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Czy neuronauki mogą skorzystać na refleksji filozoficznej?

Author(s): Monika Bergiel-Klon / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2-3/2015

This text is inspired by the question about the usefulness of philosophy in both establishing the directions of neuroscientific research and taking part in the discussion about the methodology of neuroscience. The aim of the article is to present the concept of executive functions in the light of the philosophical category of intentionality as well as to discuss the meaning of neurophilosophy and philosophy of neuroscience for the sake of development in the field of executive functions research.

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Art and cultural institutions as social extensions of personal self-identity

Author(s): Jacek Olender / Language(s): English Issue: 2-3/2015

The paper discusses artworks and artefacts considered as both cultural heritage and meaningful tokens for personal self-identity. The arguments come mostly from phenomenological understanding of self-identity and art, but the terminological toolkit comes mostly from the Extended Mind Thesis. While many museologists and theorists of culture argue that objects presented in a particular social context can shape group identity, I believe in taking this question to a lower, personal level. In this paper, I argue that we build our self-identity partially by anchoring our memories with significant art and heritage objects. I state that artworks, mediated by cultural context immersion of museums and galleries, serve as self-identity extensions. Since I find both selfidentity and art structured as sets of cultural meanings wrapped in material scaffoldings, I draw a relation between those two, showing the crucial meaning of material cultural objects for the formation of our self-identity.

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Frans de Waal i filozofowie. Recenzja książki „Małpy i filozofowie. Skąd pochodzi moralność?”

Author(s): Michał Piekarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2-3/2015

Autor recenzji dokonuje omówienia treści oraz podstawowych tez prezentowanych w książce Fransa de Waala Małpy i filozofowie. Skąd pochodzi moralność?. Pracę tę można traktować jako wyraz ewolucjonistycznego podejścia do problemu wyjaśnienia źródeł i natury ludzkiej moralności.

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Curiosity about Curiosity

Author(s): Danilo Šuster / Language(s): English Issue: 48/2016

Ilhan Inan’s (2012) approach to curiosity is based on the following central theses: (i) for every question asked out of curiosity there is a corresponding term (definite description) that is inostensible for the asker (its reference is unknown) and that has the function of uniquely identifying an object; (ii) the satisfaction of curiosity is always in the form of coming to know an object as falling under a concept. This model primarily covers curiosity as our search for empirical objectual knowledge. In my critical reflections, I explore some phenomena of non-objectual curiosity which are left out or at least not sufficiently explored by Inan: curiosity as the search for explanation and understanding, and meta-curiosity— curiosity about the very representations, i.e. how to conceptualize a certain problem, and what definite descriptions to use in the first place.

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Stop and Smell the Roses: Inostensible Propositional Knowledge and Raising the Standard of Knowing

Author(s): Safiye Yiğit / Language(s): English Issue: 48/2016

Ilhan Inan’s book The Philosophy of Curiosity is an exploration of understanding human curiosity and its relation to the use of language. He introduces the notion of inostensible reference (or reference to the unknown) that renders an interesting question possible. He claims that our aptitude for this kind of reference is what enables us to become aware of our ignorance and be curious. For him, there are two ways in which a proposition could be inostensible to a subject: one possibility is when the whole sentence’s truth value is unknown to the subject, the other possibility is when the subject knows the proposition to be true but does not know the fact that makes the proposition true, which he later calls inostensible knowledge. The former case requires an awareness of ignorance to generate curiosity, and the latter case requires an awareness of inostensibility of one’s knowledge to be conducive to curiosity. In this paper, what I would like to do is mainly to draw attention to the often neglected awareness of inostensible knowledge and explore its relation to curiosity. I also claim that, contrary to Inan’s idea that the only way of having inostensible knowledge is when there is at least one inostensible concept in the proposition, there is another possibility of inostensible knowledge, which would correspond to a case in which all the terms are ostensible to the speaker and the proposition is known to be true, but the proposition as a whole is still inostensible. I would like to argue that such an awareness of inostensibility of knowledge is a key step in evaluating one’s epistemic contact with reality and accordingly determining the degree of one’s knowledge on the epistemic scale. I believe this awareness will implicitly raise the standard of knowledge and hopefully foster curiosity, in its broader meaning of caring to know. I will further suggest that the acquisition of ostensible knowledge, which is a form of objectual knowledge of a fact, could also enable the corresponding proposition to be known better by the subject. This claim of mine might be thought of as an attempt to argue for the gradability of propositional knowledge, which has been a controversial issue in epistemology.

