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THE CONSTITUTION OF TIME IN HUSSERL

Author(s): Alina Ciric / Language(s): English Issue: Sp.Iss./2015

The Constitution of Time in Husserl. One of Husserl’s fundamental idea is that time is not an object and is not given to knowledge as a simple object. Being involved in the constitution of the flow of consciousness, time cannot be analysed like other objects of knowledge. Consciousness itself is structured in a temporal way. In the absolute flow of consciousness, this temporality has a synthetic unity with the rest of the intentional features of consciousness. It represents for Husserl a passive synthesis that characterizes the intentional life of the transcendental subjectivity. This specific form of temporality that characterizes the transcendental life of the subject has a constitutive dimension that we will discuss.

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A COMMENTARY UPON GADAMER’S INTERPRETATION OF HEGEL

Author(s): Anton Crişan / Language(s): English Issue: Sp.Iss./2015

A Commentary upon Gadamer’s Interpretation of Hegel. In light of a renewed scholarly undertaking of the Hegel‒Gadamer connection, the purpose of the present paper is to carry further this much needed re-approach of the issue by stressing yet another one of its aspects. I am referring to the scholarly insights that Gadamer himself provides us with in his interpretation of Hegel. Since many of Gadamer’s essays on Hegel are actually studies originally meant as contributions to major journals dealing with Hegel’s work, my claim is that we can retrieve from them answers to many ongoing debates in the Hegel scholarship. I will insist on only one of these issues, namely Gadamer’s account of Hegel’s relation to metaphysics.

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Geomancy as a Paradigm of Operative Rationality in the Middle Ages

Author(s): Alessandro Palazzo / Language(s): English,Latin Issue: 21/2015

The paper examines the Estimaverunt Indi, one of the medieval most relevant geomantic treatises which is currently edited in the framework of the project «Foreseeing Events and Dominating Nature: Models of Operative Rationality and the Circulation of Knowledge in the Arab, Hebrew and Latin Middle Ages». Before dealing with the treatise, however, some general issues regarding geomancy are discussed. In chapter 1, in particular, the geomantic technique is described very concisely. Chapter 2 and 3 give a few historical indications concerning its scientific status, at same time stressing its differences from astrology. Chapter 4 raises the crucial issue of the relationship of the Estimaverunt Indi with the famous Étienne Tempier’s condemnation in 1277 and proposes a solution to this question. The final chapter suggests a few working hypotheses for future research on geomancy.

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O substancjalności berła świadomości

Author(s): Szczepan Kutrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2014

We interpret reality, our experience, identity and existence by means of language responsible for communicative competence. This competence is determined by science and human emotions, or, heart. A cultural game is constantly being played on the line between the ability to move in the world among people and emotions of the heart. Many authorities aspire to gain control over this game (to wield the „sceptre” of power), thus giving it a specific dimension. The role of language is to be able to control these games. So great, however, is the power of language, that the one who is the strongest in social communication resorts to seizing this power for themselves; their imperious aspirations being reflected in the language they employ. Also an individual strives in his/her way to find a place among the masters of social communication. Yet, often, he/she is perceived as an usurper. However, the “usurpers” of power over social communication also exist in wide social circles, which definitely (but whether truly?) weakens the arguments held by the individual. The question mark generalizes what the author of this text, in view of his personal experience with a literary and a plastic language, has to say in defense of, and in an attempt to invest with significance such “arguments” in communication as individual sincerity and veracity.

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Przekroczyć człowieka. Uwagi o postantropocentrycznym problemie umiejscowienia

Author(s): Miłosz Markiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2015

The article is an attempt to consider a place for a subject in perspective of post-anthropocentric point of view. Post-anthropocentrism is a heavyweight issue of the posthumanism, a critical theory, which is based on rejection of human domination over the world and which considers human as a part of life-itself. However, is human capable of rejecting the anthropocentric point of view? Is overstepping the Anthropos even possible? What we can do to not allow the post-anthropocentrism become one of anthropocentric instruments of power? Author tries to answer these questions referring to feminist critical theories - Adrienne Rich's politics of location and Donna Haraway's situated knowledge. It seems that, the proper question is rather, could human beings become a part of life-itself, remaining themselves in the same time.

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Koliko razuma ima kod Descartesa?

