АНТИУТОПИЧЕСКИЙ ПАФОС И СПЕЦИФИКА ХРОНОТОПА В РАННЕЙ ПРОЗЕ В.О. ПЕЛЕВИНА

Author(s): Anastasia Leonidovna Bobyleva,Tatiana Gennadevna Prokhorova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

The paper analyses the dystopian tendencies in Victor Pelevin’s prose of the 1990s. The features of the chronotope and the dialogic connections with classic dystopias are revealed. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the dystopian look at the future is replaced in Pelevin’s works by the post-utopian view on the present. At the same time, the nature of the chronotope is determined by the Buddhist conception of human life as a chain of sufferings and the idea of the circle of samsara. However, both post-utopian and Buddhist paradigms undergo travesty, which leads to the transformation of the chronotope and the conflict as well as to the reduction of the dystopian pathos. As a result, the genre of dystopia becomes an object of parody.

MİRZƏ FƏTƏLİ AXUNDOV, HEYDƏR HÜSEYNOVUN TƏDQİQİNDƏ

Author(s): Rəşad Əsgərov / Language(s): Azerbaijani Issue: 18/2013

Mirza Fatali Akhundov whose 200 years anniversary celebrated this year attended philosophical, scientific view, aesthetic and aesthetic thoughts and philosophical thoughts about religion, women and men law equality, the alphabet reform and etc. have been investigated in the article. The acquaintance of Akhundov with the European enlightener”s works and his services in the development of enlightened philosophical Huseynov’s studying here. From the beginning Akhundov have dealed all the events which took place in the East world with Islam religion and with the moollah who are religion carriers and then he kept loyal attention to Islam and valued highly positive influence to welfare. Taking into account the realism in intellect theory Akhundov adopted the unity of feeling and rationality. In the conclusion of Heydar Huseynov’s investigation it especially is pointed out that Akhundov’s scientific heritage played especial role in the development of national culture of Azerbaijan and all eastern peoples.

Eski çağda çift başli kartal sembolü üzerine kisa bir değerlendirme (Mezopotamya, Anadolu, Orta Asya)

Author(s): Fazıl Himmetoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 33/2017

It is obvious that the double-headed eagle phenomenon has a dualistic meaning. This dualism can be explained as east and west, sky and earth, or the world and beyond. However it is thought that this symbol is religious based. This bird motif appears in Mesopotamia, Anatolia and Central Asian (Turan) mythologies. It is probable that origin of this bird in Mesopotamia is lion-headed bird-bodied Anzu. This bird may be transformed to double-headed eagle in Assyrian culture after the Sumerians. This symbol is came by Assyrian merchants to Anatolia. The double-headed human-bodied an eagle figurines is found in the Central Asia. The eagle is İmportant in old Turkish culture. In fact, the legendary double headed eagle was believed to be the presence of Öksökö. Similarly it had respected to a legendary creatures called as Simurg in Iran geography. In this study, a short evaluation will be made about the double headed eagle symbol found in many cultures.

Wszechświat – Boska muzyka

Author(s): Tomasz Maziarka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The nature of music and the nature of the universe reveals a lot of common features. Similarity of both was perceived in mythical era; the world of music and the world of astronomy was devoted under patronage of the sisters – the divine Muses. The discovery of the mathematical nature of the musical intervals, which was made by Pythagoras ordered him to base the harmony of the universe on the numerical relations and to recognize that music accompanies the revolution of the heavenly spheres. Plato gave the „music of the spheres” geometric form, and in the Middle Ages, when the Christianity assimilated the idea of the world as a rational structure, harmonia mundi was a model for the composers as well as for ascetic struggles. Modern times and characteristic development of natural sciences, very clearly supported the argument that the world is mathematical. Metaphorical approach of the modern String Theory, which describes the evolution of the first moments of the universe, permits to assign to God the role of the Great Musician who „playing on the strings” – creates the universe.

