MEDIUL VIRTUAL ȘI LEGISLAȚIA DE DREPT INTERNAȚIONAL A CONFLICTELOR ARMATE – JUS IN BELLO

Author(s): Bogdan-Florin TIMIŞ / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

“Jus in bello” regulates the behaviour of the parties involved in an armed conflict. Synonymous with “jus in bello” is the international humanitarian law, hereinafter referred to as IHL, which has as its primary purpose not to prohibit armed conflicts themselves but to minimize the suffering caused by them, in particular by establishing rules for the protection of certain categories of persons, objects and activities during their development. Considering the destructive potential of cyber-attacks, sensed since the emergence of this new environment for executing such actions - the virtual environment - questions arise as to the applicability of IHLs to cyber operations in the context of armed conflict.

Интервенционализмът като идеологическа основа на социалния либерализъм във Великобритания

Author(s): Nikolay Alexandrov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2019

This article is devoted to a key moment in the history of liberal ideology in Europe – the rejection of obsolete classical liberalism and the promotion of social liberalism as a functioning socio-economic system. The author discusses the decisive role of the Liberal Party and the contribution of the theoretical and practical models of John Maynard Keynes and William Beveridge to the transformation from laissez-faire to state interventionism. The author presents the Labor government’s measures for practical realization of the ideas of social justice, whereby the social-economic system referred to as the “universal welfare state” was promoted in Great Britain.

Генерална конференция на Европейския консорциум за политически изследвания (4–7. 09. 2019, Вроцлав)

Author(s): Ivaylo Dinev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2019

Can Statism Help?

Author(s): Nenad Miščević / Language(s): English Issue: 60/2020

Can statism help with burning issues of the present time? The authors in the collection mostly answer affirmatively; in their view states can successfully deal with their cosmopolitan responsibilities. In the discussion, we question this optimistic assumption, and suggest the need for a more supra-statist, cosmopolitan arrangement for solving the issues.

Posłowie debiutanci w Sejmie VII, VIII i IX kadencji. Przyczynek do analizy zjawiska wymiany partyjnych elit

Author(s): Arkadiusz Lewandowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Parliamentary representation of political parties is nowadaysbecoming an important field of activity of every grouping. Membersof Parliament, following the standards of party charters, become anelement of party elite, holding the official positions in collegiate organs.Personal changes in the parliament then mean changes in the party elite.The goal of the article is defining the scale of the phenomenon of debutMembers of Parliament in the years of 2011, 2015 and 2019.The research question which the author was faced with is the questionabout the scale of the phenomenon of debut Members of Parliamentand its consequences for the demographic structure of the Polish Sejmand the particular party representations in the parliament, defined asparty elites.Detailed questions concern: the importance of parliamentary representativesin contemporary political groupings; defining whether thescale of the phenomenon in 2015 was significantly different from theelection results from 2011 and 2019.The established hypotheses assume that: the important of parliamentaryrepresentation in contemporary parties is on a constant growth onthe formal level and also within the political praxis, and consequently,Members of Parliament can be called party elites. Another hypothesis assumes that the phenomenon of debut MPs has stood out quantitativelyin the analyzed period of time, nevertheless, it has not changed thedemographic structure of the parliament dramatically, concerning theother two analyzed terms.The period of the analysis concerns the three parliamentary electionsin 2011, 2015 and 2019, which allowed to pick up on the possibletendency of the phenomenon.

Some Aspects of Regıonal Strategıes of Russıa, China and Turkey Towards Central Asia: Comparative Analysis

Author(s): Mehmet Toplu,Aidarbek Amirbek,Kanat Makhanov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This study analyzes some of the aspects of geopolitical strategies applied by Russia, China and Turkey towards Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan) to establish their presence over the last 2-3 decades. The analysis shows that the dominance of Russia and China in Central Asia was due to geographic, economic and geopolitical factors. However, Turkey managed to become the third most influential Eurasian state in relation to Central Asia thanks to its successful approach based on socioeconomic and cultural ties with the region, which allowed it to gain political, economic and socio-cultural significance in Central Asia.

