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RISKS AND THREATS IN THE CURRENT OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Alexandru Herciu / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2019

The dynamic evolution of the phenomenon of warfare from its classical-conventional physiognomy to a predominantlyunconventional one, manifested in extreme environments (cyberspace, electromagnetic environment, informationalenvironment, CBRN environment, human psyche) today and in the predictable future, is the consequence of the continuousadaptation to the complexity of today’s challenges to humanity. These challenges are expressed and established in theliterature by the terms: hazards, risks, threats, vulnerabilities.

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PLANNING AND TEACHING STYLES IN MILITARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Author(s): Gabriel Constantin Ciapa / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2019

The success of acquiring information, whether theoretical or practical, depends to a large extent on the information’sorganization and structuring over well-defined periods of time, on its quantity, on the material basis available, but also onthe quality and training of the military physical education specialist and on the way in which information is transmitted.Therefore, this material is divided into two parts. The first part deals, in a synthetic way, with the main documents ofplanning, organization and management of the military physical education activity, in some cases providing examples, inorder to facilitate their understanding and performance. The second part of this article is directed to teaching styles in physicaleducation, to the way of transmitting the information provided in the documents specific to military physical education,orientation that has in sight the teacher/specialist/trainer in this military branch.

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WAYS OF CYBERTERRORISM

Author(s): Sorin Topor / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2019

Cyberattacks are now becoming more and more complex, more frequent and with increasingly destructive effects.Regardless of the type or value of an organization, it affects information of public and private infrastructures. Moreover, thetarget may be the private information of those who hold, even temporarily, various public or official positions in a state. Inother words, cyberattacks can be directed towards the information profile of a target by affecting data about identity, aboutfinance, by changing information from personal conversations and other private life activities etc.In this context, terrorism aims to perform actions with clear goals, only once or in series, having as motivation theresistance to political, economic or social changes and producing global information effects. It is well known that thedevelopment of terrorism is favored by the development of information technology. Through these, terrorist organizationsseek to enhance the perception of terror, by capturing the attention of the global media and by transmitting apocalypticmessages. On the other hand, the anti-terrorist structures are trying to stop or at least hold under certain control thesedirections of evolution.The purpose of this article is to determine the content of the concept of cyber terrorism, starting from the analysis of themain factors of public insecurity and social disorder that facilitate the development of modern forms of terrorism. In orderto do so, we will try to underline the essential aspects that are relevant for understanding the forms it takes and the ways itworks.

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THE USE OF RADARS ONBOARD THE AEROSTATS IN AIR SURVEILLANCE MISSIONS

Author(s): Pătru Pîrjol / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2019

The military conflicts of the last century revealed the importance of information in the conduct of air force missions regarding the neutralization of objectives that were important for the enemy’s war effort. The need to ensure information support for the decision-making processes resulted in the design of air surveillance systems, capable of providing the information required by the structures that specialized in countering of the air force threats. The quality of information provided was influenced by the passive or active air surveillance sensors, due to their superior power of detection over long distances and low altitudes.

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THE PRINCIPLE OF PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES

Author(s): Marius-Valeriu Păunescu,Alexandru Daniel Pisică / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2019

International peace and security is one of the goals of the United Nations for which the entities that take part in international relations have to ensure permanent cooperative resources for the peaceful settlement of any dispute.Knowing the fact that without solutions through the means of peaceful settlement of disputes, there is no other option than the escalation of conflict and the use of force, the United Nations has given a special attention particularly to the promotion of the principles of international law that provide enough flexibility to overcome any deadlock.A principle of major importance is the principle of the settlement of international disputes by peaceful means. The permanent appeal of this principle in many resolutions and statements offered throughout time, not only by the United Nations, but also by other regional organizations, has the unique purpose of the strengthening international order based on the prohibition of force and coercion in the international relations. In this context, there is only one exception – the right to self-defense, a situation in which the use of force is allowed but without denying or neglecting the obligations to respect international law and justice.The purpose of this article is to identify and present the most important official documents, resolutions and statements of the United Nations and other regional organizations that operate with the principle of peaceful settlement of disputes, and to highlight its connection with the other principles of international law as the principle of refraining from the threat or use of force in international relations, the principle of non-intervention in internal or external affairs of States, the principle of sovereign equality of States, and the principle of good faith in international relations, which all together sustain the goal of not endangering of international peace, security and justice.