Observationes ako forma vedeckej komunikácie od stredoveku do 18. storočia

Author(s): Erika Juríková,Ladislav Tkáčik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2017

The reign Charles of Great introduced Latin as a universal language of scholars, so-called lingua franca. Latin kept this position until mid-19th century, because national languages got preference. However, Latin’s domain has lasted until today in certain fields of study in turns of terminology. This paper focuses on the phenomenon of observations across natural and social-economic circumstances. The term observationes originated in Medieval time and it’s derived from Latin verb observare – to observe, to monitor, to keep, to maintain. This labeling can be found in the area of philosophy, secular and monastic life, astronomics remarks, travel reports and natural sciences including medicine as well as law.

Odmienne języki teologiczne w dialogu katolicko-ewangelickim

Author(s): Józef Herbut / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2018

The main thesis of the paper states that Catholic theology and Evangelical theology use different languages. The differences stem from the philosophical dispute about universals. The following positions emerged in the debate: radical realism (universalia ante rem), moderate realism (universsalia in re) and nominalism (notitia intuitiva et notitia abstractiva). The language of Catholic theology is a language of moderate realism, while the language of Evangelical theology is a language of nominalism. The linguistic differences result in a different understanding of important theological statements. The paper uses an analysis of selected fragments from a Catholic and an Evangelical catechism as a basis for the demonstration of the way the following issues are understood: (1) knowledge of God, (2) the concept of original sin, (3) the nature of the Church, (4) the origin of sacraments, (5) life in the world to come.

Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej "Kryzys wartości?"

Author(s): Leszek Kopciuch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2017

Adevărul în perspectiva neurofiziologiei

Author(s): Dan PSATTA / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The purely introspective philosophy, based on reasoning and that from centuries has analysed the mental activity of man needs the scientific research of brain, the only real method of objective investigation of the mental processes. I called this association ‘neurophilosophy’. In this paper, the cerebral processes involved in the knowledge of truth are described: he phenomenal analysis, the epistemic one, processes as thinking, judgement and consciousness.

AL-FÂRÂBÎ

Author(s): Deborah L. Black / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1-2/2017

Ono malo podataka o životu Abû Nasra al-Fârâbîja dolazi uglavnom od srednjovjekovnih arapskih biografa čiji rukopisi datiraju između četvrtog/desetog i sedmog/trinaestog stoljeća. Najraniji iskaz iz Ibn al-Nadîmovog (u. 380/990) Kitâb al-fihrista daje samo oskudne podatke o al-Fârâbîjevom životu; kasnija izvješća dodat će na ovu osnovu opsežne popise njegovih spisa, podatke o njegovim učiteljima i učenicima i nekoliko anegdota čija je vjerodostojnost upitna. Al- Fârâbî je vjerovatno bio turskog podrijetla, rođen oko 257/870 u Fârâbu u Turkestanu. Iako su nam pojedinosti o al-Fârâbîjevom ranom obrazovanju prilično nepoznate, izvješća potvrđuju da je proučavao logiku kod kršćanskih učenjaka Yuhanne ibn Haylâna (u. 910) i Abû Bishr Matte (u. 940), jednog od prevoditelja Aristotelovih djela u arapski jezik. Budući da je Bagdadska škola bila glavni nasljednik u arapskom svijetu filozofskoj i medicinskoj tradiciji Aleksandrije, al-Fârâbîjeva povezanost s tim učiteljima oblikovala je jednu od najranijih veza između grčke filozofije i islamskog svijeta.

Човекът в търсене на смисъл: изборът между страдание и удоволствие

Author(s): Kameliya Slavcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2015

This study examines the problem of the meaning of life and the choice between suffering and pleasure, according to the Biblical book of Ecclesiastes, written by the wisest king that ever lived on Earth, and according to the greatest psychiatrist, founder of the doctrine of Logotherapy, the author of one of the greatest books of our time: Man in Search of Meaning and The Doctor and the Soul – Viktor Frankl. Can we find some similarities in their statements, research, and philosophy? Where is the meaning of human existence: in pleasure or in pain? Why is it important for everyone to find meaning in his/her life? Is this the driving force of humankind forward? Can you live with dignity; what it means, and how to help people that lost the meaning? These are the questions we try to find answers for in this study. The aim is to follow the similarities between the two authors, and to find where modern psychology, logotherapy meet the faith in God.