Enhancing Offender Re-entry - an Integrated Model for Enhancing Offender Re-entry

Author(s): Ralph C. Serin,Caleb D. Lloyd,Laura J. Hanby / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

Notwithstanding diminishing crime rates in many countries, high rates of incarceration continue to engage political and public scrutiny in the management of (increasing) correctional populations. It appears such interest is driven by the competing concerns of fiscal pressures and ideological shifts: essentially lack of funds and, in many jurisdictions, a lean towards more conservative doctrines regarding offender care. Perhaps not completely surprisingly, these two themes can also actually work in harmony. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the United States, where spiraling costs of corrections appear to have seduced politicians to consider less punitive models which, ironically, are more effective at reducing crime and costs. At present, various states have embraced what has often been referred to as the Canadian model, that is, a less punitive and more empirically-grounded rehabilitative approach to addressing crime. Indeed, the number of U.S. citizens involved in the criminal justice system is staggering (7.3 million adults), with approximately 700,000 individuals returning home each year to their communities from prison. Encouragingly, recent legislation and funding such as the Second Chance Act have put a spotlight on offender re-entry.

Европейската радикална десница в първия етап от коронакризата: позиции, поведение и потенциал

Author(s): Boris Popivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2020

The paper deals with the interaction of two processes in the European politics: the expansion of the radical right and the outburst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The influential interpretation that the first stage of the coronacrisishas registered the radical right’s failure to use the pandemic politically, is being examined. The text tries to demonstrate that the radical right’s inconsistency and ineffectiveness are genuine, but they do not thwart the classical agenda of ultranationalism, antiliberalism, populism and traditionalism and their reaffirmation in these new conditions. Moreover, the governmental responses to the pandemic in Europe encourage the radical right’s penetration in a new paradoxical field, the defence of democracy. It is concluded that the first months of 2020 have not eroded the ideological potential of this part of the political spectrum and consequently have not destroyed its chances for political rise without predetermining them.

KKTC CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI SEÇİMLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: 2020

Author(s): Hande Erol / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 49/2021

Covid 19 outbreaks in the shadow of the presidential elections in the TRNC goes to a second round race winner, in relations with Turkey, which was the center-right's candidate Ersin Tatar. Mustafa Akıncı, who is pro-Federation and has a leftist ideology, announced that he quit politics. In this study, it is tried to analyze the political ideologies of the candidates and how this corresponds to the electorate.In the study, the statements of the candidates reflected in the press will be examined, and six candidates, who have a concrete discourse and a certain voter mass, are focused on among the eleven candidates participating in the elections.

МЕСТНОТО САМОУПРАВЛЕНИЕ В ГЪРЦИЯ И ТУРЦИЯ - СРАВНИТЕЛЕН АНАЛИЗ НА РАЗВИТИЕТО И ПРИЛАГАНЕТО НА ДЕЦЕНТРАЛИЗАЦИЯ

Author(s): Hasan Azis / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The article is dedicated to the local self-government in Greece and Turkey, with a brief comparative analysis made of the situation to date. The process of decentralization in both countries and the degree of implementation were followed-up, and whether the principle of subsidiarity is observed. In the modern state, strong and functional local self- government, with its inherent characteristics, reveals the democratic face of the political system and the constitutional structure and is an indicator of modern development and a strong civil society. Among the aspects considered are: analysis of local self-government reforms in Greece and Turkey; assessment of decentralization using a comparative analysis of the process in both countries from the perspective of the local self-government; democracy. The conclusions outline the positive aspects of the changes taking place over the last 20 years and the difficulties in implementing decentralization.

