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Country Case Study: Ukraine

Author(s): Anna Leshchenko / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Regarding their geographical closeness and historical interconnection of economies, Russia and Ukraine maintained high level of political and economic cooperation even after the end of the so called Cold War. In the 1990s of 20th century under President Leonid Kuchma Ukrainian foreign policy was characterized by being “multi-vectoral”, when attempts to establish closer relations with EU states and the US were compensated by active political and economic cooperation with Russia.

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THE NEVER ENDING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS STORY: THEORIES DEALING WITH THE CAUSES OF WARS

Author(s): Zdeněk Kříž / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

International relations (IR) as an autonomous academic discipline was eventually formed in the interwar era and it set quite an explicit goal– to contribute to the studies of wars and especially to prevent their re-occurrence. Hence the new discipline responded to the existing demandin a society recovering from the horrors of World War I. It had a purely practical task that could hardly be questioned in the social atmosphere of that time. Then as well as nowadays, to fulfill this ambition, it is necessary to pay attention to the study of the causes of wars. Therefore, theories dealing with the studies of the causes of wars are an essential part of the tradition of international relations.

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MANAGING ARMED CONFLICT AND THE USE OF ARMS EMBARGOES

Author(s): Martin Chovančík / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The array of instruments in the toolbox of the international community capable of exerting palpable influence on the course of armed conflicts is far smaller than we would wish. However, in the latter half of the 20th century and especially in its last decade the toolbox was expanded and upgraded to cope with the evolving challenges of armed violence and international responsibility. Instruments available to the international community in the 21st century have also become more tailored and their role is therefore more specific than in the past.

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Demokratizace a lidská práva z pohledu výzkumu mezinárodních vztahů

Author(s): Ivo Pospíšil,Petr Preclík,Hubert Smekal / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Idealistická témata se v přemýšlení o mezinárodní politice objevují již po staletí, ale až několik posledních desetiletí se k aspiračním úvahám přidávají také empirické studie, snažící se popsat realitu. Se zřízením poválečné Organizace spojených národů a s přijetím Všeobecné deklarace lidských práv v roce 1948 se téma lidských práv pomalu dostávalo do zorného pole teoretiků mezinárodních vztahů. K výraznému zvýšení pozornosti pak došlo s konáním Konference o bezpečnosti a spolupráci v Evropě, která v polovině 70. let 20. století vyvrcholila přijetím závěrečného aktu Konference o bezpečnosti a spolupráci v Evropě, jenž obsahoval desatero nejdůležitějších principů pro vztahy mezi státy. Mezi nimi na sedmém místě figuroval bod „Respektování lidských práv a základních svobod včetně svobody smýšlení, svědomí, náboženství nebo přesvědčení“. Další zájem o toto téma vybudila zahraniční politika amerického prezidenta Jimmyho Cartera, jenž v letech 1977 až 1981 výrazně povýšil lidská práva v agendě své administrativy.

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Intercultural Strategies and Development through Global Online Collaboration

Author(s): Nadezhda S. Rudenko / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The author highlights the intercultural aspects of global online communication and how videoconferencing can be an effective tool for developing intercultural skills. Key to successful programme delivery is developing strategies which promote a wide range of skills: communication, teamwork, and cross-cultural navigation. Such skills are especially relevant for today’s globalised workplaces and globalised workforce. The importance of role giving, taking and sharing and the way these influence group dynamics are discussed.

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CONCLUSION

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The case studies of Latvia and Sweden offer a test case for analysing China’s influence in the Nordic-Baltic information environment. Although limited in scope, the findings can provide valuable insight into China’s potential to influence public discourse in the specific countries of the region. Both case studies illustrate the main channels of the CCP’s communication efforts and demonstrate how tactics differ depending on the nature of relationship and reaction to China’s perceived ‘red’ lines by the country of analysis. China’s communication efforts towards Latvia thus far can be characterised as non-confrontational, focusing on prospective cooperation between the two countries. In instances of criticism levelled against China, it is not confronted publicly. By contrast, Sweden has experienced a more confrontational side of China’s public communication, with Chinese diplomats publicly reacting to Swedish criticism regarding human rights abuses and aggressive foreign policy.

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Georgia’s Strategic Interests

Author(s): Tornike Sharashenidze / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Similarly to other countries suffering from occupation of their territory, Georgia’s primary national security objective is to regain its lost territories. This is not an easily attainable goal. Georgia’s interests are shaped by its geographical predicament: it is situated in a region that abounds with territorial conflicts and is affected by the Russian-American great power competition. The country is neighboured by Russia – a state that views the South Caucasus as vital to its interests. As Georgia is considered the gateway of the South Caucasus, it became the subject of Russian pressure immediately following the collapse of the Soviet Union. In the early 1990s, weakened by civil war, economic collapse, and disastrous defeat in Abkhazia, Georgia had little choice but to appease Russia and rely on its goodwill. Yet this dynamic could only be sustained as long as the region remained outside of a Western sphere of influence. In the late 1990s, the U.S. and Europe rediscovered the South Caucasus, particularly as a unique opportunity to build a new energy corridor and set an example of democratic transformation. This interest was welcomed by the Georgian public but was met with profound concern in Russia.