„Hologramy Ciemności” — Paula Celana teodycea po Shoa

Author(s): Ewa Borkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

Paul Celan’s (1920–1970) poetic cartography builds on the “holograms of darkness” (thus addressed by Amy Colin, an American Celan scholar), the metaphorical constellations which map the experiences of suffering, twilight and death. The poetry “after Shoa” of the Romanian poet of Jewish descent, writing in German, constitutes a particular landscape of his musical “death fugue” in which human suffering is depicted in surrealist images that silently express of the trauma of the Holocaust. Celan’s theodicy is created as the “rhetoric of the ineffable”, a silent dialogue with the Other (Lévinas) but also the absent Other, the No one with whom the poet converses and who becomes the addressee of his “poems-prayers” or “no-poems” (noems), as he calls them. It is the absent Other the poet worships and celebrates in his “poetry of silence”. Language also experienced suffering but was “enriched by it” and now can be heard “on the other side of silence”. Celan’s poetry is firmly anchored in the memory of the Holocaust and Jewish people’s traumatic experiences. To soothe his pain, the poet constantly returns to the “Brunnenland”, his birthplace located in Bukovina where he always found the spring that fueled his poetic soul and heart. The poet’s favourite metaphor is that of the meridian which marks the reference place on the cartographic grid of all his poetic images.

Antropologia New Age

Author(s): Paweł Murziński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

This article examines New Age anthropology in light of important changes that are taking place in western culture. These changes are undoubtedly due to many factors, but primarily to a crisis of Christianity, scientific revolution, and postmodern man’s search for alternative answers. The first two points of this article discuss the foundations of this anthropology, which are rooted in new scientific theories and their metaphysical interpretation in light of the concept of Eastern religions such as Hinduism and contemporary gnosis. According to these Eastern ideas and religions, man is an emanation of the Divine Absolute, who is an incarnate particle. This holistic outlook identifies the Creator with creation and is connected with an evolutionary (and not a creationist) worldview. The following point of the article discusses the concept of so-called “transformation of consciousness,” meaning the need to discover one’s true divine identity. This concept asserts that man’s rational identity is an “illusory I.” The final two points of this article present the consequences of this kind of human perception, or the cognitive process based on inner human experience, meaning so-called “enlightenment” (and not on objective Truth), and of the absolutization of the subjective conscience as the supreme tribunal based on having reached enlightenment. In this way, man’s divine identity, which blurs the boundary between that which is divine and that which is human, is the basis of New Age anthropology. In addition, New Age anthropology’s evolutionary understanding of the cosmos, including of man, leads one to conclude that human nature is subject to the processes of change that makes it possible for man to go beyond the limit within which he is understood as being a homo sapiens.

Polemika Ušeničnik - Rostohar o veri, narodnosti in etiki v letih 1912-1913

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2003

The paper deals with the polemics on religion and nationality, and on nationality and ethics, which were exchanged in 1912 and 1913 between Dr Aleš Ušeničnik, the most important Slovene Catholic philosopher in the first half of the nineteenth century, and Dr Mihajlo Rostohar, philosopher and founder of Slovene psychology, who defended liberal world views. The two disputants considered the conflict of values between religious and national interests on the basis of their exclusivist views on nationality and religion. Ušeničnik placed religious interests before national, whilst Rostohar put the national before religious. Ušeničnik saw the ethical basis of human existence in religion, and Rostohar in nationality. Devotion to their ideologies led them to a consistent rejection of the opponent's arguments. The above polemics between the representatives of the two main ideological orientations in Slovenia from the beginning of the twentieth century, proves that, ideologically, the Slovenes entered the century as a deeply divided nation to whom the coexistence of different ideologies was an obvious mental and existential problem.

