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Chápanie identity ľudskej osoby na podklade súčasných interpretov Tomáša Akvinského

Author(s): Peter Volek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2018

The article examines the understanding of personal identity based on a contemporary interpretation of Aquinas’s teaching. The author surveys Aquinas’ statements on this topic in several of his works. The author continues with an examination of the views of prominent authors on this issue and then pursues and develops a justification for his own solution. It is argued that according to Aquinas the principle of personal identity consists in the form that is directed towards a connection with a particular matter. Moreover, the author offers a suggestion as to how to position Aquinas’ stance on the issue within the context of current debates on the topic. According to Aquinas, a resurrected person has his/her existence intermitted, since as a separated soul this person is not a person in a strict sense as an complete substance. This view makes Aquinas a corruptionst. However, in a weak sense as an incomplete substance, a separated soul could still be considered a human person – a view that is in fact held by some recent and contemporary Thomists.

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Jsou všichni lidé osoby, a jestliže ano, proč?

Author(s): Vojtěch Šimek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2019

The question of whether all people (i.e., members of homo sapiens) are persons returns whenever some people are, in practice, excluded from the community of persons and when at the same time it is claimed that people have human dignity and basic human rights only as much as they are persons. This question is still topical, for example, for the moral evaluation of some assisted reproduction procedures and embryo destructive research. The thesis that all people are persons is currently defended and justified by the SKIP arguments. The article outlines the SKIP arguments in propedeutic form and the ar¬gumentation of Robert Spaemann parallel to these arguments, who defends the thesis in an thoughtful way in his book Persons: The Difference between ’Someone‘ and ’Something‘. In the end, the reader will also learn about the meta argument of tutiorism through which theadvocates of this thesis usually strengthen the SKIP arguments.

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LIBERTATEA GÂNDIRII ȘI LIBERTATEA CUVÂNTULUI ÎN FILOSOFIA LUI JOHN STUART MILL

Author(s): Dorothea Lidia Caraman / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

This is a work of awareness about the Liberty of Thought and Discussion presented in the famous work of John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, which is the most famous defense of free speech in the Western philosophical canon. Liberty is understood as the state of being free within society from any type of control or dictatorial restrictions imposed by authority on one’s way of life, political views or behavior. The paper considers the relation between the Freedom of Discussion Principle and the much known Harm Principle. Also the conditions under which these principles are applicable: individuals have the freedom to do whatever they want or can, as long as they do not harm another individual, or the society itself.

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PERSONALITATEA UMANĂ, VALORILE ȘI LIBERTATEA

Author(s): Virgil Peicu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

One cannot talk about human values, moral behavior, virtuous character or spiritual values outside the notion of personhood. A notion that defines the conscious and rational individuality called man, everywhere constituting the common denominator of all beings embodying the likeness of the Imago Dei. In the philosophical field a person is defined as endowed with self-awareness, at least potentially and in possession of his own identity. Man, by belonging to the world of subjects, the category of person differs radically from the category of objects: „In all research, the human spirit turns its attention to everything that is in contact with itself. All our knowledge is nothing but a continuous establishment of relations between subject and object.”

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FORME ALE SACRULUI ÎN LUME: PRICEASNA, CONECTOR ÎNTRE UMAN ȘI DIVIN

Author(s): Ioana-Anca Gherasim / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2022

A Sacred life is preffered to a Profane one, but this is impossible to apply in practice. What people could do instead, is to take a few elements of sacred life into their own profane existence. Such an element is the Romanian religious hymn, known as priceasna. The text and the melody of the „priceasna” are composed in order to invite people to pray and to reconnect with the Divinity in a perfect symbiosis. Written in a very simple way, it is meant to transcend the darkest corners of the human soul and to bring the light all over.

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If there is no Religion – L. Kołakowski’s Defence of the Sacred. Part 1

Author(s): Krzysztof Bochenek,Cezary Mordka,Józef Stala / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article is an attempt to present the views of the Polish philosopher on the phenomenon of religion. L. Kołakowski devoted almost all his professional life to the issue of religion. He places the area of religious experiences and beliefs within the framework of transcendentalism, one of the basic and mutually exclusive options: “transcendentalism – empiricism”. Empiricism is the sphere of naturalistic views and contents, and their most radical representatives are empirical sciences and philosophies related to them. Kołakowski points out that there is no reason for the naturalistic option to exhaust the cognitive content. However, a philosophical attempt to go beyond naturalism in grasping the Absolute and the self, ends in metaphysical horror. Hence L. Kołakowski points to religious perception as an area that remains non-scientific but this fact does not contradict its value. A special place in L. Kołakowski’s analyses is occupied by the anthropological argument under which the biologisation of human existence is unjustified.