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THE EVOLUTION OF THE AFGHAN NATIONAL ARMY FROM 2001 TO THE PRESENT

Author(s): Traian Maghercă / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2019

The conflict begun in Afghanistan in October 2001 has not ended, and the current context of negotiating a peace agreement between the United States and the Taliban group does not guarantee the cessation of hostilities in this hot-zone of the world. This aspect coupled with the statements of the U.S. President regarding the withdrawal of the US Armed Forces from Afghanistan entitles us to state that a vital role in the evolution of the security environment in the Afghan space is played by the security institutions of this state, in particular the army and the police. The army, in fact the entire state apparatus, is going through a long process of reformation. The process of transformation of this institution has been very difficult, and the challenges and obstacles that have arisen over time have determined the slowing down of the optimistic pace triggered by the plans of reform and development of the Afghan national army.

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AIR DEFENCE RESPONSE IN THE LAND FORCES PERATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE TECHNICAL UPGRADE OF GIS IN THE MODERN BATTLE SPACE

Author(s): Daniel ROMAN / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2019

The complexity of the contemporary operational environment specific to military actions is one of the major challenges of the decision-making factor. This fact is mainly determined by the mutations that occur in the field of military technologies with direct implications on the multidimensionality of the modern battlefield. In this context, the aerial area of responsibility corresponding to an area of operations represents the acting dimension of the missile and antiaircraft artillery structures of the land forces. Due to the speed, range and capabilities of the modern aircraft’s munitions, air defence response in the land forces operations is on the list of priorities for solving the issue of air threat and aggression. The solution of such a problem consists in the joint approach of four courses of action: knowing the air defence artillery and missiles equipment, preparing and executing air defence fire, planning and applying the specialized tactics and general tactics elements. In this article we shall mainly refer to the issues related to the two dimensions of the air defence response: the operational environment and the air operational framework, in the context of GIS (Geographical Information Systems). The physical peculiarities of the land and aerial area of responsibility are directly conditioned by the technical and tactical capabilities of the aircraft, which implies a series of conceptual transformations based on the technical upgrading of the modern battle space.

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INFORMATION WAR. CASE STUDY: THE ROLE OF RUSSIA TODAY FOR COVERAGE OF THE MISSION CONDUCTED BY RUSSIA IN EAST UKRAINE - MAY 2014 - FEBRUARY 2015

Author(s): Mihai-Cristian Stancu / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2019

Disinformation and propaganda activities are a basic element in the successful conduct of the hybrid war in the acceptance of the Russian Federation. Considering the technological and, especially economic, gap between Russia and the other world powers (USA or China) Russian military strategists have concluded that the full exploitation of the advantages offered by the skillful use of the information power tool, may lead to the elimination of the disadvantages of the insufficient economic development of the country or of the deficient endowment of the Armed Forces with military technology of last generation in serial production. In the following pages we analyzed the most important aspects of the information war carried out by the Russian Federation, using the well-known media (Russia Today), during the conflict in Ukraine, focusing on the themes and contents specific to each of them.

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CURRENT CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT INSURGENCY AND COUNTERINSURGENCY IN AFGHANISTAN

Author(s): Traian Maghercă,Ion Bălăceanu / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2019

Currently, the insurgency as a fact is most present in the country that seems to live in an endless conflict - Afghanistan. Insurgent groups are very active in this area of the world, and nothing seems to stop them. As a natural reaction to this phenomenon, the Afghan authorities are responding with actions that fall more or less in the counterinsurgency category. At the level of the international military coalition that acts in support of the Afghan security forces, were mentioned the main causes that contribute to the perpetuation of this conflict. From the latest analysis, Western specialists say the main cause of the failure of counterinsurgency action is the support given to insurgent groups by Afghanistan”s neighbors by providing those safe areas within their territory where members of the organizations are sheltering the actions taken by the Afghan security forces

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A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS REGARDING THE MANAGEMENT OF COMBAT AND LOGISTIC TACTICAL STRUCTURES

Author(s): Nicolae Nicoară,Gabriela-Florina Nicoară / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2019

Nowadays, significant problems and difficulties can be seen in the field of human resources. These induce major restrictions in the management of tactical logistic structures. The lack of personnel, the need of carrying out multiple jobs, the technological development, as well as the multiple changes of rules which are taken in the financial, human resources, and logistics domains make the decision process a very difficult one. Regarding all these areas, if you want to be capable to work in an organization you have to master the management theory, to be able to use different methods of motivating employees, and also to have considerable professional knowledge. We consider that as a logistics leader you should never stop learning and improving your skills. Getting the first rank and becoming a logistics officer are just the first steps in personal development.