RECENZJE

Author(s): Przemysław Sołga,Dariusz Adamczyk,Andrzej Kobyliński,Mirosław Golon / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

1. Review of: Helena Słotwińska, Pedagogika religii w relacjach z dyscyplinami teologicznymi,Wydawnictwo KUL, Lublin 2016, ss. 242. ISBN 978-83-8061-264-8. Review by: Dariusz Adamczyk 2. Review of: Paweł Lisicki, Poza polityczną poprawnością. Polska, Europa i Kościół między nihilizmem a islamem, Wydawnictwo M, Kraków 2017, ss. 272. Review by: Andrzej Kobyliński 3. Review of: Józef Binnebesel, Koncepcje lęku przed śmiercią w kontekście Tanatopedagogicznej Relacyjnej Terapii Zastępczej, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UMK, Toruń 2018, ss. 529. Review by: Mirosław Golon 4. Review of: Jerzy Prochwicz, Arcybiskup Stanisław Gall (1865-1942). Biskup Polowy Wojsk Polskich, Ordynariat Polowy, Warszawa 2018, ss. 52. Review by: Przemysław Sołga

Reflection of the Ancient Rituals Semiotics in Cultural Etiquette Forms of Politeness

Author(s): Roman Vasko / Language(s): English Issue: 100/2019

The article discusses modern patterns of expressing wishes which are transformations of ancient pagan rituals. With the adoption of Christianity, these models and, above all, their form, such as wishes, undergo changes under the influence of biblical symbols. The main attention is paid to the relationship between the functions of non-verbal and verbal semiotics in the rituals of wishes in the mythological, religious-Christian and secularised worldviews. In addition, the point that the ritual is a set of consecutive ritual actions is supported. An attempt is also made to reveal the inner form of wishes through the prism of the theory of gift-exchange. The characteristics of external and internal pragmatics of the remnants of an ancient ritual is represented in wishes as cultural etiquette forms of gift-exchange or, as is customary to say in modern discourse studies, forms of politeness. The need for experimental studies of different ethnocultures aiming at the remains of ancient rituals in modern consciousness is substantiated.

Tautos ir tautiškumo išsaugojimo problema Stasio Šalkauskio filosofinėje kūryboje

Author(s): Jonas Balčius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 38/2004

The article deals with problems of preserving the national identity and national survival in the modern world, which are topical issues for present-day Lithuania as well. Attempts at safeguarding and consolidating the country’s independence in terms of culture and world-view, undertaken by the erudite intellectual Stasys Šalkauskis (1886-1941) were typical of many Lithuanian philosophers of the interwar period. The philosopher envisaged the political and cultural independence of his native country, as well as the future of Lithuania, as exclusively linked with Christianity, and more precisely with Catholicism. In his works, Šalkauskis expressed his ultimate hope that Lithuania would not experience another setback into “a new kind of paganism” (by this he meant the authoritarian and nationalist orientations of President Smetona, and the triumphal march of both fascism and communism across Europe J. B.), instead remaining faithful to the Catholic tradition, both culturally and politically. A very significant aspect of the work by Šalkauskis, analyzed in the present article, is his extremely positive response to and evaluation of the role that international political organizations, such as the UN, could play globally both in his times and in the future, especially in terms of securing the safety of small nations, their political survival and cultural autonomy, etc.

Helenizmo kultūros samprata Antano Rubšio biblistikoje

Author(s): Romualdas Juzefovičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 38/2004

The prelate Antanas Rubšys (1923-2002), in the middle of the 20th century, was already involved in the archaeological research of historic places mentioned in the Holy Scripture, the results of which were later applied to text-analytical studies of the Old and New Testaments. From this point of view, the following voluminous works of Rubšys may be excluded: “Key to the Old Testament” and “Key to the New Testament”. These works, in addition to other issues, analyse the interaction between culture and religion, and present premises for internal and external change in the Near East. All propositions presented by Rubšys are grounded on ideological principles formulated by unknown authors of the Old Testament, and historical parallels thereof, which partially reveal the internal split in Jewish culture during the Hellenist period. The purpose of this article is to discuss one of the many historical aspects analysed in Rubšys’ works, i.e. reflections of Hellenist culture and its evaluation in narrations of the Old Testament.

