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Slovakia’s Approach towards the Energy Union

Author(s): Alexander Duleba / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

This article aims to identify Slovakia’s approach towards the Energy Union initiative launched by the European Commission in February 2015. It maps expectations voiced in Slovakia regarding how the Energy Union could be or could not be instrumental in addressing main energy challenges for Slovakia as they are identified by the Slovak government and energy community. In addition, this article summarizes main positions of Slovakia on the most important segments of the Energy Union proposal as they are viewed from a Slovak perspective, including planned measures in strengthening energy security, developing single energy market and reviewing regulatory policy, improving energy efficiency and meeting the EU goals in climate policy. The research findings presented in this article are based on analytical review of respective discourse in Slovakia, including governmental documents in the field of energy and foreign policy.

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STRUKTURALNE UWARUNKOWANIA MECHANIZMU TRANSMISJI IMPULSÓW POLITYKI PIENIĘŻNEJ W STANACH ZJEDNOCZONYCH AMERYKI PÓŁNOCNEJ W LATACH 1984–2013

Author(s): Dominika Brózda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/3/2015

The review and identification of the underlying structural factors that have contributed to the changes in the transmission mechanism of U.S. monetary policy in the years 1984–2013.Methodology – multi-dimensional qualitative analysis of the structural factors characteristic for the economy of the United. The Federal Reserve System’s monetary transmission mechanism . In particular, the development of innovative financial instruments, increasing trade openness and deregulation of the U.S. financial system have influenced on the change in the nature of the process of monetary policy transmission in the United States. Originality – the monetary transmission mechanism is not completely understood by economists. In the Polish literature of the subject there is a lack of researches devoted to the analysis of the transmission mechanism of U.S. monetary policy.

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MONITOROWANIE STRATEGII ROZWOJU W ŚWIETLE DELIMITACJI MIEJSKICH OBSZARÓW FUNKCJONALNYCH

Author(s): Barbara Batóg,Magdalena Mojsiewicz,Jacek Batóg / Language(s): Polish Issue: 42/1/2015

Presented analysis indicates that freshly defined metropolitan areas in Poland begin to create the development strategies and systems of monitoring and evaluation of their strategic and other goals. These documents have different level of advancement. The review of existing development strategies in Poland and in Europe allows to formulate the conclusion that statistical data are crucial for realization of monitoring and evaluation of development strategies. The statistical data should include information on natural environment, transportation, demography, state property, health and knowledge-based economy. There is also need for general set of indices that enables the regional, national and international comparisons. The comparison of the economic situation of Polish functional areas in 2010 and 2013 was also carried out. The rankings of these areas were very similar to rankings of Polish voivodships.

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The Hungarian Economy. On the Wrong Trajectory

Author(s): András Vértes / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2015

Hungary’s economy has lost the past decade. Since the country acceded to the European Union, it has not been able to converge towards the EU average in per capita GDP, whereas the majority of the countries in the Central and East European region have come much closer to it. The general government and the current account balance improved markedly, but in every other field (consumption, investment, competitiveness, attraction of capital, etc.) Hungary’s performance has lagged behind the majority of the countries in the CEE region. This is due both to the former socialist-liberal and the present national-conservative governments. The irresponsible fiscal and unsuccessful reform policy of the former government contributed to the increase of the state debt. The latter government constrained democracy as well as the functioning of a market economy. Nationalisations, market reorganisations, and the deployment of a tax system as a means of punishment have undermined the rule of law and the security of property. As a result, a low growth potential and the widening of inequalities are economic characteristics of Hungary.

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POLITYKA INNOWACYJNA WE WŁOSZECH – WSTĘPNE ROZWAŻANIA

Author(s): Katarzyna Kozioł-Nadolna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/1/2016

The aim of the article is to present the Italian innovation policy and indicate the importance of industrial districts in the creation of innovation policy. The article is theoretical in nature, it consists of four parts.

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ZMIANY DEMOGRAFICZNE JAKO DETERMINANTA REFORM SYSTEMÓW EMERYTALNYCH KRAJÓW NORDYCKICH – WNIOSKI DLA POLSKI

Author(s): Mateusz Guzikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/1/2016

The aim of the article is to analyse the demographic changes that appeared in the Nordic states’ societies (Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland and Finland). Demographic transition became a motive for the pension system reforms that were introduced during the last two decades. Population of these countries may be stipulated as demographically old, which means that the life expectancy is high, the fertility rate is low, and levels of the old-age dependency ratio as well as the economic dependency ratio are very high. The negative impact of demographic changes may be limited by introducing pension system reforms. The findings stemming from the Nordic countries’ experience are basis of recommendations for the Polish retirement scheme reform.

