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World Trade Organization and the Renewable Energy Sources Cases: How to Achieve the SDG7?

Author(s): R.D. Akshalova,Alexander Mikhailovich Solntsev,B. Zh. Abdraiym,Sholpan Tlepina / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2020

This article discusses in detail disputes resolved by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (hereinafter referred to as the WTO DSB) in the field of state subsidies to support the use of renewable energy sources (hereinafter referred to as the RES). Since 2010, eight cases have been filed with the WTO DSB in relation to RES subsidy programs. The author analyzes the case and shows the impact of increasing the number of such trade disputes on further development of renewable energy in the whole world, and in separate states. The author pays special attention to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7, which were approved by the UN for 2016-2030, in the context of the spread of RES in the context of the conditions of WTO DSB case practice.

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Energy Consumption, ICTs Development and Environmental Quality among ECOWAS

Author(s): Bosede Esther Akanbi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

Relationships among energy consumption, environmental issues and other macroeconomic variables provide an extensive literature for a large number of studies across the world. Existing studies have explored the nature and direction of the linkage between energy consumption, income, electricity price, inflation, exchange rate and trade openness. However, relationship among ICT development, energy consumption and environmental quality has received little attention particularly among Economic Community of West African States. This study investigated the dynamic linkages among energy consumption, ICT development and environmental quality using the panel of 6 countries in West Africa using data from U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) and World Development Indicators and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). It was found that carbon dioxide emissions increased energy consumption. Also, mobile telephone subscription had negative but insignificant relationship with environmental quality and fixed line subscription has significant negative impact on environmental quality within the period under study. In addition, environmental damage increased as economies of these selected countries grew, hence, there is no inverted U-shape relationship found between economic growth and environmental quality. The results obviously would facilitate the policy planners to formulate related policies in line with carbon free economy thereby enhancing sustainable development in selected countries.

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EU CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES AND CIVIL SOCIETY LOBBYING

Author(s): Ana Bovan,Nenad Perić / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2021

The paper analyses EU energy and environment governance from the approach of actor-centered institutionalism. It aims to dissect the specific type of actor within the institutional frameworks of EU, namely the civil society and its increasing influence. The behaviour and various forms of impact, lobbying and negotiation are studied, within a framework of theory of social dynamics. As the dominant structural feature of the European Union are the multi-level governance networks rather than hierarchical political authority, such networks encompass member state representatives, networks linking the national and the European levels of decision-making, and networks linking public, private and civil society actors across policy sectors and political levels. Alike in other policy areas in the multilevel system of the EU, an assortment of actors drafts the environment and energy policy, and they come from the institutional and non-institutional ranks. Despite the academic discussion of the legitimacy of civil society’s role as a contributor in international political arenas or the real effect it has in influencing governments, we present the rising official and unofficial influence of the third sector in the climate change arena.

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Multi-level governance as a tool to reach the sustainable development goals. The case of the River Tisza

Author(s): Gyula Ocskay / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The author is looking for a solution to the permanent pollution of the second largest tributary of the Danube, namely the River Tisza. Every year, the floods bring along more than 100 tons of household waste from Ukraine to Hungary due to the underdeveloped and sometimes missing waste management system. The complexity of the situation necessitates the involvement of experts and actors of different tiers of government and different sectors. The author makes a proposal on the setting up of a three-layered platform following the multi-level governance model of the EU in order to achieve the sustainable development goals on water.

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THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE REVISITED: ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY AND ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN THE MOST COMPLEX ECONOMIES OF THE WORLD

Author(s): Olimpia Neagu,Madalin Ioan Neagu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The paper examines the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model in the panel of the most complex economies in the world by considering the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation and economic complexity - as a variable of interest and expression of structural changes in the economy. The study includes the first 48 complex economies in the world, with positive averages of the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) for 1995-2017. The model of cointegrating polynomial regression (CPR) includes also variables with impact on ecological footprints such as globalization, energy intensity and urbanization. The EKC model is validated in the panel of the 48 complex economies, suggesting that these countries have already reached a development stage enabling them to curb the increasing pollution expressed by ecological footprint. Globalization has a mitigating effect while urbanization and energy intensity have an extension effect on ecological footprint. Policy implications are also included.

