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UPS AND DOWNS OF TURKISH RELATIONSHIP WITH ERBIL AND BAGHDAD IN THE POST-2003 ERA

Author(s): Tomáš Kaválek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article elaborates on the development of the Turkish foreign policy towards Iraqi Federal and Kurdistan Regional Government (IFG and KRG) since the US invasion to Iraq in 2003. The article analyzes several dimensions of Turkey’s foreign policy towards KRG and IFG: security, politics and economy. Relations between Iraqi Kurds and Turkey underwent remarkable change since 2009. Rather warm relations with Baghdad started to falter since 2009 onwards. Strengthening Iran’s influence over predominantly Shiite Iraqi Federal Government since the US pullout from Iraq only strengthened Turkey’s reliance on Erbil. In 2014, ISIS swept through vast Sunni areas of Iraq bringing decay of Baghdad’s power and further increasing its dependency on Tehran.

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IRAN’S POLICY TOWARDS IRAQ AND TOWARDS AFGHANISTAN IN THE PRE-ISLAMIC STATE PERIOD

Author(s): Iveta Hlouchová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with Iran’s foreign policy towards Iraq and towards Afghanistan in the pre-Islamic State period. Author analyses Iran-Iraq relations, Iran-Afghanistan relations and she compares Iran’s policy towards Iraq and towards Afghanistan. Causes, goals, contents, and actors of these relations are researched.

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Makedonský fenomén a česká slavistika

Author(s): Ivo Pospíšil / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Slovanská Makedonie je zakládající fenomén mezinárodní slavistiky. Má výrazný diachronní rozměr, jenž je právem spojován se staroslověnštinou a Ochridským kulturním centrem, k němuž se hlásí jak dnešní Makedonie, tak Bulharsko. I když makedonský jazyk nepatří ani mezi slovanskými k největším co do počtu mluvčích, je důležitou součástí jihoslovanské jazykové skupiny, rozvíjí se, obohacuje a vytváří umělecké, esteticky a poeticky hodnotná umělecká díla.

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Balkanistika a makedonistika v díle Bohuslava Havránka

Author(s): Ivan Dorovský / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Dvacetileté období mezi dvěma světovými válkami bylo pro poznání Makedonie, makedonské lidové slovesné tvorby, makedonských nářečí, dějin, zeměpisu i sociálních poměrů, tzv. makedonské otázky a tudíž také vzájemných česko-slovensko-makedonských a česko-slovensko-jihoslovanských kulturních styků velmi významné. Tvoří samostatnou etapu. V desetiletích 1918–1939 došlo mj. k rozvoji vzájemných hospodářských, politických a kulturních styků a vztahů také mezi ostatními slovanskými národy.

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Antonín Frinta a počátky pražské makedonistiky (1884–1979)

Author(s): Ivan Dorovský / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

V makedonské slavistické vědě se bohužel stále šíří několik mýtů, mezi nimi mýtus o první univerzitě v Evropě, kterou založil Kliment Ochridski, a o tom, že počátky pražské (československé) makedonistiky jsou spjaty s Antonínem Frintou (14. 6. 1884–21. 11. 1975). Přirozeně že jako mýty jsou buď nepravdivé, nebo vyjadřují pouze částečnou pravdu. Mýtus o první univerzitě na Balkáně a v Evropě tu nebudu rozebírat, protože pojednávám o tom jinde. Pouze pro klid duše podotýkám, že šiřitelé tohoto mýtu vůbec neberou v úvahu, že soluňští bratři Konstantin a Metoděj studovali na magnaurské vysoké škole v Konstantinopoli. A pokud jde o prof. Antonína Frintu, nebyl první, kdo se zajímal o makedonský jazyk. Jeho přenášky o spisovné makedonštině, o nichž se ještě podrobněji zmíním, byly završením etapy zesíleného zájmu o vše, co bylo spjato s Makedonií a zároveň začátkem nové etapy odlišného pohledu na makedonskou problematiku.

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Přínos literárního historika Zdeňka Urbana pražské makedonistice

Author(s): Marcel Černý / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Author of this article deals with Zdeněk Urban’s (1925–1998) Macedonian studies, especially his innovative doctoral dissertation on the Faculty of Arts of the Charles University in Prague Beginnings of the Macedonian literature in relation to the other South Slavic literatures and their reflections in Czech one (in Czech; 1949). Urban’s other works were mainly aimed at Bulgarian, folklore or Sorbian studies. There are some supplements of this article: a list of contents of Urban’s doctoral dissertation, review of its supervisor (Antonín Frinta) and opponet (Julius Dolanský) and the list of his Macedonian contributions. Urban explained the genesis of the Macedonian literature in two phases. Initially the feudal ecclesiastically Slavonic culture became the bourgeois (works of Kărčovski and Pejčinovič) and only then the young Macedonian middle class took part in the cultural life during its struggle against the hellenization from the 1850s. As the first Macedonian written literature was closely bound up with the Bulgarian one, the Macedonian National Revival gained extrinsically pure Bulgarian traits. Urban interpreted this fact from the Marxist point of view: qualitatively more backward and quantitatively weaker Macedonian bourgeoisie learnt from richer and culturally more advanced Bulgarian one during the common struggle for the national school system, church and culture. This direct contact between both literatures was radically disturbed in the 1870s, when the revolutionary democrats got control of the Bulgarian literary field. Urban anticipated in his monograph From the History of Czech-Bulgarian Cultural Contacts (in Czech; 1957) and article Problems of the Comparative Studies of South Slavic Literatures in the 19th and the 20th centuries (in Czech; 1968) Ďurišin’s conception of theory of the interliterariness process with its most important ideas of dioecism (polyoecism) and biliterarity (polyliterarity) in his interpretation of the “borderline” Bulgarian-Macedonian literature phenomenons.

