CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

SECURITY TRANSFORMATIONS DUE TO THE ONLINE ENVIRONMENT CHANGES. CASE STUDY: CHINESE AND RUSSIAN INFLUENCE OPERATIONS

Author(s): Gheorghe-Alexandru Gabroveanu,Corina Stan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study will provide the findings of an analysis of the measures taken by two of the main actors of the international stage: China and Russia against or for the Internet 2.0 era.While Russia adopted (voluntary or not) a more visible strategy using Internet for spreading ideas and messages in order to promote the Kremlin's propaganda, China has a more silent exposure of this phenomenon.One of the challenges of this study was to show if the strategy adopted by China(banning and restricting its population unlimited access to the Internet), which was chosen to protect the Chinese citizens of so-called western malign influence and propaganda, was intended to create more disinformation.

More...

AL-QAEDA IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA –PROFILE, HYPOTHESES AND PREDICTIONS

Author(s): Alexandru STOICA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

AQAP, whose original purpose was to overthrow the Saudi monarchy,resulted from the merger with Yemen's Al-Qaeda, in 2009, whose stability was well anchored at national level. Since that period, which corresponds to the weakening of Al-Qaeda's terrorist projects in Pakistan, AQAP has seen an increase in its power and influence. The ability to organize international attacks, to capture Yemeni cities and regions through local groups, or to train foreign fighters, the South-Arab branch of the Al-Qaeda network gets an aura among terrorist organizations at a time when there is an increasing lack of certainty regarding the future of the parent organization.

More...

THE STRATEGY FOR EVALUATING THE APPLICATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION

Author(s): Iulia Staicu,Viorel ORDEANU,Mihail-Silviu Tudosie / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

From the weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) the most dangerous are the biological weapons (BWs) that use living organisms, which after their dissemination, can get out of control and their effects could thus be devastating. As such, BWs were the first WMD sto be prohibited by means of law by the United Nations (UN) thus in 1972, at Geneva, the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) was signed.As a result, the necessity of a coherent strategy that could evaluate the application of the BTWC at a national and international level emerged and specific mechanisms of evaluating the convention’s application were created, including at UN level. Yet, because of the contradiction between, on the one hand the need for transparency and on the other hand the need for maintenance of the military secret, these evaluation methods were not efficient.As such, some states possess or could possess own BWs, creating a potential danger for the international community.In this article we aim at presenting some elements of the strategy for evaluation of the application of the BTWC.

More...

CONCEPT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGAL MEASURES TO STRENGTHEN THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION

Author(s): Mihail-Silviu Tudosie,Iulia Staicu,Viorel ORDEANU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Geneva Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC 1972)provisions must be respected by all signatory countries, while non-signatory countries are required to refrain themselves from using those kind of weapons. BTWC allows signatory countries to possess and use reasonably small amounts of biological agents of war – BAW (grams) for defensive purpose of scientific research for obtaining new means of diagnosis, prevention and treatment. But living biological agents can be multiplied on demand in any amount, or toxins may be bio synthesized in any amount as specific ammunition for biological weapons.It means that the implementation of the Convention is a complex action and difficult to achieve in practice. In this situation, effective legal measures for the worldwide implementation of BTWC must be set, but concrete actions are more difficult to implement. UN, as an international body, is able, to enforce and to monitor the compliance with the Convention, being helped by other entities, such as the Security Council, the World Health Organization (WHO), etc.

More...

GEOPOLITICS OF EUROMAIDAN: A NEW STRUGGLE FOR INFLUENCE IN PONTIC-BALTIC REGION

Author(s): Dan-Laurentiu Mocanu,Constantin Hlihor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Baltic-Pontic Sea zone can be seen not just as a geographical area of Intermarium but aswell as Intermundium or the interface of the struggle between Western and Russian powers. From the Great Game and classical geopolitics associated with Halford Mackinder’s ‘Heartland’ thesis through the Cold War and geopolitical science interpretations of global ‘shatter zones’, the place of Pontic-Baltic area has assumed and maintained a central role in the studies of international relations. The paper sets out to explain the logic of dynamic patterns shaping this struggle for geopolitical influence in this area. The analysis starts from the conclusions voiced by analysts since 2014 that the Ukrainian area could become the scene for a military confrontation with Russia. The present article also reviews the recent debates and examines the insights gained from past developments in the region.

More...

DOCTRINAL APPROACHES RELATED TO THE CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY CRISIS

Author(s): Tomita Zavoianu,Constantin Iordache / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Charter of the United Nations emphasizes the importance of respecting the principle of national sovereignty and the need to develop international cooperation, states being the original subjects of international public law. Some international crises, potential risks and threats to regional security require that appropriate military decisions be made in compliance with international public law. The quasi-permanent phenomenon of international relations, the political-military alliances are a fundamental component of world politics, a way of promoting the interests of the member states.