Author(s): Adriana Zaharijević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/2003

The text is seeking to delve into and expose different types and veiled meanings of reasons in Descartes' philosophy. As is usually conceived, whether epistemologically or metaphysically, there is no more than one dualism in Descartes: the dualism between body and mind. In the process of meditative discourse, however, there seems to be some hierarchical grading of what is habitually called reason/mind. Since he managed to »smuggle« the so-called »pure« reason by virtue of the uncontestable faith in reason, lumen naturale, he needed to construct and substantiate such a thing that would in all possible manners be distinguishable from the corporeal. Creating an insurmountable gap between these two, Descartes despondently yearned to bridge it (throughout his entire philosophy), thus constituting a new one, seldom apprehended, duality. That is, the fundamental duality between »pure« reason, the »unmixed« holder of the eternal truths and innate ideas, the subject of cogito, and sensus communis, the pineal gland, the fleshy site where the soul resides. This duality is crucial to understanding of Cartesian dualism, as he himself appeared to have solved it by dint of it. This text, therefore, aims to be an exegesis, though not the resolute one, of the given problem.

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Genetičke pretpostavke konstruktivističke epistemološke paradigme

Author(s): Jasenko Karović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/139/2015

In this paper the author deals with contemporary change of epistemological paradigm and elementary assumptions of establishing a constructionist paradigm. Following the stances taken by Ernst von Glasersfeld, the paper analyzes the basic normative and physiological, i.e. genetic assumptions of human thought as interpreted by Jean Piaget. Cognitive development is moving towards ever higher forms of the mental balance which represents a progressive adaptation to reality, motivated by genuine mental needs of solving intellectual problems. Piaget introduces the cognitive scheme in which a problem presents destabilization of a previously achieved balance, and the solution restores the balance, but this time at a higher level, since it was not possible under previous circumstances. The mechanism by which this transition occurs Piaget calls reflective abstraction.

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Epistemička pravednost: epistemologija vrlina i filozofija psihijatrije

Author(s): Snježana Prijić-Samaržija,Inka Miškulin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/138/2015

The value turn in epistemology generates a particularly influential position titled as virtue epistemology. It is a popular and influential epistemological project that postulates intellectual virtues of knower, not a truth of propositions, as central epistemic values. In the first part of the article, we explain briefly on what value turn we refer to and the main thesis of virtue epistemology, pointing to the diversity of attitudes of epistemologists who are inclined to this approach. We would like to stress the significant role of this project in the spreading of horizons, i.e.epistemological scopes and themes. The second part focusses on the virtues of epistemic responsibility and epistemic justice as particularly appropriate for evaluation of social epistemic processes such as testimony and communication, or conversation in general. In the third part, we will show how specific epistemic activity – communication act in psychiatry and psychotherapy – can be more appropriately analysed and evaluated rather from the perspective of epistemic virtues of justice, than from the epistemic approach built on the value monism of the truth.

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Recognitional Identification and the Knowledge Argument

Author(s): Erhan Demircioğlu / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2015

Frank Jackson’s famous Knowledge Argument moves from the premise that complete physical knowledge about experiences is not complete knowledge about experiences to the falsity of physicalism. Some physicalists (e.g., John Perry) have countered by arguing that what Jackson’s Mary, the perfect scientist who acquires all physical knowledge about experiencing red while being locked in a monochromatic room, lacks before experiencing red is merely a piece of recognitional knowledge of an identity, and that since lacking a piece of recognitional knowledge of an identity does not entail lacking any pieces of knowledge of worldly facts, physicalism is safe. I will argue that what Mary lacks in her room is not merely a piece of recognitional knowledge of an identity and that some physicalists have failed to see this because of a failure to appreciate that Mary’s epistemic progress when she first experiences red has two different stages. While the second epistemic stage can perhaps be plausibly considered as acquiring merely a piece of recognitional knowledge of an identity, there is good reason to think that the first epistemic stage cannot be thus considered.

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Intuitions: Reflective Justification, Holism and Apriority

Author(s): Nenad Miščević / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2015

The paper discusses Sosa’s view of intuitional knowledge and raises the question of the nature of reflective justification of intuitional beliefs. It is assumed, in agreement with Sosa, that pieces of belief of good researchers are typically reflectively justified, in addition to being immediately, first-level justified. Sosa has convincingly argued that reflective justification typically mobilizes and indeed should mobilize capacities distinct from the original capacity that has produced the belief-candidate for being justified, in order to assess the reliability of the original capacity. It has to go beyond justifiers that are of the same-kind (“homogeneous”) as first-level immediate ones, in order to enlarge the circle of justification (and thus avoid viciousness), and is, therefore, holistic and coherentist. But if this holds, it seems that reflective justification of armchair beliefs, presumably produced by intuition and some reasoning, should revert to empirical considerations testifying to the reliability of intuition and reasoning. Therefore, it typically combines, in an articulated way, a posteriori elements contributing to the thinker’s reflective trust in her armchair capacities. In short, the paper argues that Sosa’s own view of second-order justification goes better with a more aposteriorist view, if it does not even force such a view.

