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The Soul of Stone: Mineral Symbolism in Vepsian Villages of Karelia

Author(s): Anna Varfolomeeva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

This article is a case study of the northern Vepses, an indigenous group residing in the Republic of Karelia, and their relations with mining industry. As early as the eighteenth century, Vepses in Karelia were involved in the extraction of rare decorative minerals (gabbro-diabase and raspberry quartzite), and this involvement continues today. The article discusses the variety of symbolic meanings stone has for contemporary residents of Vepsian villages, who see it simultaneously as a source of hardship, struggle, and pride. Local residents view nature and stoneworking as interconnected, seeing mining development in the region as a consequence of its natural richness. This case study illustrates that indigenous lifestyles, industrial development, and nature may be perceived as coexisting and interconnected elements.

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Советская архитектура и Запад: открытие и ассимиляция западного опыта в советской архитектуре конца 1950-х – 1960-х годов

Author(s): Olga Yakushenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

This article deals with the impact of western architecture on Soviet architecture during and after the Thaw and Nikita Khrushchev’s reforms in the spheres of architecture and construction. By the late 1950s international postwar modernism became an official Soviet architectural style. The article explains how Soviet architects discovered and learned this new style: through magazines and books, both translated and in their original languages; through business and tourist trips abroad; and through personal connections and official channels. The main argument is that in the 1960s Soviet architecture became embedded in an international system of architecture but at its far periphery. Moreover, the visual westernizing make over of Soviet architecture did not change its inner structure and has rather negative implications for the perception and evaluation of the architectural legacy of the post-Stalin era.

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Douglas Rogers. The Depths of Russia: Oil, Power, and Culture after Socialism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015.

Author(s): Alexander Etkind / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

Review of: Alexander Etkind - Douglas Rogers. The Depths of Russia: Oil, Power, and Culture after Socialism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015. 394 pp. ISBN 978-0-8014-5373-1.

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Christine Varga-Harris. Stories of House and Home: Soviet Apartment Life during the Khrushchev Years. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015

Author(s): Olga Smolyak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Review of: Olga Smolyak - Christine Varga-Harris. Stories of House and Home: Soviet Apartment Life during the Khrushchev Years. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015. 289 pp. ISBN 978-0-80145-307-6.

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Мужчины и женщины России в годы Первой мировой войны: демографический кризис и потери населения

Author(s): Sergej Dmitriyevich Morozov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2014

Analyzes the demographic crisis, the number of casualties and the population of Russia in the First World War, the ratio of men and women in the different regions and provinces of the country. The factors reduce fertility and increase mortality, weakening unions.

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Женотделы Енисейской губернии в 1921—1930 гг.

Author(s): Olesja Mihajlovna Dolidovich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2014

The article is devoted to the activities of women's departments of the Yenisei province in the 1921-1930 biennium. On the basis of archival material shows the process of involving workers and peasants in the socio-political sphere. The analysis focuses on the first stage of the work women's departments, t. To. It is on account for the largest organizational, material, personnel and other difficulties. Research materials clarify and expand the scientific understanding of women's departments as the structural basis of the Soviet feminism, through which the Government implemented measures to implement gender equality in society.

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Санитарно-гигиеническое состояние женских учебных заведений Западной Сибири в начале ХХ в.

Author(s): V.S. Sulimov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2014

It describes the sanitary-hygienic situation in the women's secular schools in Western Siberia in the early twentieth century. Condition of many schools did not meet hygienic standards (cramped premises, failure to comply with temperature control, sanitation, and other imperfections.), Which led to the emergence of epidemics. We consider the contribution of doctors, teachers, boards of trustees and parent committees. During the First World War, due to the arrival in the region of displaced persons and refugees, the number of epidemics has increased, which has a negative impact on the sanitary-hygienic state schools.

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Н. И. Кареев o проблемах женского образования в России в аспекте персонального менеджмента

Author(s): Irina E. Lyskova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2014

Actualizes the main problems of development of women's education in Russia in the late XIX - early XX century. Analyzed the views of the famous Russian scientist NI Kareeva on personal development through general and vocational education. Conclusions on the need for new approaches to scientific heritage of NI Kareeva in the aspect of personal management in the history of Russia.

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Mать и мачеха: материнский символ России в легитимации присоединения Крыма к Российской Федерации

Author(s): O.V. Ryabov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2014

Analyzes the background, conditions, causes and forms of use of Russian-mother character in the discourse of legitimation of the Crimea. Particular attention is paid to the inclusion in the rhetoric of the modification of the parent sim-ox, as the image of Russia, bear, carefully guard his teddy bear - Crimea. The author shows how the discourse of legitimation operates opposition Russian mother and stepmother image of Ukraine.