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Apendix

Author(s): Ivan Dorovský / Language(s): Czech,Macedonian Publication Year: 0

Na začátku považuji za nezbytné připomenout několik důležitých fakt. Podle našich i cizích encyklopedických a jiných příruček žilo ve 20. století v Řecku 95 % Řeků, zbytek tvoří občané makedonské, turecké, albánské, židovské, romské nebo jiné národnosti. Nedlouho po skončení 2. světové války v Evropě v květnu 1945 došlo na jihu Balkánského poloostrova k prvnímu ozbrojenému konfliktu. Levicové a demokraticky orientované síly v Řecku, které sehrály rozhodující úlohu v antifašistickém a národně osvobozeneckém boji, byly pronásledovány členy četných profašisticky, monarchisticky a pravicově orientovaných skupin a spolků. I přes nepříznivou vnitřní a zahraničně politickou situaci se proto na podzim roku 1946 začaly formovat první partyzánské jednotky. Jejich zástupci podepsali dohodu s Národně osvobozeneckou frontou (NOF), jež sdružovala Makedonce z Egejské Makedonie. Řekové i Makedonci však byli zřejmě nedostatečně informováni nebo vůbec nevěděli o jednání W. Churchilla a J. V. Stalina v říjnu 1944 o rozdělení zájmových sfér na Balkáně.

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Hedging Case Study in the Exchange Rate Commitment Regime Environment

Author(s): Jaroslava Dittrichová,Libuše Svobodová,Ivan Soukal / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper deals with topic of hedging as an instrument of foreign exchange exposure treatment. This case study is focused on traditional export-oriented company PETROF, s. r. o. Analysis of scenarios is performed by the loss-profit comparison. The study dataset is consisted of internal financial statements gathered in period from 2010 to 2015 and provided the company representatives. Analyses are based on spot rates effective at studied periods and singed hedging contracts – forward derivatives. Analyses include data processing and proposals for consideration of macroeconomic factors that determine the company's business environment. Qualitative research is concluded with a discussion on proposed approaches and instruments. Despite the fact that in November 2013 Czech national bank entered foreign exchange interventions regime with exchange rate commitment of 27 CZK/EUR and so the companies knows the expected rate of the Czech currency, the topic is still current. The importance of the topic will be greater with the upcoming end of intervention regime in 2017 when we can expect increased volatility of the Czech crown again.

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Research Methodology

Author(s): Martin Jirušek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

To meet the goal of the study a hypothesis has been formulated as follows: „Russian energy companies in natural gas and nuclear sector act in order to maximize their influence on CEE markets and to strengthen Russian geopolitical influence in this region.“ Secondary goal here is to find out whether the determinants of the Russian companies differ according to various environments in the region or compared to Asia.

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Summary of findings

Author(s): Tomáš Vlček / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As stated above, the aim of the research was to provide an in depth analysis of Russian operations in the nuclear sector of Central and Eastern Europe. The research sought to unearth whether Rosatom subscribes to specific patterns of conduct with regard to business environment and if so, what are the determining factors of such behaviour. To meet the goals of the study, the following hypothesis was formulated: „Russian state owne denergy companies in the natural gas and nuclear sectors act in order to maximize their influence and market share in CEE markets and strengthen Russian geopolitical leverage and positioning in this region.“

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Natural Gas Market Of the European Union and Its Impact on the Position of Gazprom in Europe

Author(s): Filip Černoch / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Natural gas markets in the EU are characterised by the high level of import dependency resulting from the combination of decreasing indigenous production and stable or increasing demand. Despite significant share of LNG, the EU imports most of its consumption from Norway, Russia and Algeria.The producers in this countries are often state controlled and function in close cooperation with the government (Talus, 2014). Given the accusations of Gazprom misusing gas suppliesas a political tool, the EU faces a challenge how to cope with this company as a significant energy supplier.

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Country Case Study: Estonia and Hungary

Author(s): Lukáš Lehotský / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Estonia, a former member of the Soviet Union, is highly dependent on Russian natural gas imports. Thus, energy grids of the country are more intertwined with Russia, compared to other European countries. However, Estonia is largely independent in terms of primary energy supply, as majority of energy comes from domestically-available oil shale. Natural gas and other sources therefore represent only about 15% of the primary energy supply (IEA, 2013, p. 20).