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O pewnych aspektach Leibnizjańskiej filozofii umysłu

Author(s): Halina Święczkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVII/2015

While reading on the cover of the Polish edition of the book Goodbye, Descartes: the End of Logic and the Search for a New Cosmology of the mind, the words written by the well known American mathematician Keith Devlin, we discover that the reflection on language and human perception has played a major role in the history of philosophy and science. Nowadays in times of artificial intelligence research and the development of information technology, the role of psychologists, language philosophers, sociologists and linguists has gained significant weight. The answers to questions like: What is language? What is the human mind? How do we think?, are of key importance to resolving primary IT problems. The birth of a new discipline, cognitive science, which deals with the structure of the mind, thinking and consciousness became a challenge for the philosophical tradition like cartesianism, and at the same time became a pivotal factor of IT and communication techniques development. Devlin settles with tradition, which in his opinion is mainly defined by Descartes himself, however not only by his philosophy but also his methodology. Of course Descartes may be regarded as the symbol of the rationalist heritage albeit it seems that having a major impact on contemporary philosophy, it is not Descartes who should become the main character of the never ending goodbye, but Leibniz. The text is not an attempt at a polemic with Devlin’s opinions, but rather a supplementation of his standpoint. The problems of Leibnizian theory of the mind which were built on the language fundaments shall be elaborated on, as they can visualize Leibniz as the real pioneer of modern cognitive science.

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CONSCIOUSNESS OF SELF, OF TIME AND OF DEATH IN GREEK PHILOSOPHY: SOME REFLECTIONS

Author(s): Dominic J. O’Meara / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

In this paper, I do not propose to discuss the ways of thinking about and coming to terms with our awareness of our coming death. I would like rather to discuss a more particular and perhaps unusual problem, that of the relation between our awareness of our death and our consciousness of ourselves. In the following I take four examples: Parmenides, Plato, Epicurus and Plotinus. I sketch the different ways in which these philosophers saw the relation between self-consciousness and death, how they tried to dissipate what seemed to them to be a tension, even a contradiction, between these two parts of our existence. My discussion does not seek to contribute to the philological analysis of specific ancient texts, but proposes rather an attempt to reach an overall view, which might be of a broader interest.

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«ФИЛОСОФИЯ ПЛОТИНА» Э. БРЕЙЕ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ДИСКУССИЙ О МЫШЛЕНИИ УМА

Author(s): Igor Berestov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

Some observations concerning a book by Émile Bréhier, The Philosophy of Plotinus (trans. Into Russian and intro. by A. S. Gagonin. St. Petersburg: Vladimir Dahl , 2012. 392 pp.). The article offers a critical analysis of the famous studies by Émile Bréhier of the philosophy of Plotinus. His book, published in French in 1928 and a series of later articles, along with two Wayne Hankey’s studies on Bréhier are now translated into Russian for the first time. I present an overview of A. S. Gagonin’s preface to the book and outline the content of the book chapter after chapter. I find it important to indicate the target audience of the book and the aspects in which it can still be useful to modern readers. Then I try to provide a critical analysis of Bréhier’s interpretation of Plotinus’ doctrine of Nous. Based on some modern Anglo-American studies of Plotinus’ philosophy I demonstrate that Bréhier’s evaluation of Plotinus’ doctrine of Nous, as “lifeless” and “heterogeneous” is too hasty. Similarly his still influential statement that the doctrine of Nous in Plotinus is confused with the doctrine of the One, and consequently not rooted in the genuine context of the Greek philosophy, can also be evaluated as a hasty judgment.

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THE PRINCIPLE OF EXPLOSION: ARISTOTLE VERSUS THE CURRENT SYNTACTIC THEORIES

Author(s): Miguel López-Astorga / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The principle of explosion is a problem for the syntactic theories trying to explain and describe human reasoning. In fact, most of the formal cognitive theories tend to reject it. However, that rejection is not often based on a theoretical development of the theories, but on inductions from experimental data. In this paper, I expose Woods and Irvine’s arguments in order to show that Aristotelian logic does not have this problem, that its theoretical framework does not enable to accept the principle of explosion, and that this logic hence has, at least in a sense, certain advantages compared to the current reasoning syntactic theories.

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ТРАКТАТ «О ПАМЯТИ И ПРИПОМИНАНИИ» АРИСТОТЕЛЯ И КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ИСТОРИИ КАК РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ ПРОШЛОГО РИКЕРА

Author(s): Alexandra Anikina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

A short treatise “On Memory and Recollection” which constitutes a part of Aristotelian Parva naturalia serves for P. Ricoeur as one of the starting points of his concept of memory as the matrix of history. He bases his concept on such properties of memory, marked in the treatise, as indispensability of a temporal interval between the acts of perception and remembrance, the necessity of precedence of "what" in memories, etc. The most important point for Ricoeur is Aristotelian development of the metaphor of eikôn: its division on the picture and the object it represents, as well as the contradiction with the metaphor of typos (an offprint) which arises from such an interpretation of eikôn.