Vliv registrace na volební účast v USA: Komparativní perspektiva a případ státu Wisconsin

Author(s): Dominika Tlapáková,Daniel Šárovec / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

The right to vote is one of the fundamental rights of citizens in democratic countries. In the United States of America, however, this action is preceded by the obligation to register. Election registrations are still seen as a limiting element of electoral law. This work aims to find out how the process of registration changed in the past. Another crucial question is what influenced the number of registered citizens and voter participation in the presidential elections in 2016. The first part deals with federal electoral registration reforms and looks at the current situation. The second part consists of research in which the relationship determination is utilized by the Pearson correlation coefficient. In addition to the comparison, the text chose to analyse the Wisconsin case. The work concludes that the ratio of registered age to eligible voters has not increased, although the demographic curve continues to rise. In the case of factors that may affect the number of the registered, the direct relationship has not been established. On the contrary, a direct correlation has been shown in the case of the same factors with the turnout in the presidential election year.

LOKALNA SAMOUPRAVA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI SA OSVRTOM NA REPUBLIKU SRPSKU

Author(s): Dragan Bašić,Slavica Bašić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 36/2015

Jedinice lokalne samouprave su ključne ćelije razvoja svake države jer duboko prožimaju u potrebe i interese članova lokalne zajednice, odnosno građana jedne države koji predstavljaju ključni faktor opstanka i razvoja jedne društvene zajednice. Bez dobre i efikasne lokalne samouprave nema uspješnog demokratskog društva, zbog čega je veoma značajno jedinicama lokalne samouprave posvetiti posebnu pažnju. U Bosni i Hercegovini postoji razjedinjen sistem jedinica lokalne samouprave na entitetskoj osnovi, sa veoma niskim stepenom međusobne saradnje, što uveliko usložnjava i koči funkcionisanje jedinica lokalne samouprave na državnom nivou. Ne postoji jedinstvo regulacije i usklađenosti funkcionisanja jedinica lokalne samouprave na državnom nivou sa Evropskom poveljom o lokalnoj samoupravi niti sa dokumentima Vijeća Evrope, što je u suprotnosti sa težnjom naše zemlje u procesu evroatlanskih integracija sa ostatkom Evrope.

LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA WITH AN OVERVIEW OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

Author(s): Dragan Bašić,Slavica Bašić / Language(s): English Issue: 36/2015

Local self-government units are key cells of every country’s development, pervading deeply needs and interests of local community members, the citizens of a state, who are considered to be the key factor in survival and development of a community. No successful democratic society can be achieved without a good and efficient local self-government. For that reason, a special attention needs to be brought to the issue of local self-government units. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is a fragmented system of local self-government units at entity level, with a very low degree of mutual cooperation, which greatly complicates and hinders the functioning of local self-government units at the state level. There is no unity in regulation and compliance of local self-government units functioning, at the state level, with the European Charter of Local Self-Government, or the documents of the Council of Europe, which is at odds with the aspirations of our country in the process of Euro-Atlantic integration with the rest of Europe.

Mediation in Disputes Between Public Authorities and Private Parties: Comparative Aspects

Author(s): Salvija Kavalnė,Ieva Saudargaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

This article deals with an analysis of mediation practice in disputes between public authorities and private parties based on examples of the application of different types of mediation in administrative disputes in France, the United Kingdom and Belgium. The application of mediation in countries under consideration is investigated through the evaluation of legal acts related to the subject and through the assessment of available official data provided by relative institutions. The historical development of the application of mediation and the significance of the application of mediation in the administrative sphere in Lithuania are considered as well.

Integrarea beneficiarilor de protecție internațională

Author(s): Răzvan Dacian Cârciumaru,Florica Chipea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2020

Starting from arguing the need to delimit the concept of refugees from that of international migrants and to support the idea that the solution to the optimal solution of the current refugee problem is their integration in host societies, the article aims to achieve, based on consulting the literature, a nominal and operational definition of the concept of social integration of beneficiaries of international protection. Although, in the literature, the concept of integration is often defined as chaotic, this article, starting from the common points of the process, identifies some general characteristics, thus highlighting two different levels of integration, namely one macro (the state of societal cohesion as a whole) and one individual (inclusion of groups and individuals in society). Also, out of the need to avoid confusion between integration and assimilation, the process must contain both inputs and outputs, so the increase in affinity for the new country can coexist with continued ties with the country of origin. In terms of content and process measurement indicators, it is relevant to follow the following categories of „markers and means” of integration: employment, housing, education, health, and civic integration.