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Country Case Study: Ukraine

Author(s): Anna Leshchenko / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Regarding their geographical closeness and historical interconnection of economies, Russia and Ukraine maintained high level of political and economic cooperation even after the end of the so called Cold War. In the 1990s of 20th century under President Leonid Kuchma Ukrainian foreign policy was characterized by being “multi-vectoral”, when attempts to establish closer relations with EU states and the US were compensated by active political and economic cooperation with Russia.

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Summary of findings

Author(s): Martin Jirušek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of the research was to provide an insight into the conduct of Russian state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in natural gas and nuclear sector and test the following hypothesis:„Russian energy companies in natural gas and nuclear sector actin order to maximize their influence on CEE markets and to strengthen Russian geopolitical influence in this region.“ This section is intended to address the natural gas sector, i. e. Gazprom's conduct in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. For this purpose, a theoretical model based on the strategic approach to energy policy was developed.

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Overal Conclusion

Author(s): Martin Jirušek,Roger W. Jr. Robinson / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

After an exhaustive research process, several popular assumptions about the operations and behaviour of Rosatom and Gazprom were validated, while several others proved exaggerated or outright incorrect. Rosatom, in particular, faces competitors in a high-end (technically), high-cost marketplace,and hence is visible and monitored by prospective sovereign customers. The company, therefore, must show extra caution concerning the politicization of any of its actions for fear of market estrangement.

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THE NEVER ENDING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS STORY: THEORIES DEALING WITH THE CAUSES OF WARS

Author(s): Zdeněk Kříž / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

International relations (IR) as an autonomous academic discipline was eventually formed in the interwar era and it set quite an explicit goal– to contribute to the studies of wars and especially to prevent their re-occurrence. Hence the new discipline responded to the existing demandin a society recovering from the horrors of World War I. It had a purely practical task that could hardly be questioned in the social atmosphere of that time. Then as well as nowadays, to fulfill this ambition, it is necessary to pay attention to the study of the causes of wars. Therefore, theories dealing with the studies of the causes of wars are an essential part of the tradition of international relations.

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MANAGING ARMED CONFLICT AND THE USE OF ARMS EMBARGOES

Author(s): Martin Chovančík / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The array of instruments in the toolbox of the international community capable of exerting palpable influence on the course of armed conflicts is far smaller than we would wish. However, in the latter half of the 20th century and especially in its last decade the toolbox was expanded and upgraded to cope with the evolving challenges of armed violence and international responsibility. Instruments available to the international community in the 21st century have also become more tailored and their role is therefore more specific than in the past.

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Demokratizace a lidská práva z pohledu výzkumu mezinárodních vztahů

Author(s): Ivo Pospíšil,Petr Preclík,Hubert Smekal / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Idealistická témata se v přemýšlení o mezinárodní politice objevují již po staletí, ale až několik posledních desetiletí se k aspiračním úvahám přidávají také empirické studie, snažící se popsat realitu. Se zřízením poválečné Organizace spojených národů a s přijetím Všeobecné deklarace lidských práv v roce 1948 se téma lidských práv pomalu dostávalo do zorného pole teoretiků mezinárodních vztahů. K výraznému zvýšení pozornosti pak došlo s konáním Konference o bezpečnosti a spolupráci v Evropě, která v polovině 70. let 20. století vyvrcholila přijetím závěrečného aktu Konference o bezpečnosti a spolupráci v Evropě, jenž obsahoval desatero nejdůležitějších principů pro vztahy mezi státy. Mezi nimi na sedmém místě figuroval bod „Respektování lidských práv a základních svobod včetně svobody smýšlení, svědomí, náboženství nebo přesvědčení“. Další zájem o toto téma vybudila zahraniční politika amerického prezidenta Jimmyho Cartera, jenž v letech 1977 až 1981 výrazně povýšil lidská práva v agendě své administrativy.

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Intercultural Strategies and Development through Global Online Collaboration

Author(s): Nadezhda S. Rudenko / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The author highlights the intercultural aspects of global online communication and how videoconferencing can be an effective tool for developing intercultural skills. Key to successful programme delivery is developing strategies which promote a wide range of skills: communication, teamwork, and cross-cultural navigation. Such skills are especially relevant for today’s globalised workplaces and globalised workforce. The importance of role giving, taking and sharing and the way these influence group dynamics are discussed.

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CONCLUSION

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The case studies of Latvia and Sweden offer a test case for analysing China’s influence in the Nordic-Baltic information environment. Although limited in scope, the findings can provide valuable insight into China’s potential to influence public discourse in the specific countries of the region. Both case studies illustrate the main channels of the CCP’s communication efforts and demonstrate how tactics differ depending on the nature of relationship and reaction to China’s perceived ‘red’ lines by the country of analysis. China’s communication efforts towards Latvia thus far can be characterised as non-confrontational, focusing on prospective cooperation between the two countries. In instances of criticism levelled against China, it is not confronted publicly. By contrast, Sweden has experienced a more confrontational side of China’s public communication, with Chinese diplomats publicly reacting to Swedish criticism regarding human rights abuses and aggressive foreign policy.

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