Rorschachova metoda téměř sto let stará a stále moderní

Author(s): Jiří Šípek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2014

The review study refers to some less usual aspects of the famous Rorschach method, which has been used for a rather long time and is still one of the most frequent assessment instruments. The text pays attention to a Jungian perspective of the Rorschach method as this is a less known approach, yet rather inspiring. Final part of the text shows application of the Rorschach method in the field of art. Even though not all uses of the method are strictly practical, it still offers a wide range of stimuli to think about and search for.

Partnerské násilí na mužích, jeho rozsah a kontexty

Author(s): Jiří Buriánek,Simona Pikálková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2014

The paper presents basic findings on the prevalence of intimate partner violence experienced by Czech men. A representative sample of Czech men (N = 1001, quota sampling) has been subjected a standardized interviews (CASI) at the turn of 2012 and 2013. The lifetime prevalence of physical violence in a relationship is 10% and 5% during last five years, much of the physical attacks come from strange men outside the family. The events are perceived as relatively serious, the other issue is the relatively high prevalence of other forms of psychological violence or abuse, of which men do not differ from women too. The effect of the typical risk factors on the partner side (alcohol, drugs, aggression, partly social status) was confirmed as well as the influence of patterns transmitted by the family. Protective effect of the self-control on the part of partners was also approved.

Osobnostné faktory Big 5 ako determinanty percepcie interakčného štýlu učiteľov

Author(s): Zuzana Köverová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3-4/2014

The text focuses on the Big 5 personality dimensions as determinants of teachers’ perceptions of interpersonal teacher behaviour. The objectives of the research were to explore the relationships between the Big 5 personality dimensions and teachers’ perceptions of interpersonal teacher behaviour, and to examine the predictive utility of the Big 5 personality dimensions on teachers’ perceptions of their interpersonal behaviour. The Questionnaire on teacher interaction and the NEO – Five Factor Inventory were used to collect data. 47 secondary school teachers (28 women, 19 men) aged 30–62 participated in the research. The results show links between the Big 5 personality dimensions and teachers’perceptions of their interpersonal behaviour. They also refer to a potential of Big 5 personality dimensions to predict teachers’ perceptions of their interpersonal behaviour.

Motivace k výkonu a vybrané charakteristiky osobnosti juniorských hráček volejbalu

Author(s): Veronika Baláková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2014

This paper deals with one of current topics in sport field, which is achievement motivation. Theoretical background perceived from a personality psychology perspective understands achievement motivation as a participation of personality in one’s own performance. The aim of this study is to explore a degree of overall achievement motivation, a degree of achievement motivation subscales and selected dimensions of personality and compare results among junior volleyball players and between two junior volleyball teams. Achievement Motivation Inventory (LMI; H. Schuler, M. Prochaska) and Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI; J. Fahrenberg, H.Selg, R.Hampel) were used. The research group consisted of 23 girls aged 13 to 19 years (mean age 15.52, SD = 2.83) of KP Brno and SG Brno teams. The results indicate that almost all the selected factors are represented by both teams without major differences; most of the factors are equal or below the average. Competitiveness is the only factor represented to the maximum possible extent for both teams. In the education of the trainers it would be desirable to support the procedures, that enhance the development of the motivational climate focused on mastery, support the goal orientation of the players rather than ego-oriented tendency and to focus on achieving succes rather than to avoid failure.

Adaptace dotazníku Post-Critical Belief Scale a první zkušenosti s jeho použitím při výzkumu religiozity české populace

Author(s): Renata Hacklová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2014

The first aim of the study was to examine psychometrics of a Czech pilot version of the PCBS-short, the second aim was to test differences in scores between four religious attitudes and selected psychosocial aspects of personality. The sample consisted of 278 adults (104 men and 174 women, average age 41.9 years). Methods: The Czech pilot version of Post-critical belief scale-short (PCBS-short) was used to measure Wulff’s religiosity dimensions. To measure some aspects of positively defined mental health the following methods were selected: WHOQoL-BREF (measure for quality of life), SOC (sense of coherence, integrity), PSSS (perceived social support), and GQ 6 (dispositional gratitude), LOC (locus of control). The principal component analysis confirmed two componential solutions. The structure of PCBS-short scale consists of two dimensions and four subscales. Four groups of religious attitudes (Orthodoxy, External Critique, Relativism, and Second Naiveté) were described on the basis of standard z-scores and two couples out of four quadrants were selected and compared. Results of the study showed that none of the religion dimensions were proved as a significant predictor of quality of life. People in Second Naiveté quadrant had significantly better satisfaction with life, perceived social support and gratitude than people in External Critique quadrant. People in Second Naiveté quadrant had significantly better quality of life, satisfaction with life, sense of coherence and gratitude than people in Orthodoxy quadrant.

Vztah efektivity leadera, transakčního a transformačního leadershipu: Jak působí posilující efekt?

