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Wybrane problemy rozwoju nauk ekonomicznych w Polsce

Author(s): Kazimierz Górka,Marcin Łuszczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03 (1)/2014

The paper presents a discussion of the subject of mesoeconomics (mezzoeconomics), and its place within the system of economic sciences, as well as its new role in the theory of economics and economic policy, due to systemic reform. Further in the paper we find characteristics of economics and programming the industrial development, as well as industrial economics, viewed as mesoeconomic disciplines. The final part focuses on the environmental protection economics, and its related sciences such as economics of environment and natural resources, and ecological economics. The paper includes a discussion of controversies raised by those disciplines and environmental policy. The paper closes with a discussion on the issues of sustainable development as balanced or lasting (permanent) development.

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Teoretyczne aspekty politycznego cyklu koniunkturalnego i budżetowego

Author(s): Maria Parlinska,Michał Wielechowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03 (1)/2014

Economics and politics have been always interrelated, any discussion on economic issues cannot be complete without raising political questions. The role of politics and politicians in economic business cycles has been broadly discussed. The paper presents the theoretical premises of the political business cycle and the political budget cycle. The authors reviewed the world literature on new political economics, which takes into account the above-mentioned phenomena.

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The political process and efficiency of the economic and social systems

Author(s): Kamen Kamenov / Language(s): English Issue: 01 EN/2017

The article examined issues related to the sustainability of the political process. Emphasis is placed on specific features in its implementation in connection with power-exercising, decision-making and behaviour of the governors. Furthermore, political power and the connections and dependencies in policy-making are characterized. Issues of control and self-control over political power are discussed. In connection with the dynamics of social processes and the democratization of the relations between people, groups and institutions, the role of the crowd as a corrective or source of management policy is considered. The specifics of political decisions and the options of manifestation during the implementation of the political process are considered. Political behaviour is presented as a function of political power and political decisions. Essential is the forms and motives for manifestation of various types of political behaviour. The emphasis in the article is on deviations in the pursuit of political power and the development and policy-making. They actually affect on the sustainability of the political process

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Problem niepełnego zatrudnienia w ujęciu Keynesa, Schumpetera i Galbraitha

Author(s): Stanisław Swadźba,Urszula Zagóra-Jonszta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03 (1)/2014

Issue of incomplete employment is still a major problem of the capitalist economy, unresolved both in economic theory and in practice. The main goal of this article is to compare the position of the three great economists on this issue: Joseph Alois Schumpeter, John Maynard Keynes and John Kenneth Galbraith. The first two economists significantly differed in their views, Galbraith’s position was strongly similar to the Keynesian.

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Rynek pracy – wsparcie czy bariera konkurencyjności polskiej gospodarki

Author(s): Izabela Ostoj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03 (1)/2014

The article presents the relations between the labor market and the market competitiveness. These relations are applied to the Polish market. The analysis is based on the approach by World Economic Forum as well as appropriate indicators published annually in the Global Competitiveness Report. The article contains the set of the features of the Polish market which contribute to its effective functioning and general market competitiveness and exposes the counterproductive features as well. It is proved that these are substantially institutional factors. These should be regarded as crucial for social and economic policy.

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Współpraca transgraniczna w Euroregionie Pomerania w latach 2007-2013

Author(s): Agnieszka Małkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03 (1)/2014

The article presents the effects of the cross-border co-operation in the Euroregion Pomerania. The aim of this article is to performance of range of realization the strategy of development of Euroregion Pomerania in 2007–2013. The article presents the important projects for development of this region, that’s was with European Territorial Cooperation funded.

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Efektywność ekonomiczna regulacji sektorowej cen na rynku energii elektrycznej w Polsce

Author(s): Rafał Nagaj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03 (1)/2014

In this paper the main attention was focused on the analysis of the effectiveness of economic regulation of prices on the electricity market in Poland. As an efficiency criterion the Kaldor-Hicks approach was adopted. It analyzed the scale of the reduction of price expectations of incumbents trading enterprises and were compared with changes in prices of regulated market and competitive market. Research period was 2008–2013. In order to make the necessary calculations, Energy Regulatory Office data and the Energy Market Agency data were used. In the paper a descriptive method, a comparative method, and basic statistical methods, (i.e. methods of index) were used. The analysis showed that the regulation of the electricity market was economically inefficient resulting in prices on the regulated market increasing faster than on the competitive market.

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Analiza zmian w handlu zewnętrznym Polski – 10 lat doświadczeń

Author(s): Aleksandra Nacewicz- Twardowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03 (2)/2014

Polish accession to the European Union and changes in EU`s trade policy significantly affected the Polish entities leading international trade with non- EU countries. In recent years there has been an increase in trade with third countries, which may be combined with the accession to EU. At the same time international competitive position of Poland changed. The analysis confirmed a good adaptation of Polish exporters and importers, to changing conditions, including expanding trade liberalization.

