Макроекономічний вплив споживання енергії у трансформаційних економіках

Author(s): Victor Shevchuk,Olga Rybchynska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 9-10/2015

Introduction. Nowadays climate change has become one of the biggest environmental challenges, which may impose huge costs on society and economy if proper measures are not taken. As the efforts made by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol and others proved to be insufficient initiatives to solve this problem, it is necessary to elaborate other measures to improve the situation, such as expanding the use of environmentally sustainable technologies, promoting energy efficiency improvements or energy saving policies. This article focuses on the macroeconomic effects of energy use for nine countries of Central and Eastern Europe and four countries of the former Soviet Union, thus highlighting directions for stimulating economic growth due to the development of renewable energy sources. The purpose of the article is to conduct an analysis of the current strategies for sustainable economic growth in accordance with the use of natural resources which can be considered one of the most important aspects of the traditional model of economic growth. Results. The regression results demonstrate that there is a positive correlation of GDP growth and fossil fuel consumption in six out of the nine countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Among the former Soviet Union countries, a strong link between economic growth and energy consumption is obtained for Ukraine and Russia (to a lesser extent). Instead, an increase in energy consumption is associated with lower rates of GDP growth in Belarus and Kazakhstan. The positive correlation between GDP growth and energy consumption, as obtained for the majority of countries, requires a further research on the underlying mechanisms behind this kind of relationship.

SPRAWA PUSZCZY BIAŁOWIESKIEJ PRZED TRYBUNAŁEM SPRAWIEDLIWOŚCI UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ – UWAGI Z (ODPOWIEDNIEJ) PERSPEKTYWY CZASU

Author(s): Maciej Perkowski,Wojciech Zoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 87/2021

The judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union of 17 April 2018 in Case C-441/17 (failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations), brought by the European Commission against Poland, concerning “logging” in the Białowieża Forest, was widely reported in the media and on the scientific forum (naturally, also in the doctrine of international and European law). Analysing this decision and referring to the jurisprudence and achievements of the doctrine, commentators cautiously (but, in essence, not always correctly) indicated what decisions and actions constituted the basis of this dispute, which ultimately led to Poland’s defeat before the Court, considering the judgment an end to the case and, at the same time, the canon for the subject knowledge. It should be emphasised, however, that the judgment itself did not resolve the dispute as to which model of protection of the Białowieża Forest is appropriate. In particular, it has not contributed to determining whether the previous activities of the State Forests (although it proved them formally inconsistent with EU law) were beneficial (or harmful) to the protection of the Białowieża Forest stand. By emphasising the imperfection of the situation, the authors try to constructively draw from it conclusions de lege lata and de lege ferenda.

Konwencja o ochronie i zrównoważonym rozwoju Karpat

Author(s): Stefan Karol Kozłowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2004

The article comprehends the description of coming into being The Convention for the protection and sustainable development of the Carpathian Mountains. It leads the analysis of the essence of this Convention and shows its importance for this part of Europe and for Poland. The article points also at the perspective and the possibility of putting into the execution of Convention resolutions.

Ekorozwój jedyną drogą polskiej wsi i rolnictwa

Author(s): Mieczysław Górny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2004

Limiting agricultural production with the use of industrial methods is in society's best interest. Industrial farms are places where the natural degradation of soil, rural landscapes, and ground waters takes place. They are also places where farm animals are mistreated and suffer. The crops, being high are, at the same time, of low quality, posing threat to people's and animals' health. The only agricultural managing system which complies with the idea of eco-development is ecological farming, whose initiators were: Dezydery Chłapowski at the beginning of the 9th century, officer, Napoleon's aide-de-camp as well as Rudolf Steiner from Austria, philosopher, theologian, and occultist at the beginning of the 20th century. Neither of them had agricultural education, both were active in the area now belonging to Poland (in Turew in Wielkopolska district and in Kobierzyce near Wroclaw respectively). Ecological farming based on family farms is a combination of ethical, ecological, and economic approaches. Not only does it provide the highest quality food and feeding stuff but it also helps protect the environment, fertilizes the soil, caters to good growth conditions of cultivated plants and animals, provides new jobs, and improves living conditions in rural areas.The ecological farm must make sure: there is a balance between plant and animal production, take care of the landscape, prevent and not only fight pests. Every ecological farmer's duty is a continuous struggle to increase the fertility of the soil. He should not misunderstand the aim or the methods of fertilizing so that he can deliver high-quality food which undergoes the system of control.There are about 2 000 certified ecological farms in Poland with an average area of 15 hectares, the total acreage being 50 000 ha. There are more than 20 ecological products processing plants (mills, bakeries, dairy plants, fruit, vegetables, and meat processing plants). There are 8 agricultural high schools where the rules of ecological farming are taught. Some schools run their own ecological farms and an experimental ecological farm is being prepared by the Warsaw University of Agriculture (SGGW). There are also 3 associations of ecological farmers and gardeners as well as 6 organizations that control and issue certificates to farms and processing plants. In the Ministry of Agriculture, there is the Department of Ecological Agriculture as well as the Ecological Farming Board.Ecological farms are used in medical and social therapy, play an important role in ecological education, and increasing people's awareness. It should be hoped that ecological farming, bringing much good and being based on the idea of sustainable development, will eventually become part of far-reaching plans concerning rural and agricultural development in Poland.