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Kosmiczny kontekst ewolucji biologicznej i jego konsekwencje filozoficzno-teologiczne

Author(s): Sławomir Leciejewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2022

In the article I describe the cosmic context of biological evolution and its concretization in the form of various formulations of anthropic principles (weak, strong, probabilistic, ultimate and participatory) in order to discuss selected philosophical and theological consequences of the anthropic of the Universe. The aim of the article is to answer the question whether the fact of the anthropic nature of the Universe leads to the possibility of justifying theses of an ontological, epistemological and theological nature.

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Świat życia religijnego we francuskiej fenomenologii

Author(s): Przemysław Zgórecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2022

Religious experience seems to lie outside the boundaries of the immanent structures of experience that phenomenology studies. Phenomenology was born, after all, at the moment of delineating the boundary between the immanent structure of experience and what is external to it and therefore secondary. In France, however, it is not difficult to find thinkers who do not hesitate to cross this line. French phenomenology, thus opening the possibility of the world of religious life, seems to move within the limits of the method described by Husserl. The phenomenological concept of the world of consciousness is based on the belief that there is a fundamental difference between the psychological experience and the experience of consciousness. At the source of the concept of the world of religious life described here, on the other hand, is the belief that because religious experience is not a psychological experience, but an experience of consciousness, it meets the criteria set by phenomenology for experience. Therefore, it is justified here to use the concept of religious experience in the strict sense. It is also legitimate to subject this experience to phenomenological examination. Religious experience, on the other hand, shapes the world of religious life referred to in this article, which in itself can also become the subject of phenomenology research.

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Kabała a mistycyzm

Author(s): Jadwiga Clea Moreno-Szypowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2022

The article "Kabbalah and mysticism" is divided into three parts, in which the general understanding of Kabbalah based on mysticism is presented. The first is devoted to the general definition of mysticism, wanting to reflect on this: Is Kabbalah one? In order to be able to answer this question, the author gives voice to the more important scholars of Judaism who have dealt with this issue or are still dealing with it. They are clearly characterizing what mysticism is, they try to create an equivalent explanation of Kabbalah, thus showing its specificity. Once confirmed that Kabbalah can be considered a kind of mysticism, the author moves on to the second part, in which she presents the basic sources of mysticism of Kabbalah. It discusses the most important items of rabbinic and non-rabbinic literature, showing how the non-rabbinic is continuator of the rabbinic. The third part of the article focuses on a deeper description of the initial types of mysticism: creation, chariot and body, which form the foundation for the later mysticism of word and letter. The mysticism of words and letters is kabbalah, that is, the hermeneutical art of biblical exegesis, based on the properties of the Hebrew alphabet and language, as God's tool for knowing Him. The article is based on the considerations of such authors as: Gershom Scholem, Roland Goetschel, Joseph Dan, Charles Mopsik, Marc-Alain Ouaknin, or the controversial Moshe Idel.

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İslam Felsefesi Perspektifinden Metaverse ve Misâl Âlemi Karşılaştırması

Author(s): Elif Yıldız / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2023

With Metaverse, people can perform their actions such as co-existing, socializing, and exchanging values ​​through a network, independent of the records of the physical world. This situation necessitates the discussion of the subject in philosophy and the technical problems. In this study, the nature of the Metaverse is interpreted from the perspective of Islamic philosophy by discussing the possibility of human beings building their own’Ālam al-Mithāl by activating the creative imagination. Since the subject is a current and new issue, the limitations of the studies carried out in areas such as technology, tourism, and economy, and the lack of sufficient studies on associating the Metaverse with metaphysics despite its claim to be a metaphysical universe show the importance of the research. The subject is expected to be handled within the framework of Islamic philosophy, which claims to be up-to-date and dynamic, to guide subsequent studies and gain new horizons. The aim of the study, which talks about the possibility of the Metaverse meeting humanity’s need for a metaphysical universe, is to examine how it can meet a current problem based on the historical accumulation of Islamic philosophy. Therefore, to determine the view of Islamic philosophy towards the Metaverse and the philosophical position of the Metaverse, the Metaverse, which is described as the "Twin World", has been compared with the’Ālam al-Mithāl, accepted by Islamic thinkers such as Suhrawardi, Mulla Sadrā, and Ibn Arabī.

