, Wydawnictwo Academicon, Lublin 2020, s. 1340, ISBN 978-83-953549-3-9.

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Zagrebačka magla i marčana bura: meteorološki izrazi u pozadini lokalnih identiteta

Author(s): Daniela Katunar,Jan Defrančeski / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2023

This study investigates the role of meteorological expressions in conceptualizing and contextualizing local identities with special reference to Lovranski list, a local news publication of the municipality of Lovran, Croatia. From a linguistic perspective, meteorological expressions refer to lexical and syntactic means that serve to describe and categorize the domain of meteorological weather and meteorological events (Eriksen et al. 2012; Katunar and Simeon 2023), and they also play a role in the study of linguistic data from the perspective of folk meteorology (cf. Sijerković 1996; Gluhak 2004). From the perspective of ordinary language philosophy (e.g., Wittgenstein 1998, 2007, 2009), meteorological expressions can also be understood as lexical-syntactic means that contain semantic features relevant for understanding the (local) identity of certain communities (e.g., Zagreb fog and March bora).

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HOLISTIČKI I KONCEPTUALNI KARAKTER MENTALNOG U DELU DONALDA DEJVIDSONA

Author(s): Miloš Bogdanovic / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2020

In this paper we will try to confront Quine’s and Davidson’s holistic position through Davidson’s thesis of mental as a non-ontological category. In this regard, since Davidson came to this position through the thesis of mental as a decidedly conceptual category, we will try to show how this approach does not, nevertheless, rule out the possibility of its interpretation in ontological terms. However, in what follows we will draw attention to the fact that mental can be interpreted so that it proves to be immune to ontologization in Quine’s sense. This would be the evidence of different ways, which are not necessarily compatible, to argue for Davidson’s central thesis – the thesis about holistic character of mental – as well as, which is closely related, a certain difference that exists between Davidson’s view of mental as a conceptual category on the one hand, and a holistic category on the other hand.

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NOMINALIZAM DŽOZEFA MELIJE I INDEKSIČKO SHVATANJE BROJEVA

Author(s): Aleksa Čupić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2019

According to the Quine-Putnam indispensability argument, we are committed to all the entities that are indispensable to our best scientific theory. John Melia argues contra Quine-Putnam by claiming that even though such entities as numbers are indispensable to our best science, there is reason to deny their existence. In order to defend Melia’s theory from criticism put forth by Mark Colyvan, who demands that Melia provide a nominalistically acceptable paraphrase of our best scientific theory, supporters of this view have argued for the stronger claim that numbers are not indispensable. They all claim that numbers have an indexing role in the scientific explanation. In this article, I will consider some of the arguments for the indexing theory and point out its inadequacies.

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SEMANTIČKI MENTALIZAM, INTERSUBJEKTIVNOST I METAFIZIKA NORMATIVNOSTI

Author(s): Miloš Šumonja / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2017

The subject of this paper is Kripkensteinˈs critique of mentalistic explanation of linguistic normativity, as well as his intersubjective conception of normativity. The author argues against dominant intepretation of Kripkensteinˈs view on meaning as social metaphysics of normativity, the theory which reduces language rules to community consensus. It is pointed out that Kripkensteinˈs rejection of mentalistic thesis that meaning is some kind of mental state in the head of a speaker results in anti-reductionistic character of intersubjective conception of normativity, which describes how we speak about difference between correct and incorrect uses of language in everyday life, but does not say what that difference is, or what it consists of. Hence, it is concluded that, according to Kripkenstein, community is the only normative tribunal in matters of language, but itˈs not the supreme judge because, rather than passing irrevocable judgments on correctness of individual speech acts, community actually constitutes a framework that enables the normative disputes between its members.

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VITGENŠTAJNOVA KRITIKA FROJDA

Author(s): Filip Čukljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

The aim of this paper is to present the critique that Ludwig Wittgenstein directs to the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, as well as to critically evaluate its successfulness. At the beginning I will review some of the main arguments that Wittgenstein offers against this theory. First I will consider the argument that calls into question the psychoanalytic ontology and according to which there are significant problems in its conceptualization. Then I will deal with the critique which holds that the psychoanalytic method is problematic, primarily because it is allegedly unscientific. After this I will show the third argument that attacks Freud’s assumption according to which phenomena such as dreams must have a certain essence. It will be shown that none of these arguments is entirely successful. Subsequently I will focus on the argument that is, according to some, the main Wittgenstein’s argument and according to which Freud makes a mistake by not distinguishing the concepts of cause and reason. I will claim that psychoanalysis can be defended from this objection likewise. In order to show this, I will refer to the interpretation of Freud’s teachings according to which the so-called subintentional explanations are used in psychoanalysis.