Les instruments juridiques et financiers du développement écologique en Pologne

Author(s): Maciej Rudnicki / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2004

Hiszpańskie i niemieckie osiągnięcia w rozwoju energetyki odnawialnej: aspekt prawny

Author(s): Leszek Karski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2004

Certainly, the renewable energy sector in Poland should be the beneficiary of the European Union enlargement. It results from both the energy policy and EU law. Poland should adopt national law to the EU requirements in the field of renewable energy sources. Polish legislators may rest on other countries' experiences in this subject. We especially should take into consideration Spanish and German measures. Spanish and German mechanisms of support for renewable energy sources at the national level are very interesting solutions. Those measures are intended to help to attain objectives such as meeting the commitments given on climate change, environmentally sustainable security of supply, and promotion of renewable energy sources. The article is an analysis of Spanish and German support systems in view of the modification of Polish law in the field of renewable energy sources.

Filozofia systemu zarządzania środowiskiem wg PN-EN ISO 14001: 1998

Author(s): Jacek Czartoszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2004

The author discusses attributes, requirements, and effects which was ligated by application environmental management systems and presents putting in practice ISO 14001 in Poland. The author considers also philosophical bases of sustainable development idea and philosophy of Total Quality Management [TQM ] and British norms BS 7750.

Concepts and trends in environmental education for sustainable development

Author(s): Luc Hens / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2004

Chrześcijańska sprawiedliwość społeczna kierunkiem dla rozwoju środowiska przyjaznego życiu

Author(s): Stanisław Biały / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2004

Justice (perfection) of a democratic law-abiding State expressed as an environment of social life: this is an issue, that very frequently is present upon the lips of jurists, politicians, political scientists, legislature members, but also: ethicists, bioethicists, moralists, theologians, and others. This subject has been also taken for reflection because of the fact, that we are living in such a system, and more: we must struggle with many problems, which make one ask: is the democratic system that is being constructed founded on sufficiently healthy foundations, so that it may be possible to say that we are all equal in relation to the law being passed and that its principles are just? So we have taken up here an ethical reflection on the subject of the philosophy of law and State (that is: philosophy of care for our life environment) predominant in the European Union, the directives of which, coming from different treaties and agreements, are being applied to our home legislature. The main axis, around which our reflections were developed, where the basic principles of the Christian concept of social justice. These are the basis for interpersonal and international dialogue. These principles are: «peace», «solidarity », «justice», «freedom », «truth» and «love». The main conclusion stemming from this article is: in the concept of State and law of today there is a lack of a permanent point of reference, and this point of reference should be the principle of social justice based on objective truth.

Edukacja ekologiczna w Gminie Miejskiej Giżycko

Author(s): Edward Grott / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2004

Postawy psychologiczne wobec ochrony środowiska

Author(s): Zdzisław Golan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2004

Lokalne partnerstwo w polityce ochrony środowisk - na przykładzie planu gospodarki odpadami w powiecie płockim

Author(s): Mikołaj Niedek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2004

Propedeutyka polityki środowiskowej

Author(s): Dominika Molak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2004

Promocja bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego w Gminie Warszawa-Bielany

Author(s): Iwoa Grunt-Mejer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2003

That paper shows the most important thesis of the author’s dissertation. The dissertation mainly realizes diagnostic aims. The problem takes up in it concerns the real role of local government in ecological safety promotion. The basis point of reference is the typology of instruments and styles of realization social policy. Ecological safety is one of the more important needs of humans. On the other hand, the local government in the typology of entity realizing social policy is located as a public and legal entity, which acts on a local scale. The adoption method of study case has been a way to realize cognitive aim and grant research appliqué value, comparison base for different local governments. The dissertation has theoretical value, too (there is indirectly check the accuracy of safety promotion definition during research). The statement, that local government ought to and able to be a teacher in ecological safety matters can be considered as basis conclusions.