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APPLICATIONS OF UNMANNED SYSTEMS IN MILITARY LOGISTICS

Author(s): Grigore Eduard Jeler,Gelu Alexandrescu / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2019

In the changing conditions of the operational environment and facing the new security environment which is the most complex and the most ambiguous ever, the nature and the size of threats at the address of security changed a lot. Because of that, the modern army started looking for alternative or better options to exceed this challenge. In the current conflicts, the emergence of autonomous systems represented an opportunity but also a challenge for the armed forces, offering on the battlefield a number of advantages such as increasing the force, speed, response of reaction, precise coordination but also disadvantages such as lack of motivation and flexibility of human intelligence. Combining the best elements of the human-machine team can increase the capacity of future armed forces. The challenge is determining the proper balance between man and machine. Currently autonomous systems are already capable of eliminating the human presence in solving many tasks performed by the military and have the ability to improve over time. The purpose of this article is to analyze both existing and potential uses of autonomous systems in military logistics, focusing on the advantages and risks for military organizations and operations.

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ASPECTS REGARDING THE USE OF PASSIVE SENSORS ON AIR SURVEILLANCE MISSIONS

Author(s): Pătru Pîrjol,Ana Maria Chisega Negrila / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2020

Passive remote sensing is used to obtain information on objects and phenomena at land surface in order to get their well-defined objective image by means of special and temporal coordinates. Observing land surface represents an on-going activity for the scientific community which is directed towards the understanding of processes and phenomena on our planet as well as towards the monitoring of the impact of natural or human activity on the environment. Passive sensors have technical parameters that help them detect the phenomena and changes on land surface, ensuring the necessary data for the mapping and monitoring of biophysical and geological characteristics of the surface in order to understand the impact of human activity on ecosystems. The military use of passive sensors is to create detailed maps of areas under surveillance, including the urban ones, to detect early threats, and to ensure the information support for the planning process as well as for the coordination and execution of precise strikes on objectives.

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THE IMPACT OF UNMANNED UNDERWATER VEHICLES TECHNOLOGY ON COMBAT SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

Author(s): Daniel-Cornel Tanasescu,Ion Chiorcea / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2020

The domain of underwater has represented for a long time a challenging environment for the implementation of technologies for discovering threats represented by submarines. Passive hydrolocation equipment on board warships have historically been confronted with technological limitations caused not only by the low acoustic imprint of submarine targets but also by a high threshold of false positive alerts due to industrial activities in coastal areas. In addition, the technological constraints and the high costs imposed by the fixed positioning of the active or passive detection sensors allowed submarines to have a wide variety of operating spaces for insidious maneuvering. However, the technological impact of the new combat systems adapted to the submarine environment, mobile and equipped with active sensors in the field of autonomous underwater vehicles, changes this status quo and creates major vulnerabilities on the infallibility of the submarine’s secret actions. These new discovery capabilities, combined with intel information processing systems and programs to support decision making will have a significant impact on understanding the operational-strategic situation in the underwater combat environment.

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ESSENTIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE APPLICATION OF THE SEA DENIAL CONCEPT

Author(s): Valentin – Marian TOMA / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2020

The modalities of applying the concept of sea denial are of high complexity due to the diversity and intensity of the naval tactical actions in the combat environments on the surface of the water, under the surface of the water and aerial. If denial of certain maritime space for the enemy fails, there is the possibility that the enemy will project his force on the shore and destroy the economic and military objectives. The need to prohibit certain maritime space for the enemy arises when the control of the sea cannot be achieved or lost in that maritime space. As a rule, sea denial is intended to be carried out near its own coast in order to thwart the enemy’s efforts to attempt an amphibious landing or to interrupt the maritime communications routes. Sea denial can be complementary to the control of the sea in certain areas of the ocean where the control of the sea cannot be maintained. The main factors influencing the application of the concept of sea denial are space, time, forces and means available, the technological development and the degree of instruction of the crews. In the application of the concept of sea denial in addition to the naval forces, the air forces and the ground forces play a particularly important role. The joint characteristic of the combat actions requires a concept of unitary action, most likely, prepared from the time of peace or during the crisis development.