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PROBLEM TUĐIH SVESTI I PSIHOLOŠKI POJMOVI

Author(s): Ljiljana Radenović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2016

Wittgensteinian solution to the problem of other minds is usually associated with Wittgenstein’s position that psychological concepts do not describe but express mental states. In his book An Essay on Philosophical Psychology An Essay on Philosophical Psychology L. Kojen (2009) develops an interpretation of Wittgenstein according to which Wittgenstein himself was aware that all psychological concepts cannot be analyzed in terms of the expression of inner states. My goal in this paper is to examine whether the admission that psychological concepts have descriptive uses involves a return to mentalism and a reintroduction of skepticism regarding other minds. By relying on developmental psychology, I hope to show: a) that expression is the primary function of psychological concepts as it occurs first in child’s development, and b) that the descriptive uses appear later with language acquisitioion but do not lead to the skeptical problem of other minds.

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PROJEKTIVIZAM I KVAZI-REALIZAM SAJMONA BLEKBERNA

Author(s): Monika Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2014

In this paper, I will deal with Simon Blackburn’s metaethical theory. Blackburn’s metaethics can be described by two ‘-isms’ – projectivism and quasi-realism. In the first part of the paper, I will try to show what the nature of their relation is. In the second part of the paper, I will discuss two reasons Blackburn advances in favor of his projectivism. The first pertains to the simplicity of his position, whereas the second claims that projectivism, unlike cognitivism, can explain the thesis of supervenience of moral features over the natural features. I will try to show that the first argument does not have the strength, and that the second argument does not have the plausibility that Blackburn ascribes to the two. In the third part of the paper, I will point out to probably the hardest problem that every non-cognitivist theory is faced with – the Frege-Geach problem. I will discuss Blackburn’s attempt at a solution, and after that, express some doubts with respect to the proposal that Blackburn puts forward.

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Inférences au pays de la prosodie

Author(s): Wiesław Banyś / Language(s): French Issue: 35/2023

When it comes to language, it’s not just the grammatical structure and the literal meaning of words that matter. The way a predicate imposes inferences on its propositional arguments is crucial to understanding the true meaning of a message. However, these inferences are influenced by many factors, such as prosody, world knowledge, speakers’ expectations regarding language use, situational stereotypes, and other implicit or contextual elements. In this paper, we examine the inferential status of the verbs referred to by Karttunen as “implicative verbs”. On the one hand, two-way implicative verbs, and on the other, one-way implicative verbs. The latter have been little studied from this perspective. This will lead us to highlight the fundamental role, too often forgotten, of prosody and focus/theme in this type of analysis and in determining the inferential status of predicates. Our analyses show that, once prosody has been considered, the classification of theoretically possible verb inferences accepted until now needs to be modified. We do not have 4 groups of one-way implicative verbs, as has been argued, but 2, namely the groups: [+/+/– // –/–] [affirmed > true or false // denied > false] of the type etre capable, pouvoir and [+/+/– // –/+] [affirmed > true or false // denied > true] of the type hesiter a. The remaining two groups, considered as distinct and autonomous one-way implicative verbs with the suggested characteristics: [+ + // – +/–] [affirmed > true // denied > true or false] of the type forcer to and [+ – // – +/–] [affirmed > false // denied > true or false] of the type refuser de, belong to the canonical groups of two-way implicative verbs, respectively: forcer a to the group of verbs of the type reussir a: [+/+ // –/–] [affirmed > true // denied > false] and refuser de to the group of verbs of the type oublier de: [+/– // –/+][affirmed > false // denied > true]. Naturally, this classification differentiation, important as it is, only reflects the different behaviour of certain types of predicate, and this is the most important element of these analyses with a view to automating the recognition of predicate inferences.

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No Path from Modal Rationalism to Fundamental Scrutability

Author(s): Darren Bradley / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Gabriel Rabin (2020) offers an argument from Modal Rationalism to Fundamental Scrutability. I show that the argument is invalid as stated. I offer two ways of strengthening the argument but argue that neither is effective.

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