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OPEK u postkorona geopolitičkom scenariju

Author(s): Tatjana Vujić Tubić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1183/2021

The asymmetric global economic recovery from the aftermath of COVID-19 and the accompanying “vaccine apartheid” has opened space for OPEC’s new political role on the international stage, at a time when, according to UN Secretary-General Guterres, humanity has “crossed the red line” regarding climate change. In the text, we express our belief that OPEC's narrative that “energy must be accessible to all” takes a new negotiating position towards the advocates of a rapid transition to the exploitation of renewable energy sources, and gives space for joint business and eventual political arrangements with the poorer part of the world. The text highlights OPEC's arguments against disjunction: either oil or renewable energy, and points to Africa’s new energy attractiveness for this group of oil-producing countries.

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Systemic Approach to Assessing Sustainable Development of the Regions

Author(s): Olha Popelo,Svitlana Tulchynska,Yuliia KHARCHENKO,Bogdan DERGALIUK,Semen KHANIN,Tetiana Tkachenko / Language(s): English Issue: 03(51)/2021

In modern conditions of the society development, there is a single direction of the development of national economies and their regions - through sustainable development. It is the consideration of the simultaneous economic, social and environmental direction of regional development that gives the greatest resultant effects of the territorial development. In turn, sustainable development requires the development of the specific evaluation methods that can give sound, accurate results of assessing the state and dynamics of sustainable development of regions. The authors propose a methodological approach that involves determining the state and dynamics of sustainable development by determining the integrated index and its components by calculating the integrated sub-indices. The method of assessing the state and dynamics of sustainable development involves the use of disparate methods, including statistical, grouping, rationing, simulation, graphical and cartographic. In addition, the use of such mathematical techniques as: correlation analysis, multiple regression, cluster and factor analysis. The approbation of this method on the example of the regions of Ukraine is carried out. In turn, the obtained calculations of the sub-indices of economic, social and environmental components and sustainable development of the regions as a whole will contribute to the development of measures to increase the level of sustainable development and achieve its goals.

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DEVELOPMENT OF UNITED NATIONS AND EUROPEAN UNION POLICY ON AIR POLLUTION

Author(s): Teodora Veličković / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The aim of this paper is to briefly present the nature of air pollution as part of environmental law with reference to its scientific background, the history of development of this branch of law through activity of the United Nations and the European Union, the most significant regulations adopted by these organisations and measures for fighting air pollution. In the first part of the paper, the author focuses on the nature of environmental law, particularly on air pollution, the most common pollutants, its sources, and effects on human health and environment. The second part contains the review of the most important regulations regarding ozone depletion and climate change. In the third part, the author provides information on ambient air quality legislation, followed by specific measures imposed by this legislation. Finally, the fourth part reviews the contribution of the International Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights to the development of international environmental law.

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Biopaliwa drugiej generacji

Author(s): Krzysztof Biernat / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2007

In this paper clasification and definitions of biofuels for combustion engines, with special focus on UE and U.S demands for fuels is given. Main feedstocks and technologies of biofuel production, also second generation biofuels, are describe, there is also presented current situation in fuels stadarization.

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Daugiabučio namo energinio efektyvumo pokyčio po modernizacijos analizė

Author(s): Laima Skridailaitė,Edita Mockienė,Loreta Kelpšienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2 (51)/2021

Most Lithuanian apartment buildings were built at different time points and are quite old. A large amount of fuel is needed to reach an average degree of thermal comfort. The goal of the long-term renovation strategy of Lithuania is to transform the current building fund, so that by 2050 its energy consumption would be efficient (with the possibility to transform the buildings to almost zero energy consumption) and independent of fossil fuel consumption as well as conforming to the principles of universal design. The article analyses a brickwork 12 storey apartment building, built in 1976, by evaluating its energy efficiency before and after the implementation of a set of modernisation measures. The energy consumption during the seven analysed seasons before the modernisation was on average ~ 108 kWh/m2, during the two seasons after ~ 38 kWh/m2. The actual increase in the building’s energy efficiency is 64.8 percent.