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Najważniejszy punkt odniesienia dla osoby i rzeczywistości stworzonej według Hryhorija Skoworody (1722-1794)

Author(s): Jarosław Moskałyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The philosophical-religious vision of H. Skovoroda is deeply linked with both historical-cultural and personal context and, moreover, it has profound ideological significance. A prominent 18th-century Ukrainian thinker as an ambitious proponent of open reflection on the relationship and mutual permeation of the visible and the invisible realities puts a strong emphasis on the de¬velopment of human sensitivity in relation to defined relationships. According to Skovoroda, the human person has a unique role to analyze in himself the differences and contradictions existing between the two worlds. Being a corporeal and spiritual essence, man is an allegorical reflection of this reference, to which the entire material and supernatural reality is doomed. Thanks to the supe¬rior spiritual structure, which designates the true meaning and purpose of human existence, every human being can keep their identity in accordance with their vocation.

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The Soul-Body Compound in Didymus the Blind’s Commentary on Genesis and its Neoplatonic Background

Author(s): Daria Szymańska-Kuta / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

This article concentrates on the view of the soul-body compound as presented by Didymus the Blind in his Commentary on Genesis, and also on some characteristic traits of Neoplatonic psychology which can be found in this text. A closer inspection of Commentary on Genesis reveals that what Didymus presents as the soul-body compound can be understood equally well as the compound of the superior intellectual soul conceived as a transcendent essence of the soul, and the ensouled body which is already a compound of the material body and the inferior irrational soul acting similarly to the body’s immanent form. Therefore, it seems plausible to surmise that it is this kind of solution to the soul-body problem which Henry Blumenthal called the marriage of dualism and hylomorphism, and which left its mark not only on later Platonic tradition, but presumably also on Didymus.

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İMÂM GAZZÂLÎ İLE KOHLBERG’İN AHLÂK TEORİLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Author(s): Mehmet Emin Kiliç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 14/2012

Ahlâk dediğimiz zaman, akla gelen şey sadece insan davranışlarıdır. İnsanın dışındaki canlıların hareketleri ahlâkî davranış sayılmaz. Hayvanların ahlâkı yoktur, onlar sadece iyi hareketleri yapmaya ve kötü hareketleri yapmamaya şartlandırılabilirler. Ancak insanlar kendilerine öğretilen ahlâk kaideleri üzerinde düşünmek, bunları benimsemek, veya yanlış bulmak yeteneğine sahiptirler. İnsanlar ahlâk kaidelerini kendi iradelerine göre değiştirir veya ortadan kaldırabilirler.Ahlâkın söz konusu olduğu yerde mutlaka, iyi ile kötüyü ayırt edebilecek zihin olgunluğuna erişmiş bir insan vardır. Ama ahlâkî davranışın bir de sosyal yönü bulunuyor. İnsanlar bir arada, yan yana yaşamasalardı ahlâktan da söz edemezdik; çünkü ahlâk insanlar arasındaki ilişkileri düzenlemek için konmuş kaidelerin bir bütünüdür

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Од глобалне биоетике до неуроетике

Author(s): Veselin Mitrović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2016

This paper is a sociological analysis of the development, possible range, and real effects of one of the latest disciplines to emerge - neuroethics as well as bioethics. The starting premise is that the humanities perspective to a medical and philosophical discipline contributes to the very research done by neuroethics itself. This premise is significant given that the study of the brain surpasses current epistemological frameworks, forcing the examination of whether we perhaps need a new “brain” epistemology. New research on the brain, consciousness, and artificial intelligence has presented the public at large with a myriad of benefits in medicine and illness prevention; however, at the same time, it has opened certain social and ethical questions. The projected possibilities in the development of brain medication and interventions have motivated certain scientists today to speak of neuroscience exclusively from the perspective of bioethics. In other words, the challenges to human survival are directly linked to artificially caused advancements in human consciousness, cognition, intelligence, and to an extent even morality, insofar as these characteristics and capacities depend on biochemical and molecular processes. Considering the potentially real societal consequences of such development of a single discipline, we thought it relevant to seek certain answers by analyzing dilemmas and particular medical cases, along with their effects, through the optics of social, humanities, and biomedical phenomena.

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Krafft-Ebing

Author(s): Georges Bataille / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2016

George Bataille on Richard von Krafft-Ebing.

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