More...

VARIOUS CONTRIBUTIONS TO SUPPORT HUMAN SECURITY

Author(s): Filofteia Repez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Human security is a widely debated issue at international, regional and national levels. Launched by the United Nations Development Programme in 1994, the concept of human security has grown further remarkable that the human being is placed as main reference on the security agenda. Through this document, the seven levels (or components) of human security have been established: economic security (ensuring a minimum income for every individual); food security (access for every individual to basic nutrition); health security (guaranteeing a minimum protection against disease to prevent diseases); environmental security (protection of individuals against natural disasters or against the implications of the natural environment’s deterioration); personal security namely protection of individuals against physical violence from inside or outside the state); community security (protection of individuals to maintain and perpetuate their relations and traditional values and protection against ethnic or segregation violence); and political security (ensuring a standard of living in accordance with fundamental human rights and securing individual and group freedoms against any vicious attempts to exercise control over them). Education, culture, science and technology bring important contributions to support human security along with the numerous regional and international organizations. Starting from this, as well as from studying a relevant bibliography, the present paper aims to provide an opening in approaching an interesting subject - various contributions to support human security.

More...

RUSSIA’S COMEBACK TO POWER POLITICS

Author(s): Violeta-Elena DĂSCĂLEŢ (NICOLESCU) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current security environment in Europe resembles, in a certain way, the long-gone times of the Cold War. Is it time for NATO to return back to basics? The hereby paper generally elaborates on Russia’s track from a NATO partner to a state with aggressive posture in the Allied Eastern Flank, with the aim of regaining the power it once held. Going through its actions against Georgia and Ukraine and observing the Russian influence in the Republic of Moldova, we ask ourselves the legitimate question whether NATO’s response to the Russian Federation’s aggressive actions against Ukraine in 2014, hence the deterrence and defence measures taken so far, are enough to provide collective security for the all Allies on the Eastern Flank. Debating on Russia’s main reason for its actions in the region, the hereby paper will conclude on the necessity for NATO to have a clear strategy on Russia’s assertive actions on the Eastern Flank.

More...

ANALYSIS OF MARITIME SECURITY COMPONENTS FROM A REALIST PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Ioan Crăciun,Auraș Liviu COMAN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

From a realistic perspective, maritime security represents for Romania a key means of promoting the Romanian interests on the Black Sea and Danube river. In the absence of a maritime security strategy, our country can not promote the instruments of national power on Black Sea and the Danube River, as riparian states, NATO and EU often have divergent political, economic and diplomatic goals. Romania, using all instruments of national power, must reaffirm itself in the Black Sea and restore a balance of forces, and in particular to make every effort to restore a climate of mutual security and trust, while supporting the EuroAtlantic interests in region. At this time, when the political-military alliances in the region have become more and more diluted, military regional initiatives have almost been abolished (less OBSH, Turkey's maritime security operation in the Black Sea), the CSBM Initiative (Confidence and security Building Measures) and Open Sky, have become increasingly formal.

More...

THE COLD WAR GENEALOGY OF DONALD TRUMP’S CRITICISM OF NATO BURDEN-SHARING

Author(s): Alexandru MUNTEANU-LUCINESCU-CASELLA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since assuming office, Donald Trump turned the burden-sharing among NATO members into one of the most contentious issues of the transatlantic relations so that his stance became a relevant topic for research and debate. Given that the roots of Trump’s criticism are to be found during the final years of the Cold War when he began to widely publicized his dissatisfaction with the major financial loss for the United States that, in his view, resulted from the defence it provided to its allies around the world, framing his views in the policy towards NATO burden-sharing followed by the United States during the Cold War, which is the purpose of this paper, contributes to further the understanding of his current position on this topic. For this purpose, in the first section of the paper are highlighted and described the two approaches to the NATO burden-sharing developed at the political level in the United States from 1949 to 1989 and the importance that successive presidents of the United States attached to them during that period is considered. In the second part of the paper, these approaches are used for analysing Trump’s influential open letter from 1987 and the widely commented speech he delivered the same year at Portsmouth Rotary Club, which both addressed the financial aspects of the defence by the United States of its allies and which turned him for the first time into a potential presidential candidate. The paper concludes that Trump’s position was not out of the ordinary because it reflected the political debates on NATO burden-sharing that took place in the United States during the Cold War and that a correct understanding of it is highly relevant for his present position on this topic given that he continued to hold the essence of it after the end of the Cold War.

More...