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ПРОГНОЗИРАНЕ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НА РИСКА ОТ НАВОДНЕНИЯ

Author(s): Radostin Dolchinkov,Ivan Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

This paper aims to analyze the state of flood protection in the Republic of Bulgaria and to identify weaknesses in the legislative framework and its implementation, in order to improve and optimize flood risk management and prevent them through preventive action. The definition and general information about the concept of „flood”, its characteristics and possible classifications are considered. The responsible bodies and persons in the implementation of flood protection and their obligations are considered. The organizational elements are explained and their interconnectedness is demonstrated. Summarized conclusions, recommendations were made and an idea was proposed to improve the coordination between the responsible authorities and legal entities and individuals.

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Evropska energetska bezbednost: slučaj Severnog toka 2

Author(s): Nevena Šekarić Stojanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1179-1180/2020

Significant attention has been paid recently to the European Union’s efforts towards establishing an integrated energy policy and strengthening of the Energy Union. Consequently, many challenges facing these integration steps are subject to numerous analyses as well. One of the most significant contemporary challenges facing European energy integration is the Nord Stream 2 project, whose implementation leads to increased European energy dependence on Russian natural gas. The main goal of this paper is to analyze the recent trends and impacts related to this pipeline, i.e., to assess its impact on further European Union’s integration steps in the field of energy security. Considering the strong regional dimension of this pipeline project, the key theoretical framework that will enable such analysis is the Regional Security Complex Theory, originally developed by the Copenhagen School of Security Studies.

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Promene u ciljevima Višegradske grupe nakon pristupanja Evropskoj uniji

Author(s): Aleksandar Jazić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1179-1180/2020

After the end of the Cold War, the states of the Visegrad Group transformed their political and economic systems in order to join the European Union. They achieved that goal in 2004. Until recently, the positions and policies of these countries were in line with the official positions of the Union. However, to respond more adequately to new external and internal challenges, such as the conflict in Ukraine and the migrant crisis, Brussels has formulated positions that the Visegrad Group countries have not fully supported. By taking different positions in relation to the EU institutions, these countries try to protect their national interests and get opportunities to have a greater influence on the creation of European policies. Although this was opposed by Brussels, some EU members supported the opinions of the Visegrad Group countries. In that way, these countries encouraged the formation of a new block within the EU. This not only allowed them to have their voices heard more but also called into question the existing balance of power in the Union.

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Prawno-finansowe aspekty wykorzystania w Polsce odnawialnych źródeł energii w kontekście realizacji konstytucyjnej zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju

Author(s): Maciej Rudnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2006

The article describes the use renewable sources of energy particularly with regard to National Energy Policy in order to achieve good ecological results, principally through the reduction of the use of Greenhouse gases.

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Wybrane problemy gospodarki wodnej w ujęciu holistycznym

Author(s): Jan Sandner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2006

The Author, in the article, discusses proper water management problems. He presents the primary causes resulting in the degradation of water relations in the form of regular occurrences of floods or dry spells in Europe. In the article, degradation of water relation problems taking place in our country is compared to those in Germany or Austria. He points to the need for systematic teaching of basic environmental subjects within the holistic concept constituting a tool in shaping pro-ecological consciousness.

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Безбедност воде као чинилац еколошке безбедности и елемент сукоба у региону Блиског истока и Северне Африке

Author(s): Bogdan P. Stojanović,Nenad Spasojević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1184/2022

This article investigates the justification for extending the traditional notion of security to environmental issues, where the water problem occupies a significant place. The relatively new concept of "water security" is an integral part of modern security thinking, which is not exclusively reserved for military threats. Ecological security is becoming increasingly important in overall security studies, and water security is one of the most important future issues. The authors analyse one of the driest regions in the world, exploring the variable of water security as an element of overall conflict relationships. The Middle East and North Africa, although regions rich in oil as a first-class resource in the modern world, are very poor in drinking and irrigation water, which is also unevenly distributed. The problem is further complicated by the constant tensions and conflicts in this part of the world. This article uses a comparative method and analysis of state practices to examine the position of water security as a variable in the conflict. The authors conclude that water security is not a sufficient condition for starting wars, but it is of great importance as an element that intensifies existing conflicts and slows down peace negotiations. Water wars are still not our reality, but the authors do not rule them out as a possible future issue, given the constant deterioration of the situation and the amount of available water resources in this region. Water security will certainly be an element of the conflict in the foreseeable future because it cannot be overcome by importing water or perfecting desalination technology. Therefore, the authors emphasise the importance of researching this variable.