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RYNEK INDYWIDUALNYCH KONT EMERYTALNYCH W POLSCE

Author(s): Elwira Leśna-Wierszołowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/1/2016

The aim of the article is to characterize the individual retirement accounts market in Poland. The article describes the rules for creating and functioning of individual retirement accounts. The article presents the development of individual retirement accounts market in Poland between the years 2010 and 2014. Moreover, the article describes the factors hindering the development of individual retirement accounts market, such as: low income, lack of habit of saving and lack of knowledge of individual retirement accounts functioning. Retirement coming only from the first and second pillar may be insufficient to ensure an appropriate level of retirement benefits. Therefore, individual retirement accounts, acting in the third pillar, should become an important component of future benefits. It is important to take appropriate educational activities to increase Poles’ awareness of pension.

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ORDOLIBERALNA KATEGORIA WOLNOŚCI NA PRZYKŁADZIE WALTERA EUCKENA I WILHELMA RÖPKEGO

Author(s): Artur Grabowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2/2016

One of the basic economic categories for ordoliberalism was the freedom. It was due to assumptions of the ordoliberalism doctrine. At the foundation of the legal and institutional order first economic order was made, from which a market economy emerged. In this order prevailed: freedom, competition and private ownership. For the leading representatives of ordoliberalism (Walter Eucken and Wilhelm Röpke), the freedom was one of the fundamental principle of constituting a market order and attribute of peoples. Every citizen had guaranteed the freedom of establishment and the use of private ownership of the means of production.

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INKLUZYWNY SYSTEM GOSPODARCZY – UTOPIA I DROGA DO JEJ REALIZACJI

Author(s): Maciej Miszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2/2016

This paper deals with the concept of inclusive economy proposed by E. Mączyńska. We analyse it through the lenses of evolutionary-institutional economics employing the systemic change approach, as offered by D. Acemoglu and J.A. Robinson, as well as juxtaposing it with the idea of new pragmatism promoted by G.W. Kołodko. We point both to the premises that would allow the implementation of inclusive economy and to the obstacles and conditions that could hold back such an endeavour.

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ROZWAŻANIA O PODATKACH DAVIDA RICARDA I JOHNA STUARTA MILLA

Author(s): Urszula Zagóra-Jonszta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2/2016

This article presents views on the taxation professed by the two largest British classics, next to Adam Smith – David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill. Walking the path designated by the master they professed similar views, accepting low, linear taxes and preferring indirect form of the taxation.

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INSTYTUCJONALNE UWARUNKOWANIA WYKORZYSTYWANIA ZASOBÓW KAPITAŁU LUDZKIEGO

Author(s): Maciej Miszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/3/2016

This paper’s point of departure is the assertion that human resources available within the Polish economy are to a large extent unused or even wasted. A manifestation of this claim can be found for example in insufficient creativity of Polish employees and poor innovativeness of companies. In the search for the reasons of this state of affairs we consider disregard for employment perceived as an intangible good triggering positive externalities, the education model, and the practice of managing human resources and creating interpersonal relations in companies and institutions that seem to reproduce the features of feudal economy.

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Oživljvanje birokapitalističkog modela i identifikacija etatističkog sindroma kod mladih Srbije

Author(s): Siniša Zarić,Vojislav Babić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2013

This text deals with the growing state trend interfering in economy both in the world and in Serbia during the global economic crisis. It is aiming at calling attention to state regulating growing trend in Serbian economy which strengthens non-economic thinking, generates soft budgeting constraints and results bad economic parameters. Emphasized state presence in Serbian economic processes can neither be explained by prolonged transitional process lasting (Serbia as the only country in the phase of transitional recession), nor can it make any sense of new regulation aspects, as a consequence of global economic crisis. Economic culture must be taken into account characterizing strong syndromes of paternalism, etatism and non-competitiveness. The ruling set of non-formal institutions which are slowly being changed, according to D. North, represent good platform for newstate-interventionism and budget constraint softening.

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TRANSFORMACJA SYSTEMOWA W MONGOLII

Author(s): Khaliunaa Erdenekhuu / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/1/2016

In the early 1990., Mongolia embarked on its ambitious transition from centrally planned to a market driven economy. It was the beginning of the end the 70- years period of socialism in Mongolia. In this paper, based on available literature and statistical data, Mongolia’s transition reform was attempted to analyse. For the society, that never before has been experienced the free market mechanism, it has been lacked knowledge and experiences in order to design a new market system. The legal frameworks (formal institutions) can be changed quickly, but society and its informal institutions need time to convert and adapt.

