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At the Limits of Knowledge: Philosophy and Religion in Southwestern Neo- Kantianism

Author(s): Jacinto Páez Bonifaci / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The present paper investigates the essential tenets of the Southwestern Neo-Kantians’ take on the philosophy of religion. Specifically, I concentrate on two diverse aspects of Windelband and Rickert’s approaches to religion. In the first place, I look at the way in which they determine religious values. In the second place, I focus on the manner in which they confront religion with the systematic structure of culture. As a result of the analysis of the texts of both authors, we see that it is possible to detect at least three possible roads to elaborate a philosophy of religion. In spite of this plurality of paths, I argue that they exhibit a similar underlying problem, namely, the problematic relationship between transcendental philosophy and metaphysics. It is for this reason that the philosophy of religion takes the form of a reflection on the limits of knowledge, and with it, on the limits of transcendental philosophy.

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AN EVALUATION OF RELIGIOUS SKEPTICISM IN RELATION TO HUMAN SUFFERING AND PAIN: TOWARDS A THEODICAL SYNTHESIS

Author(s): Peter O. O. Ottuh / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2022

The issue of human suffering and pain might be seen as a variant of the basic problem of evil. The evidential question of evil has been a heated topic in the philosophy of religion. In this sense, some skeptics question whether religion is a legitimate topic for criticism since faith is not based on evidence. This understanding of the problem of evil indicates that God is unlikely to exist, given the reality of senseless suffering and pain among humans. Hence, in some religions, suffering and pain are regarded as the only manifestations of evil in light of divine justice and compassion. Hence, it can be inferred that suffering and pain have both positive and negative functions in that they lead to the development of human noble character. The research is aimed at evaluating religious skepticism in relation to human suffering and pain, with the end-goal of arriving at a theodical synthesis. As a theoretical research that is literature-based, the historico-critical review method was adopted. The research argued from the theoretical viewpoints of fideism, naturalism, and evidentialism and discovered how religious skepticism, with its inherent distrust of the supernatural, prevents people from having a loving and personal relationship with any deity whose motives are unknown. It concluded that suffering and pain are possible catalysts for a search for meaning in life and God, as well as a test of faith, hence, religious traditions should not restrict medical interventions.

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Rozeznawanie dziewicy konsekrowanej w kierownictwie duchowym

Author(s): Beata Stypułkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 53/2021

This paper deals with the issue of responsibility of a consecrated virgin for her formation, part of which is discernment in spiritual direction. It brings up the question of persons who can serve a consecrated virgin with spiritual guidance, namely the spiritual director, the permanent confessor, and the diocesan bishop. It discusses the sources of spiritual life, which are the Word of God, i.e., Scripture and Tradition, the spirituality of the consecrated virgin and liturgy, and the voice of the heart, in the aspect of spiritual direction. The issue of obedience and internal resistance in spiritual direction is addressed. The process of individual discernment as it relates to spiritual direction is also discussed.

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Достојевски и руска религијска философија: обожење, сакрализација и саборност

Author(s): Lazar Milentijević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: Spec./2022

In this work we try to consider the beginnings of Russian religious and philosophical thought, in the development of which the role of Dostoevsky is clearly and markedly defined. Dostoevsky determined its main postulates through his works: especially in regard to religious and philosophical problems, including ethical-moral questions, the concepts of deification („обожение)”, sacredness („сакральность”) and sobornost („саборность”). At the center of Dostoevsky’s work are the insurmountable contradictions and dialectical drama of the human spirit, the antinomy of Christian thought, according to which the religious theme is presented as the defining theme of thought and life. Russian religious thinkers accept such a statement, striving to gain answers to the fundamental and eternal questions of ontology and ethics, epistemology and anthropology.

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Kur’an i sunnet o drugim religijama

Author(s): Saudin Gobeljić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 90/2022

The purpose of this article is to act as a reminder of the Qur’anic and Hadith narrative regarding the other religious traditions. The article places special focus on mainstream religious traditions as those are most directly addressed and perceived/presented, in their moral and ethical sense, within the constitutive sources of Islam. Ipso facto, the entire text of the article highlights the inclusive Islamic approach towards the other and different in general and in regards to the context of religious diversity in particular which in itself is regarded as a gift of God to mankind.