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LIBERALIZACJA MIĘDZYNARODOWEGO HANDLU USŁUGAMI W WARUNKACH KRYZYSU NEGOCJACJI WTO

Author(s): Anna Wróbel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/1/2015

The aim of the paper is to analyze the process of liberalization of trade in services in the context of the crisis of DDA. It will present the reasons for the lack of progress in the services negotiations at the WTO and alternatives to this negotiations, which can gain greater access to services markets of trading partners.

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EUROAZJATYCKA UNIA GOSPODARCZA – PRÓBA OŻYWIENIA INSTYTUCJONALNEJ INTEGRACJI GOSPODARCZEJ NA OBSZARZE DAWNEGO ZSRR

Author(s): Tomasz Michałowski,Eugeniusz Gostomski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/1/2015

The purpose of the paper is to present the causes, nature and consequences of the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). The issue of EEU is new and therefore has so far found little attention in the literature. The authors of the paper use descriptive and analytical method based on the journal articles, information obtained from the Internet and publications of international organizations. EEU is still under construction. It is difficult to predict whether its objectives will be achieved. Some concerns are expressed that the EEU will serve Russia’s domination of other Member States or even the reconstruction of the former USSR. Due to the political nature, these issues are not examined in detail by the authors, who have deliberately focused on the economic aspects of the EEU.

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EUROAZJATYCKA UNIA GOSPODARCZA JAKO PRZYKŁAD ROSYJSKICH INICJATYW W ZAKRESIE REINTEGRACJI GOSPODARCZEJ PAŃSTW BYŁEGO ZSRR

Author(s): Jarosław Kuśpit / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/1/2015

The author of the article attempts to assess the possibility of a real economic integration within the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). The Union, created at the initiative of Russia, is another attempt to reintegrate countries of the former Soviet Union. The purpose of the EEU was to create an alternative for the countries of the former Soviet Union to strengthening economic relations with the European Union, or dynamically developing economies of Asia. The concept of the EEU has a strong political base but it also has some problems with concrete solutions in the economy. The descriptive analysis carried out in the article shows that the integration between Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia does not currently meet most of the essential conditions deemed necessary for the success of the process. This confirms the hypothesis that the concept of Eurasian Economic Union serves as a method of Russia’s political objectives implementation.

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WPŁYW SANKCJI EKONOMICZNYCH NA HANDEL MIĘDZYNARODOWY – ANALIZA ZMIAN W WYMIANIE HANDLOWEJ UNIA EUROPEJSKA–ROSJA

Author(s): Magdalena Rosińska-Bukowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/1/2015

The aim of the study is attempt to assess the impact of international economic sanctions on the changes in the structure and volume of the trade – the example restrictions on line EU-Russia. The study involved comparing the trade before sanctions (2004–2013) and after the introduction of sanctions (2014). The study attempts to assess the impact of restrictions on the economic interests of EU Member States which are the main exporters to the Russian market. A sectoral approach has been presented, taking into account different sections according to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). The study presents attempt to assess the impact of the introduction of sanctions against Russia for trade in a particular sector – SITC 7. The last part – multilateral economic sanctions as instrument of keeping international order of world.

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WPŁYW SANKCJI GOSPODARCZYCH NA STRUKTURĘ POLSKIEGO EKSPORTU PRODUKTÓW ROLNO-SPOŻYWCZYCH DO ROSJI

Author(s): Iwona M. Batyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/1/2015

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the export, including the export of agri-food products from Polish to the Russian Federation. Show the consequences of the introduction of sanctions by Russia on Polish agri-food products in relation to the transfer of goods from Polish to Russia in a small border traffic between Kaliningrad and part of Warmia, Mazury and Pomerania. Take into account the scale of traffic on the Polish-Russian border, the purpose of visits to Poland and the size and structure of the expenses incurred by foreigners in Poland. Analysis of exports and the consequences of sanctions on Polish agrifood products are based on statistical data. Russia remains a major buyer of our products in terms of all industries, however, put an embargo on many raw materials and food products, especially meat and meat products, milk and dairy products and fruits and vegetables, resulted in a significant reduction in exports of agri-food products. There has been a significant increase in the transport of Polish food products to Russia in the context of local border traffic, taking into account the periods before and after the introduction of the Russian embargo. Russia sanctions hit, not only in the Kaliningrad consumers, but also in the local manufacturers who do not have the raw materials for food production. Russia is a large market with a constantly growing demand, rapidly changing competitive environment, and non-permanent mechanisms of the market economy. These factors have a significant influence on the Russian market instability. One of the elements that influence the trade relations between the Polish and Russia are restrictions and sanctions on the export of Polish agricultural products, raw materials and food.

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STRATEGICZNE DZIAŁANIA USPRAWNIAJĄCE I ZWIĘKSZAJĄCE BEZPIECZEŃSTWO W TRANSGRANICZNYM RUCHU TOWAROWYM W UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ – ELEKTRONICZNY SYSTEM CELNY

Author(s): Małgorzata Czermińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/1/2015

The article presents selected strategic activities of the European Union in order to facilitate customs procedures while ensuring the safety of cross-border trade of goods in the form of the creation of a paperless environment for customs and trade. Particular attention was paid to the solutions used in the context of electronic customs services, which are aimed at facilitating and simplifying them. The article uses the research method involving the analysis of existing legal and systemic solutions combined with business practice.