Activities of the Local Government During a State of Natural Disaster

Author(s): Małgorzata Czuryk / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

As one of the states of exception, a state of a natural disaster often makes public administration, including local governments, take actions that restrict the sphere of human rights and civil liberties. One-person bodies are entrusted with being in charge in matters related to a state of natural disaster. Actions taken during a state of natural disaster to prevent or remove its effects are managed by the commune executive body when the state of a natural disaster was introduced only in the territory of the commune. However, if the state of a natural disaster was introduced in more than one commune in a district, then the starost is in charge of the operations. As a monocratic body is entrusted with executive powers, decisions can be taken faster and time is essential from the point of view of the effects of a natural disaster. Due to a formalized method of decision-taking, a collegial body may not respond adequately to a dynamically developing threat.

Resilience in Public Administration and Sustainable Development

Author(s): Sorin Burlacu,Corneliu Guţu,Amelia Diaconu,Florentina Comănescu,Carol Cristina Gombos,Mucahit Biner / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The Romanian Government through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan proposes a series of investment projects such as Digitalization of health, tax reform, including customs, with the help of computerization, equipping schools with equipment necessary for virtual education, creating a government cloud and interconnected IT systems in administration also publishes the expansion of broadband and 5G coverage. Our research aims to identify the main aspects of resilience in public administration after the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the main courses of action that should be taken for sustainable development. Our findings give us the opportunity to highlight, beyond the action, the expected risks, and benefits.

ČLANSTVO U ENERGETSKOJ ZAJEDNICI

Author(s): Vladimir Medović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2019

In this paper, the author analyzes the provisions of the Energy Community Treaty relating to membership of this organization. Who and under what conditions can be a member of the Energy Community, what categories of membership still exist, what rights and obligations arise from membership, what is the relationship between the members with each other and with the Energy Community are just some of the issues discussed in this paper. In this regard, the author concludes that the European Union, as a pivotal member, has a privileged position in the institutional structure of the Energy Community. This position of the European Union stems from the circumstances that led to the founding of the Energy Community. It was established as an important segment of the EU's energy policy. Also, the Energy Community plays an important role in closer integration of the countries of Southeast Europe and in this respect is an instrument of EU neighborhood and enlargement policy.

Nuosėkio laikotarpių trukmė ir pasiskirstymas Lietuvos upėse 1960–2019 metais

Author(s): Gintarė Giliūtė,Gintaras Valiuškevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: -/2022

Changes in the intensity of climate events are becoming more and more pronounced and relevant today. One of the consequences of the effects of climate change is that more low flow periods of various intensities and durations are observed in Lithuanian rivers. The current legislation regulates the environmental flow of water as a minimum part of the 30 driest days. Environmental flow ensures only minimal conditions for the survival of aquatic ecosystems and is therefore suitable for the study of low flow conditions in the rivers. The article examines the distribution of environmental flow values (Q80%) in 1960–2019 and in separate (1960–1979, 1980–1999 and 2000–2019) periods according to continuous daily flow measurement data of 15 WGS, which represent different hydrological areas of Lithuania. This article discusses the interrelationships between the low flow periods and their dynamics in 15 WGS, examines the causes of low flow cases and distinguishes the periods with the highest number of low flow cases. The study revealed that since the 21st century cases of low flow are being recorded more frequently in Lithuanian rivers, and a significant prolongation of low flow periods is observed in many rivers during the warm season.

Trylemat energetyczny

Author(s): Jakub Wygnański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 689/2022

Kwestia ubóstwa energetycznego to największe wyzwanie przed nadchodzącą zimą. Zmieniono już przepisy – samorząd będzie mógł np. zamykać szkoły, których nie może ogrzać, i przenosić dzieci do edukacji zdalnej. A może to właśnie szkoły powinny być ogrzewalniami, gdzie poza edukacją można liczyć na ciepły posiłek?

Usługi użyteczności publicznej w sektorze ciepłowniczym

Author(s): Michał Krzykowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 56/2022

Unlike the electricity or natural gas market, a characteristic feature of the heating sector is its local character. This is because the transport of heat for a long distance generates losses. Therefore, managing the areas of individual heating systems is determined by technical and economic conditions. Traditionally, public utility services are related to the supply of electricity or gas. Nevertheless, due to the role of heating in the Polish economy, also this sector should be treated as one in which such services are provided. The study aims to analyze and evaluate the current legal regulations through the prism of public utility services in the Polish heating sector.