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ASSESSMENT INDICATORS TO RATE THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF ANTI-AIRCRAFT RESPONSE MISSION

Author(s): Florin Stafi / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

The complexity of the military actions related to the antiaircraft response, the complete and in-depth knowledge of the systems’ state implies, among others, a permanent measurement of the planned actions progress. Permanent changes, a priori accepted, can decisively influence the guidelines and conditions for carrying out a plan of operation, deviating it practically from the commander’s intention. In order to maintain the initial design, but also to recognize the inherent turning points, it is necessary to establish relevant evaluation indicators starting from the action planning stage, which offer actionable sustainable decision alternatives. The accomplishment evaluation of the anti-aircraft fire system’s mission cannot and should not be represented only by (pre)determined figures; it must treat, subjectively and objectively, the state of the system, while also providing irrefutable evidence of meeting the stated objectives.

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POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON NATO POLICY

Author(s): Petre-Răzvan Enache,Nistor Andrei / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

The COVID-19 pandemic brought to the fore some divergent ideas that are added to the list of those already existing within NATO. Pivoting the Alliance’s efforts to fight the new coronavirus (and future outbreaks) requires a different set of military capabilities. The pandemic could further contribute to a shift in NATO’s strategic geography from an east-west to a north-south axis and, at the same time, shift the focus on military spending and defence preparation away from the eastern border to the Mediterranean. We are also dealing with an amplification of the Russian propaganda campaign whose target audience seems to be the population of southern and western Europe and which could call into question the value of an alliance that is not effective in the response to the crisis created by the new virus. It makes the London agenda obsolete and the Allies find the most appropriate answers and topics for discussion at the next summit in October in Beverly Hills, California, USA.

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UNDERSTANDING THE SITUATION – OPERATIONAL VARIABLES AND THE DIRECT AND POTENTIAL INFLUENCES BETWEEN THEM

Author(s): Dumitru Georgescu / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

Conflicts between different state or non-state actors that pursue their own interests are a constant of the geopolitical regional and global environment. In this context, the military instrument of national power is more relevant than ever. The common denominator of coherent development and effective application of this instrument is the understanding of the operational environment and of the complex dynamic and volatile situations of the areas of interest. The operational variables represent a conceptual tool used to achieve it. Understanding the connections between these variables – direct or potential – facilitates the application of the military instrument of power in creative and effective ways.

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ECONOMIC INITIATIVES THAT SHAPE MILITARY LOGISTICS

Author(s): Daniela-Elena Hrab / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

In the context of an enhanced competition and of the need to reach the highest objective represented by obtaining the competitive advantage, the following initiatives appeared gradually into the production sector and were implemented into the military scope, in order to gain superiority over possible opponents and to successfully accomplish the missions: Lean Logistics, Procurement Logistics, Distribution Logistics, Six Sigma Logistics, Green Logistics, Emergency/Humanitarian Logistics, Global Logistics, Reverse Logistics and Digital Logistics.Two of these captured my attention considering the effects produced in military logistics of our times, which will continue to generate changes into the future.

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THE INTEGRATED APPROACH – CONSIDERATIONS, POTENTIAL, AND LIMITATIONS

Author(s): Dumitru Georgescu / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

The current security environment is characterized by complex challenges. The emergence of hybrid threats has determined an increase in the complexity and ambiguity of the operational environment. In order to cope with these security challenges, it is necessary to synchronize the application of the instruments of power. Therefore, it is imperative to conceptualize and operationalize an integrated approach. The solving of the wicked problem of hybrid threats can be facilitated by an integrated approach.

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ARMY COMBAT FITNESS TEST (ACFT)

Author(s): George-Florin Băiţan / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

Servicemen’s capabilities and skills represent the basis of the increasing professional level required to plan and carry out military actions within a multinutional framework, under various circumstances pertaining to geopolitics, relief and climate, tradition and civilization. The overall vision of an army must be centered on servicemen’s mental and physical training that could be, at a certain moment, the key to success on any military operation they conduct.Servicemen deploying on NATO missions have to cope with a complex, lethal, competitive, dynamic operational environment, which has evolved over the past years, with the opponents resorting to a combination of asymmetric hybrid conventional and unconventional strategies. Thus, servicemen’s physical training programs need constant improvement in order to keep up with the requirements consistent with modern warfare. Moreover, the regular assessment aimed at checking the military personnel’s physical fitness must evolve accordingly to validate their combat readines.

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