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Epistemic Value. Curiosity, Knowledge and Response-Dependence

Author(s): Nenad Miščević / Language(s): English Issue: 48/2016

The paper addresses two fundamental issues in epistemic axiology. It argues primarily that curiosity, in particular its intrinsic variety, is the foundational epistemic virtue since it is the value-bestowing epistemic virtue. A response-dependentist framework is proposed, according to which a cognitive state is epistemically valuable if a normally or ideally curious or inquisitive cognizer would be motivated to reach it. Curiosity is the foundational epistemic virtue, since it bestows epistemic value. It also motivates and organizes other epistemic virtues, so it is foundational and central for epistemology. The second issue is the one of the fundamental bearer of epistemic value. I shall argue that truth is the primary goal, but that mere true belief is not the fundamental bearer. Rather, the bearer is a relatively minimalist kind of knowledge. Mere true belief cannot be rationally accepted in isolation from a supporting structure. However, any efficient supporting structure introduces further epistemic goods (justification, reliability, anti-luck guarantees), thus upgrading the original true belief. Mere true belief can be neither defended, nor rationally sustained through time, due to isolation. Mere true belief cannot be rationally sustained in the face of a slightest bit of contrary evidence (the Meno insight). Therefore, mere true belief is not rationally stable. Minimal knowledge is, and this accounts for the primary and secondary value problem, and for a relatively undemanding kind of tertiary value.

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Logos komunikującego milczenia

Author(s): Jaromir Brejdak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

The article focuses on the phenomenon of not speaking and its various forms. The author puts forward the thesis that not speaking is a form of communication, including the communication of non-communicability. The communicative aspect of silence is discussed in the context of the silence of nature, human not speaking, and the silence of God. The substantiality of various forms of silence is in turn analyzed from the perspective of various forms of communal being in which the category of attentiveness plays the fundamental role. In the concluding part of the text, silence and not speaking are considered in various ontological horizons. Apart from the dialogical and religious horizons of silence, the hermeneutic, phenomenological and historical aspects of this phenomenon are sketched.

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Wychowanie moralne : kształcenie charakteru dziecka (ujęcie realistyczne)

Author(s): Marek Mariusz Tytko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

This article describes the problem of moral education and the education of children's and youth's character. It presents contemporary scholarly (ethical and pedagogical) theory arising mainly out of the so called 'Philosophical School of Lublin' (metaphysical realism) and by another Realistic authors from Poland and abroad.

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Enlightenment’s faith in human creative possibilities

Author(s): Zbigniew Drozdowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2016

In this article I present an argument for the thesis that one of the most significant revaluations of the Enlightenment was the creation and popularization of faith in the effective shaping of fate by man himself. In every example the Enlightenment had been referring to the creative possibilities of human reason. However, major differences occurred in understanding this very reason and its application in the praxis between the main representatives of the period. In my remarks I recall just a few of selected representatives of the English, Scottish and French enlightenment philosophy. The broadening of that list with other names, including the representatives of other nations, would allow probably to present much more diversified variants of this Enlightenment faith which since that period is a specific distinguishing mark of modernity.

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Krótka historia sumienia

Author(s): Sebastian Duda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 667/2017

Wolność sumienia — niezależnie od wyznawanego światopoglądu i religii — uznawana jest powszechnie w zachodnim świecie za fakt zupełnie oczywisty. W mediach pełno jest enuncjacji na temat tzw. sprzeciwu sumienia (mówią o nim np. pacyfiści, którzy chcą uniknąć odbywania służby wojskowej, albo ekolodzy odmawiający płacenia podatków ze względu na finansowanie przez państwa zbrojeń jądrowych). W większości krajów cywilizacji euroamerykańskiej podjęto próbę uregulowania owego niezbywalnego prawa jednostek do postępowania w zgodzie ze swoim sumieniem. Służyć temu ma tzw. klauzula sumienia. Często powołują się na nią np. pracownicy służby zdrowia niegodzący się na wykonywanie aborcji, farmakolodzy odmawiający sprzedaży w aptekach środków wczesnoporonnych lub adwokaci, którzy — mimo formalnego nakazu — nie podejmują się obrony pewnych osób.

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Sumienie w czasach indywidualizmu

Author(s): Zbigniew Nosowski,Michał Królikowski,Paweł Krupa,Cezary Żechowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 667/2017

Dyskutują: Michał Królikowski, Paweł Krupa OP i Cezary Żechowski

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Patron sumienia

Author(s): Stanisław Adamiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 667/2017

Z tego, co mi wiadomo, żaden święty nie został nigdy ogłoszony przez Kościół oficjalnie patronem sumienia. Wiele jest jednak w historii wydarzeń, w których sumienie odgrywało rolę kluczową. Jednym z nich jest znany dramat, który rozegrał się w Anglii w pierwszej połowie XVI wieku — zaowocował on męczeństwem człowieka, którego śmiało za takiego patrona sumienia można uznać.