Septynios Šventosios Dvasios dovanos ir jų sąveika su dorybėmis pagal šv. Tomą Akvinietį

Author(s): Jolita Balčiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 36/2004

St. Thomas Aquinas describes the gifts of the Holy Spirit as a help for a moral Christian life. It is through the gifts of the Holy Spirit that perfection of human nature occurs, as the gifts themselves are perfections, which incline a person to follow the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Furthermore, this inspiration is God’s special help for a person springing from the abundance of God’s goodness. They let the Holy Spirit act in a person freely and spontaneously and are a kind of permanent right of the Holy Spirit to interfere in the life of a baptised person. Analysing the activities of each gift separately, St. Thomas Aquinas divides them into contemplative and practical, taking into consideration the powers of the human soul, i.e., the powers of reason and appetite. Thus every gift of the Holy Spirit makes perfect a certain power of the human soul so that the Holy Spirit can embrace all spheres of human activity. St. Thomas Aquinas includes the gifts of the Holy Spirit in an integral structure of virtuous life, where seven gifts of the Holy Spirit interact with seven virtues: four cardinal virtues and three divine or theological virtues. Finally, it is revealed that according to St. Thomas Aquinas, gifts and virtues act in a person differently. The gifts of the Holy Spirit, with their activity descending from God, bring human actions to perfection in a supernatural way, contrary to virtues, which bring human actions to perfection in a natural way. That is why a Christian reaches his final purpose - eternal life . not only by practising virtues, but first of all by co-operation with the Holy Spirit and letting It act through Its gifts.

Septynios Šventosios Dvasios dovanos ir jų sąveika su dorybėmis pagal šv. Tomą Akvinietį

Author(s): Jolita Balčiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 35/2003

St. Thomas Aquinas describes the gifts of the Holy Spirit as a help for a moral Christian life. It is through the gifts of the Holy Spirit that perfection of human nature occurs, as the gifts themselves are perfections, which incline a person to follow the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Furthermore, this inspiration is God’s special help for a person springing from the abundance of God’s goodness. They let the Holy Spirit act in a person freely and spontaneously and are a kind of permanent right of the Holy Spirit to interfere in the life of a baptised person. Analysing the activities of each gift separately, St. Thomas Aquinas divides them into contemplative and practical, taking into consideration the powers of the human soul, i.e., the powers of reason and appetite. Thus every gift of the Holy Spirit makes perfect a certain power of the human soul so that the Holy Spirit can embrace all spheres of human activity. St. Thomas Aquinas includes the gifts of the Holy Spirit in an integral structure of virtuous life, where seven gifts of the Holy Spirit interact with seven virtues: four cardinal virtues and three divine or theological virtues. Finally, it is revealed that according to St. Thomas Aquinas, gifts and virtues act in a person differently. The gifts of the Holy Spirit, with their activity descending from God, bring human actions to perfection in a supernatural way, contrary to virtues, which bring human actions to perfection in a natural way. That is why a Christian reaches his final purpose - eternal life - not only by practising virtues, but first of all by co-operation with the Holy Spirit and letting It act through Its gifts.

Katalikiškasis XIX amžiaus spiritualizmas

Author(s): Bronislovas Kuzmickas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 33/2003

One of the most influential strains in Catholic philosophy in the 19th century was spiritualism. Thinkers belonging to this strain emphasized the importance of spirituality in human life and stood in sharp opposition to the views of positivism and scientism. The tension between spiritualism and positivism was particularly strong and dynamic in academic circles in France and Italy. In the article an analysis is given of the concepts of F. P. Maine de Biran, J. Ravaisson-Molien (France) and their followers, whose main contribution to philosophy and psychology consists in the investigation of man’s inward experience as the basis of the personality and an important source of knowledge. The philosophical attitudes of the Italian spiritualists are known by the term ontologism. The leader of Italian spiritualism, A. Rosmini- Serbati, aspired to create a model of Christian-Catholic apologetics, rooted in both Augustinian and Thomistic traditions, able to harmonize rationalism and empiricism and to meet the demands of modern philosophical thought. The core of the theory of the other eminent Italian spiritualist, V. Gioberti, makes the proposition that the being in itself, not merely the being of mind, is present to the intellect.