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SU KAYNAKLARININ AŞIRI TÜKETİMİNE KARŞI FİYATLANDIRMANIN ÖNEMİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Author(s): Abdurrahman Oktay Yaşar,Mustafa Hakkı Aydoğdu,Veysel Aslan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 54/2022

Global warming is one of the most important problems affecting the world negatively. It is necessary to take measures to increase the demand for water in the world, to decrease the usable water regularly and to prevent excessive water consumption. In areas where water is scarce, keeping irrigation water prices to a minimum increases water consumption. Setting a price for something is a factor that increases the importance of that thing in the free trade market. Because people will not take on the obligations of things that they do not pay or pay very little and will not act sparingly in their use. Economic development will be contributed by ensuring sustainable resource use with a charge to be made for the consumption of water at a reasonable value. In general, pricing of irrigation water comes to the fore in preventing excessive water waste. It is foreseen that increasing water pressure can only be resolved if it is managed with a realistic point of view, with the participation of all parties, by involving the private sector on water-related issues, the supervision of which is in the public sector, with the support of political and innovative ideas. In this study, it has been tried to reach a conclusion by examining the necessity of pricing water, whether the perspectives of public and private organizations around the world contribute to preventing the waste of water, and by reviewing some scientific studies, since water has a vital importance for life.

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ANTROPOJENİK OLARAK ETKİLENEN TOPRAKLARIN MİKROBİYOTASI

Author(s): Shabnam ASADOVA / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 54/2022

Environmental pollution provides a basis for assessing the consequences and taking the necessary measures to eliminate them. The influx of pollutants into the soil leads to the deformation of microbiocenoses and the accumulation of toxic substances. Such changes in the composition of microbiocenoses stabilize faster than in phytocenoses. It would be more accurate to link this to the ability of microbiota to reproduce rapidly. That is why the idea of using microorganisms in biomonitoring is extremely important for ecologists, bacteriologists, mycologists and protozoologists. It is very important to observe the recent changes in the environment as a result of anthropogenic impact. The interest in soil microorganisms in this area is mainly due to their impact on soil fertility, vegetation, including fauna and human health. All soil bacteria have the ability to perform unique functions and participate in the destruction of plant remains in association with other representatives of the soil biota.

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Wymagania i perspektywy rozwoju jakości olejów napędowych przeznaczonych do eksploatacji szczególnie w warunkach komunikacji miejskiej z uwzględnieniem ochrony środowiska

Author(s): Krzysztof Biernat / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2004

Combustion of liquid fuels including diesel fuels is one of the major processes influencing the condition of the environment. Requirements for the quality of diesel fuels are related to the development of the construction of fuel feed systems, combustion and exhaust gas systems, and also with growing expectations from environmental protection. In the article are shown basic connections between standards of diesel fuels used in urban traffic described by proper norms and exploitation overworks and environmental expectations. Developmental tendencies of the quality of those fuels are also mentioned.

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Wpływ nawiewu bocznego wspomagającego na skuteczność usuwania zanieczyszczeń powietrza ze stanowiska spawalniczego

Author(s): Tomasz Jankowski,Piotr Sobiech / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The correct design of the ventilation system at the welding station requires the determination of the welding fumes flows and the definition of the basic welding process parameters. On the basis of the review of ventilation solutions used to protect man against air pollution occurring during welding work and conducted analysis of the work environment of welders, guidelines and normative documents, it is possible to choose the best variant of air flow through the devices and local exhausts. The existing solutions for the installation of ventilation of welding stations are not fully effective in terms of capturing particles of welding dust and fumes. If they already provide a sufficiently effective removal of welding fumes, this requires the use of large exhaust air streams. Based on the test results, it was found that the lateral supply support allows to increase the capture efficiency and reduce the flow of welding fumes from the welding work zone to the upper zone. The use of supportive ventilation allowed to improve the range of effective local exhaust ventilation in the welding process.

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