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Otwarta ortodoksja / „Zbeletryzowany kanon pokutny” / Nowosielski czyta Dostojewskiego

Author(s): Elżbieta Mikiciuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 691/2023

Nowosielskiemu bliższe byłoby rozróżnienie nie tyle pomiędzyczłowiekiem moralnym i niemoralnym, ile grzesznikiempokornym i pysznym. Grzesznik pokorny ze skruchą zwraca sięw stronę Zbawiciela (Dobry Łotr), grzesznik pyszny zaś gardzibliźnim i skłonny jest „spalić go na stosie” (Wielki Inkwizytor).

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Maneviyat ile Saldırganlık Arasındaki İlişkide Merhamet ve Affediciliğin Aracı Rolü

Author(s): Mehmet Çınar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 58/2022

This study aims to analyze the intermediary role of forgiveness and mercy in the relationship between spirituality and aggression. The method for the study is relational research, which is a quantitative research method. As the data collection tools of the study, “Spirituality Scale,” “Aggression Scale,” “Forgiveness Scale,” and “Mercy Scale” were used. Of the sample group, 97 (22.8%) are male, and 327 (77.5%) are female. In the intermediary analysis, the total, direct, and indirect impact values of spirituality on aggression and their bootstrap confidence intervals were calculated. Its total impact, namely its total impact when spirituality, mercy, and forgiveness are included in the analysis altogether is negative, −.4498, and their confidence intervals are found to be BootLLCI = −.4972 and BootULCI = −.0762. Direct impact, in other words the effect of spirituality on aggression, is negative, −.2867, and their confidence intervals are found to be BootLLCI = −.6711 and BootULCI = −.2284. Total indirect impact, that is, the overall intermediary impact of mercy and forgiveness on forgiveness is negative, −.1631, and their confidence intervals are found to be BootLLCI= −.2777 and BootULCI = −.0543. In this context, it was concluded that forgiveness has a partial intermediary role in the relationship between spirituality and aggression, mercy does not play an intermediary role in the relationship between spirituality and aggression, and that mercy does not have a serial mediatory role on forgiveness in the relationship between spirituality and aggression.

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Recenzie la HORIA BĂDESCU, Între Scila şi Caribda, încotro?, Ed. Şcoala Ardeleană, Cluj-Napoca, 2022

Author(s): Ioan Chirilă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 11/2022

Review of: HORIA BĂDESCU, Între Scila şi Caribda, încotro?, Ed. Şcoala Ardeleană, Cluj-Napoca, 2022

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Recenzie la PR. PROF. UNIV. DR. THEODOR DAMIAN, Femeia şi calea mântuirii; chipul poetic al femeii, Ed. Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2021

Author(s): Ion Haineş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 11/2022

Review of: PR. PROF. UNIV. DR. THEODOR DAMIAN, Femeia şi calea mântuirii; chipul poetic al femeii, Ed. Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2021

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Recenzie la CRISTINA BOGDAN, Moartea şi lumea românească premodernă. Discursuri întretăiate, Bucureşti, Ed. Universității din Bucureşti, 2016, 352 p.

Author(s): Andrei Mic / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 08/2022

Review of: CRISTINA BOGDAN, Moartea şi lumea românească premodernă. Discursuri întretăiate, Bucureşti, Ed. Universității din Bucureşti, 2016, 352 p.

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The Figure of Socrates in Numenius of Apamea: Theology, Platonism, and Pythagoreanism (fr. 24 des Places)

Author(s): ENRICO VOLPE / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Numenius is one of the most important authors who, in the Imperial Age, deal with the figure of Socrates. Socrates is important in the Platon­ic tradition, in particular in the sceptical tradition, when the Socratic dubitative “spirit” of the first Platonic dialogues became important to justify the “suspension of judgement.” Numenius criticises the whole Academic tradition by saying that the Academics (particularly the sceptics) betrayed the original doctrine of Plato and formulated a new image of Socrates. For Numenius, Socrates plays a central role because Plato would have inherited his doctrine. What does Socrates’s doctrine consist in? According to Numenius, Socrates theorised a “doctrine of three Gods” (which can be likely found in the second Platonic epistle) which is strictly bound up with the main aspect of Plato’s thought. In fact, in Numenius’s view, Plato belongs to a genealogy which can be linked to Pythagoras himself. From this perspective, Numenius says that Socrates’s original thought is a theology which also belongs to the Pythagorean tradition and which Plato further developed. For Nume­nius, Socrates is not the philosopher of doubt, but a theologian who first theorised the existence of three levels of reality (Gods), which is also the kernel of Numenius’s metaphysical system. For this reason, Numenius puts Socrates within a theological genealogy that begins with Pythago­ras and continues with Socrates and Plato, and that the Academics and the Socratics failed to understand.