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Гендерные аспекты социальной интегрированности жителей провинциальных городов в контексте развития территории (сравнительный анализ 2002-2014 гг. )

Author(s): N. K. Radina,Natalja Viktorovna Kim,A.V. Porshnev. / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

The study presented in the article is a part of the research project “Regional identity in terms of socio economic changes (On the example of Nizhniy Novgorod region, 2002—2014 years)”. It reveals gender aspects of participants’ subjective opinions towards problems of urban development and characterizes social and psychological potential of the studied area. The study involved provincial cities residents — citizens of regional center and small towns of the Nizhniy Novgorod region. The first stage was based on a sample of 516 people (49 % women, 51 % men, 2002), the second stage — on a sample of 366 people (63 % women, 37 % men, 2014). Participants formulated their own vision of the majority opinion on the prospects of the city, expressed their individual views on urban development programs, stated areas where they were willing to show personal participation, which allowed to determine the changes in the indices of ego-activity, altruism and solidarity of citizens in the past 12 years. Based on the results of the study the article states that, presenting the position of the majority, men and women articulate gender stereotyped attitudes about city development. However, while formulating individual urban development priorities citizens are focused on egalitarian non-stereotypical choices. An analysis of attitudes towards the activity in the field of urban development shows that women are focused on humanitarian priorities, and they believe that society is becoming more focused on “male values”.

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Конструирование возраста в журнале «Работница» в советское время

Author(s): V. Yu. Smirnova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

The paper deals with the construction of age in the magazine “Rabotnitsa” during the Soviet time. In social context age is especially significant for women, because it has an impact on their lives more than on men’s lives; that is why a magazine for women is under scrutiny in this research. Moreover, it is important to consider how this discourse about age changed during the Soviet time in order to understand contemporary situation with woman aging better. It is worth mentioning that age is a socially determined construct, which should be considered as other social categories like gender in order to create a complex overview of power discourse. During this period of time age was represented by three different types of categories: political, structural and corporal. The way of representation was strongly connected with political regime and economic, cultural and social situation in the country. Youth was the key-concept in all periods. Nevertheless, methods which can help to preserve it ranged from acquisition of literacy and active participation in public life to usage of special corporal anti-age practices and cosmetic procedures.

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Семейная жизнь губернского чиновничества в первой четверти ХIХ В. : общее и особенное

Author(s): Marsanova Victoria Mikhaylovna,Albegova Irina Fedorovna,I.G. Melnikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

We study the social everyday life of families of officials of provinces of the Upper Volga region at the beginning of the XIX century. The analysis of the social origin of officials and their wives. Methods are disclosed explore future spouses. The factors that influenced the decision to establish the family as a man and a woman. Analyzed the age of marriage. The composition of the families of provincial officials. We describe the role and place of women in the family 's provincial officials, their family practices.

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Роль женщин в формировании гражданского общества в российской провинции в начале ХХ В. (на примере г. Иваново-Вознесенска)

Author(s): E.B. Kirill / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

The women’s activity in non-political organizations in the early ХХ c. is considered with regard to Ivanovo Voznesensk. The author pays attention to the social work of women from the local intelligentsia and wives of textile manufacturers in charitable society. The conclusion is made that women were more active in subsidiary, medical and moral educational organizations.

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Типы российских дворянок начала XX В. По отношению к собственной фертильности и материнству

Author(s): Mitsyuk Natalya Aleksandrovna / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

On the bases of numerous ego-documents, using biographic and psychoanalysis methods, the author outlines four general types of noblewomen in the gender system of Russian society in the early XX c. The negation of maternity and family values was represented by «new women» (feminists, nihilists) who considered maternity as the form of their personal freedom restriction. «Erotomaniacs» opposed feminine sexuality to maternal one. The social cultivation of maternal duty brought some noblewomen back to the family by means of «deliberate maternity». Women's need for the new kinds of gender identity adoption led to the «universal mothers» appearance. They defended free maternity, right to women's fertility restriction in the name of public activities. The state maternity support was aimed to help them.

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Роль женщин высшего сословия в социально-политических процессах Дагестана (XVIII - начало XX В.)

Author(s): O.S. Mutiewa / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2015

This paper highlights the issues related to the role of upper-class women in social and political life of the peoples of Dagestan. The research shows that the noble woman «goryanka» not only was not infringed in social status, but in fact was able play a very significant role in the political process. The research result are based on the literary, archival and ethnographic materials.

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Социальная политика СССР в период Великой Отечественной войны 1941-1945 гг. : гендерный аспект

Author(s): Olga Anatolevna Khasbulatova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

The article is devoted to the gender aspect of social policy during the Great Patriotic War 1941—1945. On the base of the wide set of documents the author demonstrates the process of women getting involved in all spheres of economy with the exception of high ranked positions in the government and army. The gender tendency in employment policy was the involvement of women to the professions which were traditionally considered male. The successful labor of women on the front and in the interior demonstrates that division of professions to “women’s” and “men’s” can be characterized as biological determinism. The family policy was the policy of the strengthening of the state regulation of family. The author shows that state policy in stimulating birth rate and strengthening family values was accompanied with limitations of family rights for its independent development. State education policy broke the principles of gender equality as well. In the public administration the gender policy was also determined by conditions of the war time. The author concludes that the essential trait of Soviet social policy during the Great Patriotic War was gender pragmatism.