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MIĘDZYNARODOWA POLITYKA HANDLOWA W XXI WIEKU – GŁÓWNE TRENDY

Author(s): Monika Wojtas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/1/2015

The article presents main trends in international trade policy conducted since the beginning of the XXI century. Three major areas are discussed: 1) round of multilateral negotiations organized by the World Trade Organization – the Doha Round that does not seem to be coming to an end any time soon; 2) regionalism in trade policy including the idea to create so called mega-regionals; 3) protectionist tendencies that appeared due to the worldwide economic crisis of 2008–2009.

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KONSEKWENCJE PRZYSTĄPIENIA UKRAINY DO ŚWIATOWEJ ORGANIZACJI HANDLU

Author(s): Daniel Butyter / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/1/2015

After long period of negotiations in 2008 Ukraine joined the World Trade Organization. The main goal of WTO is to liberalize trade between member countries. The main goal of this article is to present the key positive and negative economic effects related to Ukraine’s accession to the World Trade Organization, and sectors with available statistical data have been given special consideration.

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INNOWACYJNOŚĆ PRZEDSIĘBIORSTWA – OD TRANSFERU DO GENEROWANIA WŁASNYCH INNOWACJI

Author(s): Oleksandr Oksanych / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2/2015

The subject of discussion in the article is the place and role of businesses in creating innovative policy of the state. The article contains the model for optimizing costs remain competitive company based on investment and marketing activities. It presents selected aspects of the creation of the state investment policy, taking into account the active role of companies and a support of R & D enterprises.

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MOTYWY POLSKICH INWESTYCJI BEZPOŚREDNICH – PRZYKŁAD PRZEDSIĘBIORSTW Z WOJEWÓDZTWA ŁÓDZKIEGO

Author(s): Bogdan Buczkowski,Anetta Kuna-Marszałek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2/2015

In this paper we examine the determinants of the Polish outward foreign direct investment at a regional level. Using survey data from a questionnaire that was conducted in the years 2012–2014, we show that traditional market-related determinants act as the main drivers for the outward FDI of the Lodz region. Much less important are cost and resource related motives while political (administrative and legal) determinants alongside the risk related ones are of little importance in making decisions on FDI. This can be explained by trade related nature of the Lodz region OFDI and step wise involvement of the companies in the process of internationalization that is preceded by the success on the domestic market and starts usually from export activities, and only after collecting adequate resources, companies invest in well-known and close markets.

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WYDATKI BUDŻETOWE W PROGRAMIE ROZWOJU OBSZARÓW WIEJSKICH (PROW) NA LATA 2014–2020 – PROBLEM NIEDOBORU ŚRODKÓW

Author(s): Andrzej Czyżewski,Sebastian Stępień / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2/2015

After many months of work and consultation in December 2014 the Rural Development Programme (RDP) 2014–2020 was finally approved. Specify a list of objectives and activities of this Programme was very difficult because the budget negotiations concerning the second pillar of the common agricultural policy resulted in much lower amount of money for Poland than in 2007–2013. As a consequence, it was necessary to determine priority tasks eligible for funding under the RDP and those for which support will be lower. The aim of the paper is to present budgetary considerations and its consequences for the development of rural areas in Poland in the years 2014–2020. The authors try to evaluate the structure of the new Programme, as well as to answer the question whether the deficit of EU money for some of the tasks previously performed by the RDP 2007–2013 may be covered by expenditure under cohesion policy. Data relating to the allocation of funds in the new financial period indicate that the RDP 2014–2020 emphasis on the competitiveness of agriculture, as evidenced by higher than in 2007–2013 amount of support for activities “modernization of farms” and “agricultural producer groups” and similar to the “young farmer”. But there is limited support for the entrepreneurship development and rural infrastructure. These tasks are to be increasingly financed from other EU funds, including the Cohesion Fund. Compensation will be real only if the level of the money allocation from the cohesion policy will be higher than in 2007–2013 (and this is not certain as yet), and when a detailed list of projects implemented within the framework of the fund will be specified (there is no such information in document). The article is a review of official government documents and deductive considerations contained, supplemented by the authors own calculations, allow to provide definitive conclusions.

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KORZYŚCI I BARIERY WSPÓŁPRACY PODMIOTÓW LOKALNYCH NA PRZYKŁADZIE BANKÓW I SAMORZĄDÓW TERYTORIALNYCH W ŚWIETLE BADAŃ EMPIRYCZNYCH

Author(s): Aleksandra Grabowska-Powaga,Agata Jakubowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2/2015

Cooperation of local entities brings on the one hand a lot of formal benefits like: economic, infrastructural ones and informal benefits like improvement of trust and social capital between the partners. On the other hand there are a lot of barriers which the entities, who want to cooperate face with. There are more formal barriers just like legal and economic ones and more informal like potential partners’ unwillingness to take together any actions. In 2014 empirical research was conducted and its goal was to identify the benefits and barriers between local entities. Considering the editorial limitation the article presents the results of the research considering the benefits and barriers on the example of banks and local government.

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