ALLIANCES AND PARTNERSHIPS OF THE 21st CENTURY

Author(s): Doina Muresan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Alliances and partnerships are one of the modern world systems built by great efforts in almost three quarters of a century. However, in the last two decades, there have been difficulties in finding a consensus on the characteristics of strategic alliances adapted to new developments. If we refer to the United States, not only have they achieved a leading position using this instrument, but they are at the top of two thirds of the world’s economic activity; they also have a similar activity in terms of military expenditures. Yet, as Michael Mullen said in relation to current partnerships, we cannot continue to make an integrated version of what we have done in the past.Finding a new model for alliances and partnerships does not mean that traditional alliances,based on a set of tactics whose strategic utility has been widely demonstrated over the last century, are overcome. But it suggests the need for another dynamic, based on the new identities and new features of the context, with a fundamental role in an ever-changing, constantly changing landscape with a direct link to the new predicted dynamic of power.

More...

THE CHANGE OF THE NEW GENERATION OF THREATS TO THE NATIONAL SECURITY

Author(s): Iulian Chifu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

National security threats and risks have evolved in ways that are putting under a question mark the very change in nature of the new generation of threats. Technology, social media, their impact on the society, as well as new instruments of hybrid nature which determine huge rifts in our democratic liberal societies are creating a new environment and new categories of threats that have never showed up before. Moreover, this type of changes have tremendous impact on the resilience of democratic societies, on the public support for spending in the security field and on the perception of the threats, including those of conventional source– military operations, espionage, subversion.

More...

MILITARY-PATRIOTIC YOUTH EDUCATION IN TRANSNISTRIA: TROJAN HORSE, STATE BUILDING OR STATUS QUO?

Author(s): Corneliu Corman / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article examines the understudied phenomena of military-patriotic youth education in Transnistria. In recent years, particularly following the annexation of Crimea in 2014, there has been an increase in the overall number of activities, as well as a proliferation of ways (‘modes of learning’) the ‘education’ is delivered. The number of youth being educated has also increased, and the ideological tools and concepts have evolved, with greater focus on Transnistria links to the Russki Mir (Russian World), and the identity of Transnistrians as a‘people’ (therefore capable of self-determination). From this we can conclude that funding has also increased and that this is a long-term project, with an expectation there will be a return on investment. As such, military-patriotic education activity provides a useful indirect proxy indicator of future scenarios for the region, in terms of unification, independence and the status-quo. The conclusions offer recommendations for Moldovan authorities that focus on how to mitigate against the negative aspects of military patriotic youth education in Transnistria.

More...

CONTESTING INTERNATIONAL NORMS REGARDING SOVEREIGNTY, SELF-DETERMINATION AND LOGIC OF CONFLICT IN THE BLACK SEA REGION. THE NEED FOR LEADERSHIP IN FRONT OF THESE THREATS

Author(s): Mihai Panait / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article presents some considerations regarding the geopolitical and strategic importance of the Black Sea region and potential threats or risks to security, stability,prosperity and cooperation. The study tries to demonstrate the availability of some solutions for the improvement of peace and stability in this part of the world. The international norms regarding the sovereignty and the self-determination, and the logic of conflict in the Black Sea region, needs to be discussed more and have to be analysed in detail.Much has been written about the importance of the Montreux Convention (1936) and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea or the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in many books, memoirs or studies, and every day around the world, people or organizations discuss the major problems after the Russian-Ukraine conflict.Political leadership could be the key point for security and prosperity in the Black Sea region,in Euro-Atlantic and Euro-Asian areas. Only together, bridges can be built over the Black Sea for present and future generations

More...

THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN SECURITY. MEASURING RESILIENCE

Author(s): Ştefan-Antonio DAN-ȘUTEU,Răzvan Grigoraş / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper underlines some directions for measuring the resilience of European Union in the field of Security, achieved through analysis and extrapolation of several indicators released by the International Futures with Pardee Program1: (1) the state failure index (SFI),(2) the technology power (TP), (3) the threat sent to the rest of the world (TSRW) and (4) the threat received from the rest of the world (TRRW). The paper starts from the assumption that resilience represents a tool for shaping efficiency in European Security. The results of projected indexes in 2035 reveals the need for a commonly shaped resilience framework. The research shows that the increased technological development and innovation capacity will generate potential disruptive technologies with applications in the field of security and defence. Finally,the paper takes into account four Weak Signals for shaping a more mature and a more resilient Union in 2035

More...

European and Transatlantic Defence-Industrial Strategies: A European View

Author(s): Burkard Schmitt / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The history of transatlantic armaments cooperation goes back to the beginning of the cold war. Since then, however, the nature of cooperation has changed considerably, from the simple licensing of US systems to Western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s to co-production arrangements in the 1970s, followed by government-to-government joint development in the 1980s and 1990s. In recent years, industry-led cooperation has become the most prominent feature.