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Женщины оккупированных районов Калининской области в годы Великой Отечественной войны

Author(s): L.A. Bolokina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

The article analyzes the modes of women’s behavior in the territory of Kalinin region occupied by the Germans in 1941—1944. The article is based on the analysis of reminiscences of the war and official records. The records of Tver documentation centre of modern and contemporary history as well as archives of the Federal Security Service containing little-known pecularities of the citizens′ life during occupation are used. The author reveals the public reaction to the invasion, the women’s participation in the resistance movement. Analyzing the women’s role in the partisan movement the author underlines difficulties in their adaptation to the life in partisan units. The article shows that there were all forms of collaboration (from political to everyday) on the occupied territory of Kalinin Region. The most common reasons for collaboration were the wish to survive and even make profit as well as fear of relatives. The author observes different forms of relationship between local community and the Germans who settled in their houses and flats. The occupants often acted aggressively but in some cases they showed kindness, for example, to children. The article pays special attention to the consideration of irregular situations with the women in occupation with evidence provided. The author draws a conclusion that most of the women on the occupied territory of Kalinin Region had to collaborate some way or other with the representatives of the occupation authorities and asks to be careful at the assessment of their behavior.

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Тандем «Сознательной матери» и врача: зарождение педиатрического патронажа над грудными детьми в России на рубеже XIX-XX вв

Author(s): Natalja Aleksandrovna Mitsyuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

The article aims to explore the circumstances of the origin of the pediatric patronage in Russia. The objective of the study is to prove that the basic methods of work with infants and their mothers were formulated and tested not in Soviet Russia, but during 1860—1910ies. The author uses an interdisciplinary, anthropologically oriented approach, makes use of the so-called everyday methods, biographical methods, as well as methods of gender and micro history. The research focuses not only on mothers of workers and peasants, but also on mothers of nobility. The article uses both objective sources of information (reports, charters of an association of charities), and subjective ones — egodocuments (women's diaries and autobiographical account), which allows to represent the process of pediatric patronage birth from the point of view of the patient, from the inside.The author argues that pediatric nursing appeared among the higher strata of society at the beginning of the XX c. in Russia. Its appearance was due to the spread of the child-centrism, “conscious motherhood” and the development of pediatric knowledge. The ideology of “conscious motherhood”, professionalization of mothers led to the fact that women in the daily care of children didn't trust their own knowledge or the advice of their friends, but only the instructions of professionals — qualified pediatricians.

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Особенности потребительского поведения женщин на российском рынке роскоши в период Первой мировой войны

Author(s): Elena A. Ageeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2015

The article represents the gender analysis of Russian luxury market during World War I and February Revolution. The article contains analysis of social experience of upper-class society members, their daily pursuits and activities in emergency conditions. The major conclusions are as follows. Luxury consumption by upper-class womenfolk increased. One can say that luxury in war time has distinct female feel about it. In a way it was a compensation for the toils of war as well as means of wealth accumulation. Women psychology had a major impact on the market. The growth of luxury consumption may be explained not only by social but also by psychological reasons. Gender peculiarities of consumer activities on Russian luxury goods market were as follows: feverish demand on luxury goods bordering on prodigality. Veblen effect was demonstrated. Customers selected goods that were more expensive and were in fashion. The author explores the wide range of historical sources. The commentaries and “women” press were among the most important ones. This research represents a multidisciplinary approach drawing on social sciences, history and economics.

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ПРОБЛЕМА ЖЕНСКОЙ ЗАНЯТОСТИ В 1950-х гг. (НА МАТЕРИАЛАХ КАРЕЛИИ)

Author(s): Lyudmila Ivanovna Vavulinskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

Based on archival materials, the article considers the problems of women’s employment in Karelia in the 1950s, pinpoints the causes of the multitude of non working women, describes the ways and methods used to involve them in public production. It is noted that the party organizations regarded the public employment issue to be of political significance, putting it in opposition to the private-property mindset of those engaged in subsistence farming. Identified were the challenges encountered when dealing with employment issues in the Republic, associated with the narrow economic profile of forest villages, the numerousness of settlements with meager population in rural areas. The factors that influenced the process of transformation of the professional employment of women are outlined. Special attention is paid to the measures taken by the government to provide people with kindergartens and infant daycare centers, to organize children’s and teenagers’ leisure time, to improve services to households, medical care for mothers and children. Significant differences between the living and working conditions of women in urban and rural areas are highlighted.

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