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Fantazmaty „Polaka”, czyli przemyślenia z obszarów egzystencjalnej filozofii religii

Author(s): Mirosław Pawliszyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 61/2023

The immediate inspiration for this text is Tomasz Polak’s book System kościelny czyli przewagi pana K (The Church System or the Advantages of Mr. K). The author analyses in detail how the “system” works, claiming that it has taken over the church from the very beginning of its existence, absorbing the original vitality of the community. The conclusion he reaches is that the “system” is unreformable. In this article I compare T. Polak’s basic thought with what Tomasz Węcławski wrote years ago about the church. I emphasize that this is the same person who changed his name due to life circumstances. I try to analyze how far the thinking, the way of argumentation, and finally the formulated conclusions have changed. The key word for these considerations is “phantasm.” In this light, the question of God “with me, in me, and over me” dies in the face of the workings of the “church system.” The phantasm prevails over man and his living relationship to God. “The Church System or the Advantages of Mr. K”, is a very sad story about an individual, even though told in an expert and difficult language. Religion, faith, which someone makes the determinant and meaning of life, is something that from the beginning is doomed to drift towards an unshakeable phantasm, something that, in fact, will never come true, except in the most intimate and private dimension.

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Philosophy as ‘Holy Religion’ (sancta religio). The Essence of Hermetic Philosophy in Asclepius, sive Dialogus Hermetis Trismegisti

Author(s): Kazimierz Pawłowski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The paper deals with the concept of Hermetic philosophy presented in Pseudo-Apuleius' dialogue Asclepius, sive dialogus Hermetis Trismegisti. The attempt is made to describe the special characteristic of this philosophy and its spiritual dimension. Hermetic philosophy is not about solving complicated theoretical problems. Hermetic philosophy only wants to inspire and arouse the natural spiritual sensibility of its adept and open his mind to receiving the divine Mind (God).

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Постановка проблемы о понимании божественного у платона

Author(s): Andrey Tikhonov,Ruslan Frantsuzov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2023

This article is devoted to the consideration of such an aspect of Plato's philosophy as theology. Starting with the "Platonic Theology" of Proclus Diadochus, this point of view and the system of interpretation of philosophical research character continued to develop and refine a number of categories and ideas developed by Plato - Demiurge, ideas of "mixing", ideas of "creation", categories of paradigm (within the dispute about universals), etc. However, if we recognize the equality of the ontological status of the Demiurge, the paradigm and the created world (to whom the blessed god was given life), we come across a number of problems that are expressed not only in the understanding of the "divine" itself, but also in relation to what, within the framework of the "theological" view of Plato, can be called deified or divine images (Demiurge, paradigm and the created world). In this paper, an attempt will be made to demonstrate these contradictions, and to make a number of comments.

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Мировоззренческий диалог или параллельное развитие мысли: античные параллели к книге кохелета 12:7

Author(s): Igor Tantlevskij / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2023

The article deals with the ancient parallels of the fifth century B.C.E. to Qoh. 12:7 (“And the dust shall return to the earth, which it was, and the spirit shall return to God who gave it”). First of all, these parallels include passages from Euripides: “That which is of the earth returns to the earth, the same which is born of the etheric seed returns to the heavenly pole” (“Chrysippus”; 839, 8–11 [ed. Nauck]); “the spirit is to the ether (πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα), and the body to the earth” (“The Suppliants,” 533–534; see also: fr. 971 [ed. Nauck]). Another parallel to Qoh. 12:7 is found in an Attic public inscription commemorating the Athenian soldiers killed at Potidaea (432 B.C.E.): “The ether took (their) souls, [the earth (took)] the bodies...” (IG I³, 1179, eds. Kirchhoff et al.). This view correlates with Empedocles’ assertion that there is neither birth (φύσις) nor death, but only the mixing and subsequent separation of mixed elements (cf.: B 8–9, 11, 15 [DK]), and the idea of Anaxagoras, who said that “birth and death are tantamount” to “change (ἀλλλοιοῦσθαι) only” (Arist. GC I, 314a.14–15). In Euripides’ tragedy “Helen”, the heroine expresses the idea that all “mind” (ὁ νοῦς) “does not live” on the death of the body, it dies “in immortal ether”; but in ether the “immortal” γνώμη which the “mind” of man “possesses” persists. In analysing these fragments, the author concludes that one would rather assume a parallel development of the concepts of the afterlife in the Mediterranean region, rather than a direct influence of Hellenic religious doctrines on Jewish thought or a philosophical dialogue between Judaeans and Hellenes at the time the Book of Qoheleth was written.

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