More...

Pre-emptive military action and the legitimate use of force

Author(s): Carl Bildt,Alexander I. Nikitin,Walter B. Slocombe,François Heisbourg / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The eleventh meeting of the European Security Forum focused on what is becoming known as the Bush doctrine. The proceedings were underpinned by three particularly penetrating papers, which should beread at leisure, as a brief summing-up will not suffice to convey their full scope. Walter Slocombe, in his oral presentation, emphasised the need to handle the prevention/pre-emption debate as distinct from the unilateralism / multilateralism discussion: although they intersect, they are analytically separate. Conversely, he tied the prevention/pre-emption debate to the specific requirements of non-proliferation, while noting that prevention/pre-emption tend to be a limited element of non-proliferation policy given the inherent difficulties of implementation: it is easier to assert apolicy of pre-emption than to execute it effectively. Mr Slocombe also underscored the elements of continuity of the US National Security Strategy(NSS) with US and international law.

More...

Turkey's strategic future

Author(s): Natalie Tocci,Henry J. Barkey,Natalia Oultchenko,Hüseyin Bağci,Şaban Kardaş,François Heisbourg / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The European Security Forum’s meeting about Turkey’s strategic future took place shortly after the end of combat operations in Iraq, against the backdrop of redefined US-Turkish relations. To set the stage, we had four papers: “Anchoring Turkey in Europe”, by Nathalie Tocci (Research Fellow at CEPS); “A US View”, by Henri J. Barkey (Head of the Dept. of International Relations, Lehigh University); “A Russian View” by Natalia Oultchenkov (Head of the Turkey Desk, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences); and “Post-11 September Impact: The Strategic Importance of Turkey Revisited”, by Hüseyin Bagci and Saban Kardas (both are Professors at the Middle East Technical University, Ankara).

More...

Специфични случајеви утврђивања избегличког статуса

Author(s): Nebojša Raičević / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees sets out in Art. 1A(2) a refugee definition and it applies to all persons wishing to obtain a refugee status. There are some situations in determining refugee status that are specific to other cases. One such situation is related to refugee sur place. Refugee sur place are persons who voluntarily left their own country, but which, because of some subsequent events, have a well-founded fear that in the case of their return to the homeland, they will be subjected to persecution there. The cause of this fear can be objective changes in the country of origin, such as the coming of the dictatorial regime to the power. Besides, the fear of persecution can also be caused by the actions of the individuals during their stay abroad. A second specific situation regards to persons fleeing from the country of origin due to international or non-international armed conflicts that are being conducted in that country. The Convention on the Status of Refugees does not contain special provisions for persons leaving the country of origin due to armed conflict, which means that they can only obtain refugee status if they prove well-founded fear of persecution for any of the five reasons mentioned in Art. 1A of this Convention. General danger of an armed conflict is not enough to qualify for refugee status because this danger is the same for the entire population in a given area. A person from a war-affected state may obtain refugee status only if the danger to which he or she is exposed is result of one of the grounds referred to in Art. 1A(2) of the Convention (race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion). Finally, it is also specific to determine the refugee status of persons who fled the country of origin due to the evasion of military service. In principle, military service evasion per se is not enough to apply for refugee protection. A person who avoids military service can obtain refugee status only if he proves that he: a) refuse to participate in armed conflict condemned by the international community; b) was subject to discrimination in the performing military service; c) could not realize conscientious objection to military service; оr, d) avoided military service because of violation of fundamental human rights that can be treated as persecution.

More...

4.50 €

Weapons, Borders, and Human Rights: The complicated relationship between the European Union and the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

Author(s): Francesco Marilungo / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

When we consider the European Union’s general policy towards the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Kurdish: RêveberiyaXweser a Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyeyê, hereafter simply NES), we must assume that the European Union (EU) does not have any single policy towards the NES. Indeed, it is hard to speak of a EU coherent foreign policy on anyissue.1 In recent years, we became accustomed to complaints about the lack of a broad European policy on defence and foreign affairs, as well as exhortations to create a common continental approach to international security issues. Presently, each Member State moves with considerable autonomy, taking care primarily of its national interests and reacting mostly to domestic grievances, whilst the European bloc in itself seems to move steadily towards irrelevance in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)region, where global and regional powers have reduced European influence.Recent events, such as the Turkish invasion of areas of northern Syria in October 2019, have only confirmed what analysts have been saying about EU foreign policy in the last years: ‘that the EU has little influence over the course of events in Syria’ (Pierini, 2016).

More...