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FINANSOWE INSTRUMENTY ZWROTNE NA PRZYKŁADZIE INICJATYWY JEREMIE – WYKORZYSTANIE I WNIOSKI DLA POLITYKI REGIONALNEJ W POLSCE

Author(s): Paweł Łopatka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2/2016

The article discusses issues related to financial instruments feedback, which are a relatively new tool by means of which are distributed funds from the European Union. The specificity of these instruments are shown on the example of the initiative JERMIE, which is addressed to the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises in Poland and is present only until 2009.

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INSTRUMENTY FINANSOWE W ROZWOJU OBSZARÓW WIEJSKICH

Author(s): Beata Skubiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2/2016

Innovative proposals regarding rural development policy for 2014–2020 can be successful in the implementing of measures aimed at increasing the capacity of UE Member States to support rural enterprises in accessing the funds they need to develop their business. Financial engineering instruments (often referred to as financial instruments) can be of different forms. The common feature of these instruments is that they provide an alternative option for financing in the form of grants and allow to recirculate the earlier allotment of cash used for the creation of funds and thus enhance the further development of rural areas. Now there is an information gap regarding the potential of the RDP financial instruments as a tool for stimulation the development of rural areas. Therefore this paper aims to explain why, when, where and how you can use various types of the RDP financial instruments to achieve the goals in terms of rural development and widely known economic growth.

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Yabancı Patentlerin Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları Üzerindeki Etkisi: 1974-2012 Türkiye Örneği

Author(s): Hatice Armutcuoğlu Tekin,Selim Şanlisoy / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2016

The aim of this paper is to examine the co-integration relationship between patents and foreign direct investments in Turkey. Accordingly, Gregory Hansen co-integration method is applied, which is used to see co-integration relationship under the condition of structural break. As a result of this study, the year 1984 is identified as a structural break year. The long-term relationship between patents and foreign direct investments is in a negative way before 1984, in a positive way after 1984. The patents’ monopolistic potential and making restrictions for entering the market and multinational corporations’ licensing instead of foreign direct investments can be assessed as the causes of the negative relationship. And Turkey’s liberal economic policies for foreign direct investments after 1980 can be considered the cause of the positive relationship principally.

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Таможенный союз и развитие миграционных процессов в Кыргызстане

Author(s): Kumen I. Isakov,Nyrgylya K. Isakova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The article discusses the impact of the Customs Union on the development of migrationprocesses in Kyrgyzstan.

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Pravno-ekonomski aspekti finansiranja zdravstvenog osiguranja u Republici Srbiji

Author(s): Radoja Janjetovic / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 8/2016

Health insurance financing is a very important instrument in the formation of both national and business policy of business entities. From this point of view it can be said that by permanent improvement of the financial part of the general needs of the society as a whole and individuals, we are able to distinguish two types of funding: firstcentralist and second-liberal. The existence of high risk requires state intervention in the problem of financing, with a tendency to allow liberalization of financial resources in certain areas.

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Dilemmas and Confines with Personal Income Taxation Harmonization Process

Author(s): Tomasz Wołowiec / Language(s): English Issue: 4 (80)/2016

During the development of the Treaty of Rome it was decided that, to assure a common market, it was enough to harmonise indirect taxes and remove trade barriers as they were the prime inhibitors to the flow of goods and services. The harmonisation of direct (income) taxes was not considered as they were seen as not significantly affecting the single internal market. Problems tied to direct taxation became visible as integration proceeded, the EU grew, its citizens began to migrate, multinational enterprises increased in size and scope and their financial flows (capitaland profit transfers between headquarters and subsidiaries in different EU countries) became seriously affected.

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Polityka zagraniczna Francji wobec Rosji w sektorze energetycznym

Author(s): Karolina J. Helnarska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The France on the international stage, with Russia can be changed while in the field of energy, trying to benefit from mutual cooperation. This comes from the desire of France to ensure the security of gas supplies, supply diversification, the strengthening of French companies in the field of energy in the European energy market. France pursued a policy based on the security of supplies from sources of imports under long-term contracts. In addition to security issues and impor-tant economic role played by political issues. France is more active cooperation in economic matters and issues of energy security between Germany and Russia. Doesn’t want to be completely excluded from cooperation in this area. Offer Rus-sia the possibility of buying some military technology and nuclear missiles, which can Germany offer

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