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Sumienie po „śmierci Boga”

Author(s): Jaromir Brejdak,Ireneusz Ziemiński,Andrzej Draguła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 667/2017

Dyskutują: Jaromir Brejdak, Ireneusz Ziemiński i ks. Andrzej Draguła

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BÓG I RELIGIA CZŁOWIEKA OŚWIECONEGO WEDŁUG KANTA

Author(s): Ryszard Panasiuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2013

Having revealed an illusion of man’s cognitive efforts, Kant sealed the progress of enlightenment inscribed into a historical process, with a deep conviction that an ancient Greek prescription to „know thyself” was finally fulfilled. A man became aware of being equipped with a mind, and accordingly, with freedom as well as the ability to act morally, still of remaining a finite natural being with cognitive skills limited. This critical self-knowledge of an enlightened man relieved him of his nonage to open his eyes for a new vision of both the world and a man himself regarded as a self-conscious subject and active creator of his fate. The character and ontological status of religious beliefs the enlightened man confesses are in fact defined by the famous Kantian formula: as if (als ob.) Driven by moral reasons, they are distinguished with a rationality for which a fundamental value is the Highest Good, purely rationalistic construction, a kind of god thought to be an essential being and a ration for existence of the phenomenal world.

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O IRRACJONALIZMIE KOGNITYWNYM

Author(s): Łukasz Remisiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2013

There are two accounts of the relation between an argument and a view. According to former, the most popular account, a view is founded on an argument which is the material base for it. According to the latter, conversely, argument is only a rationalization of the view which itself has its roots in our emotions. The second account author calls ‘cognitive irrationalism’. Next he shows two versions of this view: Pareto's and Jung's. Author also traces this concept in another sources. He concludes that also such philosophers as Russell, Freud, Petrażycki and Runzo regarded it as truth.

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O WOLNEJ WOLI

Author(s): Marzena Fornal / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2013

The review of: Free Will by Sam Harris, New York: Free Press, 2012

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PSYCHOTERAPIA GESTALT I JEJ ONTOLOGICZNE ŹRÓDŁA

Author(s): Mariola Paruzel-Czachura / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2013

The article is an attempt to describe the ontological bases of Gestalt psychotherapy, both known and unknown to authors of Gestalt. Gestalt is inspired by the ancient, the modern and the contemporary philosophy. The ontological principles underlying Gestalt are holism, monism, harmony of opposites, process, cyclicality, present time and the paradoxical theory of change.

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CZY MONIZM ANOMALNY JEST SPRZYMIERZEŃCEM NIEKONSTRUKTYWNEGO NATURALIZMU?

Author(s): Patryk Pogoda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2013

The paper argues that Davidson’s thesis of the anomalous character of mental life is a natural supporter for McGinn’s anti-constructive naturalism. In the first two parts of the article I discuss both positions. In the third I will try to show similarities and differences between them and the way in which anomalous monism can support McGinns theory.

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CZY NEURONALNE KORELATY ŚWIADOMOŚCI SĄ POTRZEBNE FILOZOFII?

Author(s): Bartosz Janik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2014

This article discusses philosophical issues concerning theory of neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) and the possible philosophical interpretation of the positions taken by scholars dealing with these issues, whether these views expressly refer to the philosophy of mind, or not. In the first part I will present existing theories regarding the NCC, and try to find their common ground. The concept of NCC was defined by D. Chalmers, by F. Crick and Ch. Koch, and by A. Damasio and it is argued that those definitions are perfectly complementary. The summary of this section presents the methodological problems associated with the theory of NCC pointed out by J. Bremer. In the second part, the intersection of the positions is contrasted with the classical discussion concerning the philosophy of mind and interpreted from a philosophical point of view. In particular, the issue of possible points of contact between the classical phenomenological method and NCC is pursued.

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PRAWDA I POZÓR W MUNIMATALANKARZE (MUNIMATĀLAṀKĀRA) ABHAJAKARAGUPTY (ABHAYĀKARAGUPTA)

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2014

This is a selected translation drawn from Munimatālaṁkāra (The Ornament of the Sage’s Intention), authored by Abhayākaragupta (c. 1100), one of the last great masters of Buddhism in India. He wrote on most major areas of Buddhist practice and thought (Mahāyāna doctrine and the path, Tantric ritual and meditation).The text does not appear to survive in the original sanskrit. It was translated by the author’s Tibetan disciple Dpang-zho Gsal-ba-grags in Nalanda.=, and later revised by Dpang Lo-tsā-ba Blo-gros-brtan-pa (1276–1342). The passage chosen here is drawn from the final section of the lengthy first chapter of Munimatālaṁkāra, entitled the “appearance of the enlightened mind”. The chapter traces the course of the path from the initial cultivation of the aspiration to enlightenment through to the development of discernment, or wisdom. The analysis of the two truths is introduced in this context.

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