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Despre nemăsura divină şi măsura umană în "Apologia lui Raimond Sebond" de Montaigne

Author(s): Dorin Stefanescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7-8/2022

Montaigne redactează Apologia lui Raimond Sebond în 1576, scriere care va constitui capitolul al 12-lea din cartea a doua a Eseurilor, publicată în 1580. Situat în centrul întregului corpus, este textul care pune cel mai bine în lumină gândirea religioasă a autorului, o gândire aflată la răspântia dintre umanismul renascentist, cu adânci rădăcini în antichitatea grecolatină, şi teologia (nu neapărat scolastică) a Evului Mediu.

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Úvody do filosofie existence v kontextu se spirituální teologií (2)

Author(s): Michal Altrichter / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2021

The analysis Introduction to the philosophy of existence in the context of spiritual theology (2) is divided into two parts due to the length of this contribution. The text handles the teleology of spiritual theology as a priority. It is the analysis of thirty publications, mainly of the world provenance, dealing with the topic of „existential philosophy“, „what existential philosophy is“, „reading in the texts of existential philosophy“, „philosophy from Kierkegaard to Sartre“, etc., i. e. these are so called „first inputs“. There is an inerconnection of our and Divine life in philosophy as well: otherwise it would not be possible to ask for entirety. A distinctive person brings a conflict between designation and a person: however, is it possible to interpret it in the spirit of the encyclic Mystici corporis? An existentialist does not approve a ready definition without inwardly personal participation. Existential matter does not suffice for the genesis of systematic existentialism. Existentialism presupposes more difficult concept of metaphysics. Existentialist topic can even move us towards the mystique of simplicity and immediacy. Supportive questions: why did many phenomenologists refuse to accept existentialist thesis, why did Thomists generally perceive existentialism as philozofizing of „softer calibre“, why is existentialism directed against positivism? Existentialism played marvelous role in bridging „life philosophy“ and „personalism“.

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Песимизам и профетизам Константина Леонтјева

Author(s): Miodrag Čizmović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 15/2016

Leontyev insists that the end of the world is inevitable. The history must end, while the solution of historical meaning is meta-historical. According to Leontyev, Christ has never promised equality or justice on Earth; on the contrary, He often emphasized that, by the end of the history, evil will grow and human hearts will become cold. Leontyev also insists that the ideas of progress and endless perfecting, as well as postulates of French Revolution (brotherhood and equality), are false and vague. Dark future awaits Europe, if it is based on these demagogical platitudes. Leontyev advocates for the idea of healthy conservative attitude that can solely preserve the values of the past. The only meaning of life is salvation of one’s own soul, as Leontyev emphasized. However, before the end of history, Russia will enter the period of dominance and renaissance.

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Николај Ф. Фјодоров и „теологија дјела“

Author(s): Slobodan Lukić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 15/2016

In this paper, the author presents basic philosophical ideas of N. Fyodorov with special emphasis on the central idea – the idea of universal resurrection. Fyodorov advocated eccentric views on the resurrection of dead ancestors through joint venture of all people and with the help of science and technology. Although Fyodorov’s main inspiration came from Christian good news of Resurrection, he had parted ways with Christian tradition by emphasizing conditionality of Resurrection on men’s common task.

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Духовни заокрети у историји Русије

Author(s): G. M. Prohorov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 15/2016

У делима Дионисија Ареопагита, који од свих богослова заслужује највише дивљења, говори се о положају вечности над садашњошћу...

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Крстоликост времена

Author(s): G. M. Prohorov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 15/2016

Постоји важан закон на који желим да укажем, који и откривам тим указивањем: какав год придавали смисао својој садашњости, људи је увек повезују с другим временима, с овим или оним другим временом...

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On Destiny

Author(s): Chris H Ransford / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

If some intelligence underlies the universe, as is suggested by a host of modern-day considerations, then why does not that intelligence intervene to allay the oft-horrible destinies that are the lot of so many sentient beings?

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Consciousness, Creativity, Innovation, and Survival

Author(s): Stephen Schwartz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

SchwartzCreativity is an individual event, but it only becomes meaningful with social acceptance, and society and our survival as a species faced with climate change will be determined by our creative solutions to problems so well-known their recitation has become cliché. Therefore, our proficiency in understanding the creative process and our success in nurturing its dynamic in our culture will also determine how we as a species navigate the cataclysmic change that is coming. One does not need to be sophisticated in historical analysis to recognize the impact a single creative individual can have in a society supportive of breakthroughs, and how harmful suppression of creative initiative because of religious or political doctrine can be on a culture, both the individuals and the commonweal. This paper presents decades of research studying creativity and describes a recurring six step process that notably creative individuals across history have reported. If we can come to better understand the relationship between creativity, intuition, and innovation, and the process that invokes moments of genius we will make ourselves better and more insightful researchers, clinicians, and business people. And here is the promise: Someone who undertakes the journey may change both themselves, and the course of history.