The Baltic states. Three peas in a pod?

Author(s): Andres Kasekamp / Language(s): English Issue: 03 (46)/2021

From the outside, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are usually viewed as one – “the Baltics”. However, their fates have only been intertwined during the last century. Prior to the end of the First World War, Lithuania had been closely connected with Poland, while Estonians and Latvians had been under Baltic German domination for seven centuries, no matter whether the ruling power was Sweden, Poland or Russia. Lithuanian and Latvian are the two surviving Baltic languages, whereas Estonian belongs to a completely different language family, together with Finnish and Hungarian. Lithuanians are Catholic, while Estonians and Latvians are mostly Lutheran, though the latter are among the world’s least religious societies. Of the Baltic states, Latvia is the most “Baltic”, with two Baltic neighbours, while Estonia usually looks northwards towards Finland, and Lithuania westwards towards Poland. The Latvians, understandably, have always been the greatest proponents of Baltic solidarity.

DEMOKRATIČNI KORPORATIVIZEM V LUČI RAZVOJNE STRATEGIJE MAJHNIH DRŽAV

Author(s): Frane Adam / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 17-18/1994

The article deals with democratic corporatism from the standpoint of the developmental strategy of small states. Proceeding from Katzenstein's analysis of industrial policies and industrial relations in Austria and Switzerland, the importance of Inner (political) stability as a requisite for flexible international adjustment is stressed. Democratic corporatism is seen as a very important and useful lever of stability and consensus-building which enables a successful formulation and implementation of a broad-based developmental strategy.

EVROPSKEMU SINDIKALNEMU TRENUTKU NAPROTI

Author(s): Tonči Kuzmanić / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 17-18/1994

When reflecting upon the current trade union situation In Europe, we are In a position, when the ruling classes In the West as well as In the East feel powerful enough, to settle accounts with those employed. A 'socialism knocked out' and a 'disintegrated communism' are of course in favour of such a development. It seems that after many decades, 'triumphant capitalism' has a new opportunity to shape working relations according to its own image.

Democratic Transitions and the Military: Evidence from Spain and Turkey

Author(s): Yüksel Alper Ecevit / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Democratic transitions may have unintended consequences. Modes of transition exert significant influence on post-transition outcomes. Here, I focus on two most similar cases; Spain and Turkey, included in the ‘Third Wave of Democratization’. After an evaluation of critical junctures by using Croissant, Kuhn, Chambers and Wolf (2010)’s framework, I argue that civil-military relations during transitions are key to explain post-transitional outcomes. The extent to which military power was influential in transitional decision making creates a long-lasting impact for the political regimes. Hereby, I recall the importance of a comparative analysis of historical cases to develop an understanding of emerging democracies in an era of democratic decline.

BRICS-T Ülkelerinde Tarımsal Destekler ve Tarımsal Üretim Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Bootstrap Nedensellik Analizi

Author(s): Kenan KOÇ,Hüseyin İŞLEK / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2020

Despite serious changes from the past to the present agriculture still has an important role for individuals and societies. Agriculture is vital for countries at different levels. In addition to the contribution of agricultural production to national income, employment created by the agricultural sector also contributes to the economy. Especially developing countries provide serious support for the development of the agriculture. In this direction, the causality relationship between agricultural supports and agricultural production in BRICS-T(Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa-Turkey) countries, has been examined bye annual data covering the period 2000-2016. We used Konya (2006) panel causality test. Konya (2006) test uses the SUR equation estimation method introduced by Zellner (1962). This test is developed for heterogeneous panels with cross-section dependence and obtains its critical values using the bootstrap method and does not require preliminary tests such as unit root and cointegration. According to the results; in Turkey and China, there is bidirectional causality between agricultural supports and agricultural production. For Brazil and Russia, there is a one-way causality from agricultural supports to agricultural production. While there is a oneway causality relationship from agricultural production to agricultural supports for South Africa, no causality relationship has been found for India.