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Russia’s Strategic Interests in Georgia

Author(s): Nana Kalandarishvili / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of Russia’s strategic interests in Georgia. It focuses on Russia’s global and regional goals as laid out in Russian strategic documents adopted following the August War of 2008 with Georgia and the annexation of Crimea in 2014. Namely, the Military Strategy of 2014, the National Security Strategy of 2015, the Foreign Policy Concept of 2016, and the Doctrine of Information Security of the Russian Federation issued in 2016. It examines how Moscow set out to create an alternative to the liberal west – a traditionalist, nationalistic-patriotic centre of gravity with an ambition to spiritual and moral superiority – and how that plays out in Russia’s strategic interests in the South Caucasus and Georgia in particular. Georgia is not pivotal to strengthening Moscow’s position in the world. In fact, the current situation in the Caucasus is already favourable for Russia. Yerevan’s political and military dependence on Moscow, economic ties with Baku, and financially subsidised loyalty of the Northern Caucasus allow Russia to maintain stable influence over these countries. Annexation of Crimea in 2014 strengthened Russia’s control over the Black Sea. The currently irreversible occupation of Georgia’s territories of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali/South Ossetia as well as cautious approach by the current Georgian government not to escalate any tensions with Moscow allows Russia to focus comfortably on its ambitions globally.

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How Does Russia Target the Physical Domain to Achieve Its Strategic Goals in Georgia?

Author(s): Ketevan Chachava / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The choice of Georgian citizens is evident: the majority wants Georgia to join the European Union (EU) and NATO. This aspiration is even reflected and enshrined in the constitution of Georgia, which states that Georgia’s accession to the EU and NATO is an overarching priority for the country. However, Georgia’s road to European integration has not been easy. Russia, which considers the post-Soviet space to be its own ‘backyard’ where it should exercise control, has repeatedly sought to undermine Georgia’s European integration process. To that end, Russia has exerted an influence upon Georgia’s information environment through several approaches, including by targeting the physical domain through cyber-attacks, the occupation of 20 per cent of Georgia’s internationally recognised territory, and the application of active measures through influence networks, among others. As a tool for influencing Georgia’s information environment, disinformation has historically been deployed by the Kremlin and gained newfound relevance since the Russo-Georgia War in 2008. Disinformation is often used to manipulate Georgian identity to imply closeness to Russia or to appeal to identity politics in order to amplify the position of those social groups that promote Russia’s interests. In this regard, physical social networks and interconnectivity become crucial.

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May 9 (Victory Day) Commemorations in Georgia

Author(s): Ketevan Chachava / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Every May 8, European, North American, and many other countries around the world celebrate Victory in Europe Day (known as VE Day). For millions of people living in the West, VE Day has a special meaning, symbolising the historic victory over Nazi Germany and an end to nearly six years of a brutal war. On this day, various celebratory events are held to mark the occasion, including parades, memorial services, and street celebrations.

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Издигна ли се професионализмът във външната политика на България през последните 45 години?

Author(s): Dinko Dinkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The creation of International Relations program at the University of National and World Economy (UNWE) laid the foundations for a Bulgarian school for the study of processes around the world and for the training of staff for Bulgarian foreign policy and diplomacy. Many enthusiasts contributed to the establishment of the Department of International Relations as a serious research center and as a unit that played an important role in the training of thousands of specialists in the field of international relations. The Department of International Relations has a great merit for the development of scientific research in the field of international relations and foreign policy, for the understanding of international relations, the processes in the world. The creation of such a university program contributes to rising professionalism in the development and implementation of the foreign policy of the Republic of Bulgaria. At the same time, some problems remain unsolved. The main one is that our scientific thought, our expertise is still running away from the big problems of world development. We still demonstrate lack of self-confidence and inability to navigate complex processes in the modern world. The international system is changing very dynamically and the foreign policy of a country should work to create the most favorable external conditions that enable the achievement of its foreign policy goals.

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Китай: различната глобална сила

Author(s): Antonina Habova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

China has returned peacefully to the international scene as a global power. This has been made possible thanks to the significant transformation and progress made by China in a relatively short period of time in a number of important dimensions of global power: economic power, dimplomatic and military power, political system that delivers outcomes, technological progress, its own vision of world order. The aim of this report is to present some of the main elements of this transformation, to analyze their potential to further increase China’s strategic opportunities and the ensuing challenges to status quo in the international system.

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Бъдещето на европейската отбрана – споделена или обща политика за сигурност и отбрана на ЕС?

Author(s): Monika Panayotova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper aims to focus the attention on two key processes:*the unprecedented pan European exercise in deliberative democracy called the „Conference on the Future of Europe“, and *the strategic rethinking of the security environment in the face of new threats and geopolitical changes through the development of the so-called „Strategic Compass“. Outlining the three key words as a departure point of the analysis-debate, future and sovereignty – the author attempts to answer the question of what the future of European defence is and how member states should not only share but also delegate their sovereignty in order to have a workable CSDP.