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New considerations on a spiritual difficulty for public health, including questions about quantum probabilities and comprehensibility of worlds

Author(s): Richard Woesler / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

In a previous study a spiritual difficulty for public health was considered, that many people say that there would be definitely no afterlife with Judgment Day, and that some such persons might sometimes try to harm innocent others secretly to obtain advantages, e.g., financial, with negative impact on public health. Considering additional knowledge, new thought experiments are conducted, including arbitrary infinite bitstrings as programs, run, e.g., on theoretical Turing machines, and mathematical structures providing generalized findings, including results for questions of quantum probabilities, e.g., the Born rule - which is experimentally confirmed. In quantum processes, randomness instead of pseudorandomness is more probable than within the less general structures of the previous study. This is achieved designing generalized structures, e.g., programs, which do not function when they are “alone”. Additional structures show that pseudorandomness remains relevant. A paradox of the extreme variety of incomprehensible universes is described. It could be solved here considering further structures, e.g., the extremely large number of, e.g., world part copies simulated by various short programs, providing a large probability for comprehensible worlds. In all these mathematical structures, aliens’ pains emerge naturally.

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Sustainable Integrative All-Life Learning as Pragmatic Level in the DIMLAK hetero-hierarchic paradigm to Achieve Advanced Knowledge

Author(s): Ioan Pop,Ioan Popa-Bota,Ilie Soritau / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

A new transdisciplinary perspective on the integration of knowledge is introduced in the context of the informergic society/economy (KBS/E) to achieve, share and implement the knowledge giving the openness to a better understanding of the world, using sustainable, integrative all-life learning. A new more complete perspective on the well-known system of knowledge integration, based on a five steps scale in a synergistic-generative transdisciplinary process to achieve, transfer and implement knowledge in the knowledge-based society/economy (KBS/E) context is configured, connecting DIMLAK knowledge paradigm to Knowledge Integration Management (KIM). It presents a possible connection between the all¬life, sustainable, integrative learning and the DIMLAK hetero-hierarchic paradigm of knowledge in the biblical context, the heaven ladder from Sychar.

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RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY IN AUGUST CIESZKOWSKI’S OUR FATHER

Author(s): Ewa Starzyńska–Kościuszko / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2018

This paper presents and discusses the main ideas of August Cieszkowski set forth in his Ojcze–Nasz [Our Father]. This treatise, presently known only to historians of Polish philosophy and historians of ideas, is one of the best examples worldwide of messianic consciousness and approach and, simultaneously, an original attempt to unite philosophy (social philosophy and the dialectical method) with religion. One of the tasks of historians of Polish philosophy is to disseminate the most significant works of older Polish thinkers and make them known internationally. Such then is the aim of this paper. The final sections additionally present contemporary disputes emerging in Poland as to the interpretation of Our Father and my position in these disputes as one of its active participants.

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Personalistic View of John Paul II on the Humanizing Function of Art in the Context of Dialogue between the Church and Artists

Author(s): Richard Gorban / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article presents the way John Paul II, the head of the Vatican at the beginning of the third millennium, theologically and philosophically substantiates and establishes the principles of a new humanism through the dialogue between the Church and art as the most personalized sphere of human activity. The conceptual essence of the key idea of the humanizing function of art, in the personalistic philosophy of art of John Paul II is revealed from the methodological standpoint of religious studies. It determines the particular nature and tasks of the renewed dialogue between the Church and artists, aimed to overcome the processes of depersonalization and dehumanization of culture, caused by atheistic humanism and growing increasingly during the 20th century. The author ponders on The Letter of Pope John Paul II to Artists and Towards a Pastoral Approach to Culture, two papal documents. Their appearance on the eve of the 2000th anniversary of Christianity became symbolic. These documents draw attention because, firstly, although the idea of a dialogue between the Church and artists as a way of embodying spiritual values of a new humanism in the theological and philosophical discourse of John Paul II had been formed over several decades, it found its conceptual solution precisely in these two papal documents. Secondly, it is in these two documents that the essence of the cultural policy of the 264th Pope is consistently set forth, meant to overcome the consequences of atheistic humanism and create a new humanism, and thus to overcome the civilizational anthropological crisis and develop a new ideological paradigm of the third millennium.

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