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Мерки на европейските институции за ограничаване на въздействието на пандемията от COVID-19 върху икономиките на страните членки на Европейския съюз

Author(s): Aglika Kaneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this paper, the measures of the European Commission and other European institutions such as the European Investment Bank and the ECB for limiting the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the EU Member States’ economies have been examined. An analysis has been made of the actions at the European level in various fields, such as State aid, the EU budget, funding from the EU cohesion policy, fiscal policy, support for the sectors most affected by the pandemic – agriculture and fisheries and transport, monetary policy and the EU prudential rules for banks.

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MEĐUNARODNA SURADNJA - CILJEVI EUROPSKE UNIJE U OBLASTI ZNANSTVENO-ISTRAŽIVAČKE I ISTRAŽIVAČKO-RAZVOJNE DJELATNOSTI

Author(s): Vlatko Doleček / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Znanost, istraživanje i tehnološki razvoj su prioriteti politika i aktivnosti Europske unije (EU). Cilj je jačanje znanstvenih i tehnoloških osnova industrije EU kako bi postala konkurentnija u svjetskim razmjerima. U tom smislu EU podstiče univerzitete, znanstveno-istraživačke institute i preduzeća u njihovim visokokvalitetnim istraživačkim i tehnološko-razvojnim djelatnostima, te podupire napore koje ulažu u međusobnu suradnju.

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UREĐENA DRŽAVA – OTVOREN PUT U NATO I EU

Author(s): Milan Vego / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The goal and the purpose of this paper is to emphasize the fact that regardless of the geopolitical changes in international relations, the progress of Bosnia and Hercegovina is only possible if domestic political elites make a consensus, as well as the common vision of the way in which this state should be organized. Hence only if such relationship among the powers could be made, the EU will help in realization of strategic way in foreign politics - entering the NATO and the EU. Furthermore, the Balkan states benefit from the great influence of Russia on one hand, and the aims of the USA and the EU to accept membership of states interested in European and Euro-Atlantic integrations before the great Russian influenceon the other hand. The author of this paper uses methods of social research, contents paper analysis and comparative method, and research results will be used for further scientific papers.

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UHELNÝ SEKTOR

Author(s): Tomáš Vlček / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Ne nadarmo se devatenáctému století říká století páry. Průmyslová revoluce v roce 1848 přinesla zásadní změnu ve výrobě, a to přechod z dosavadních primitivních výrobních postupů (manufaktury) a dosavadního získávání energie převážně ze dřeva, vody a větru k mechanizaci výroby, k významnému zvýšení produkce a s tím spojenému zvýšenípoptávky po energetických vstupech do hospodářství. Tovární velkovýroba, maximálně mechanizovaná využitím parních strojů, je symbolem 19. století. A bylo to právě uhlí, jehož spalováním se pára vyráběla, které se stalo primárním energetickým palivem průmyslové revoluce a které zůstává klíčovým zdrojem energie i v současném světě.

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The Strategic Nuclear Treaty Regime at a Crossroads. The (Im)Possible Search for a New Point of Balance?

Author(s): Mario MARINOV / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The qualitative and quantitative balance in strategic nuclear capabilities between major global nuclear-armed states had been the subject of a longstanding international bilateral and multilateral treaty regime, which since the onset of the 21st century has undergone a process of continual degradation. With the gradual establishment of a more confrontational multipolar world order, the treaty regime as well as the guarantees it provided for international security have come into further peril. The present paper will examine the defining characteristics of the nuclear treaty regime, the factors leading to a point of balance in preceding decades between the nuclear superpowers of the United States of America and the Russian Federation, and the transformational factors, which have destabilised the balance in contemporary times. Furthermore, the paper will extend the discussion on the future of nuclear arms control to the changing geopolitical landscape and the rise of new major global powers such as the People’s Republic of China. Ultimately the paper attempts to establish the framework of the future evolution of the nuclear arms debate and the possibilities of reaching a new point of stability and deterrence between the mentioned state actors.

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General Characteristics of the Kaliningrad Region

Author(s): Șerban Grigoraș-Stănescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article presents a brief but informative examination of the Kaliningrad region in order to find out the mysteries of a geographical territory that belongs to Northern Europe, but currently represents Russia’s only European trophy after winning the Second World War. The paper contains general elements, as well as data that may seem new, through which the geography and history of the region are analysed in the first part. After understanding the natural state and the secular heritage of this territory, we will portray the policies of the Russian Federation imposed on its exclave, determine whether Kaliningrad is an important commercial actor on the international stage and investigate the evolution of the population from an ethnic, cultural and religious point of view. All these elements described previously represent an essential body of knowledge in our attempt to ultimately determine the importance of the Kaliningrad Oblastas a first-line geopolitical bastion in the eternal East-West confrontation in Europe.

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Romania in the European Cohesion Context

Author(s): Ioana Nica,Daniel Dumitru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper presents Romania’s strategic position on the main European security programmes reflected and accepted at the EU level, as well as a brief assessment of EU officials towards Romania and the concrete actions through which Romania decided to align with EU’ssecurity and defence standards. It discusses the main strategic objectives of Romania and the European Union, actions and measures to promote European cohesion in terms of security, but also other study elements, and research in the direction of national and international security.

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