Author(s): Martin Vaculík,Petr Smutný,Jakub Procházka / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2014

The study explores a relationship among transactional leadership, transformational leadership and leader effectiveness, measuring leader effectiveness by three different methods. The aim is to explain the augmentation effect of transformational leadership on transactional leadership. Evaluation of 134 top managers of game companies by 2,446 subordinates took place after three months of intense cooperation during a management simulation game. All respondents were college students. Results show that transformational leadership mediates strongly the relationship between transactional leadership and perceived leader effectiveness and the relationship between transactional leadership and leadership emergence. Transformational leadership is a medium strong mediator in the relationship between transactional leadership and group performance. The moderation effect of transactional leadership in the relationship between transformational leadership and leader effectiveness is not significant. Transactional leadership tools alone do not influence leader effectiveness when controlling for the influence of transformational leadership. The findings are valid for teams with low distance of power and for leaders with weak formal authority.

Editorial

Author(s): Ilona Gillernová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2014

Dyslexie – prověření hypotézy specifických procedurálních výukových obtíží na české populaci osob s dyslektickými obtížemi

Author(s): Zuzana Bodnárová,Luděk Stehlík,Lenka Krejčová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2014

The text describes the specific procedural learning difficulties hypothesis (SPLD hypothesis) which was recently introduced by R. Nicolson and A. Fawcett as a new explanation of dyslexia etiology. A quaziexperimental research study which aims at verification of the SPLD hypothesis is nowadays conducted in the Czech Republic. For this purpose two new research methods were created which are both sensitive to language skills and they both require a shift from declarative to procedural learning system. Current results which compare achievements of individuals with dyslexia (N = 25) with intact population (N = 50) partially suggest a significantly more complicated proceduralization in the observed target group.

Počítačová rehabilitace kognitivních funkcí: možnosti programu HAPPYneuron Brain Jogging

Author(s): Kateřina Maňasová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2014

The study focused on effects of the computer training programme HAPPYneuron Brain Jogging on the improvements in cognitive functions (memory and attention) training of the stroke patients and of those who have undergone traumatic brain injury. We have examined 44 patients (28 men, 16 women – 22 stroke patients, 22 TBI; average age 43 years). The participants were divided into an experimental group (N = 28) and a control group (N = 16). The aim of our study was to compare results in cognitive tests (AVLT, WAIS-III subtest Numbers, LGT3 subtest Objects, TMT (A, B), Numerical Square, Digit symbol, Verbal Fluency) and in self-rating scales (Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, Schwartz Outcomes Scale, Dysexecutive Questionnaire) before and after two months of intense training. The training was held individually at home and consisted of 400 Memory and attention Games to the extent of 24 hours. The data processed via Wilcoxon paired test (p = 0.05) showed a significant improvement in five of thirteen test subscores and in two self-rating scales.

Prostorová navigace v každodenním životě nevidomých – participační výzkum

Author(s): Jan Vystrčil,Zdeněk Míkovec,Jakub Franc / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2014

The text introduces a qualitative research study focused on independent movement of the blind within city surroundings. The research was conducted on the basis of interdisciplinary cooperation in the field of HCI (Human Computer Interaction). Its aim was to gain precise functional users’ requirements on the navigation system which the authors are currently creating. The results derived from 32 semistructured interviews emphasize a crucial impact of independent movement of the blind on their quality of life. They further bring information on coping strategies connected with receiving help from others. They also present strategies and orientation clues used in the process of movement within city surroundings, navigation aids, and other sources of support. The authors conclude with particular requests on functionality and users’ interface of the navigation system, which is just being developed.

Prediktory subjektívnej a psychologickej pohody zamestnaných žien – matiek maloletých detí

Author(s): Jozef Výrost,Martina Očkajová,Michaela Bičejová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3-4/2014

The text deals with potential psychological determinants which may affect subjective well-being (SWB) and psychological well-being (PWB) among employed women – mothers of small children. 100 women – mothers of 3–6-year-old children from eastern Slovakia participated in the study. Regression analysis of the relation between SWB and PWB included 14 variable of psychological character which appeared as suitable predictors. The results indicate a higher level of well-being in employed women – mothers who: are able to cope with their life situation, who occasionally get rid of their two-shift duties (i.e. work and family), who experience fewer (further) demanding situations, less stress and loneliness, who know how to cope with higher demands of their household, and who are capable to interconnect work and family requests.

Psychologické nálezy v rodině pacientů s Niemann-Pickovou chorobou typu C

Author(s): Helena Jahnová,Renata Hermánková,Pavel Ješina / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2014

The text pays attention to psychological assessment of executive functions in rare inherited metabolic disorders as a part of a complex assessment process. Early assessment appears crucial to start efficient interventions and treatment. Specifics of psychological profile of adult patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C are demonstrated by three case studies.

Sebaúcta a jej determinanty u žien po štyridsiatke

Author(s): Monika Hricová,Nikola Bartošová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3-4/2014

The aim of the study was to survey self-esteem and its determinants among women after the age of forty. 119 respondents were assessed by Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale and Geller et al.’s Shape and Weight-Based Self-Esteem Inventory (SAWBS), which observes attributes determining self-esteem. The results showed an appropriate level of self-esteem in the target group. However, women who do some sports at least once a week have significantly higher self-esteem compared to non-sportswomen (U = 1444, p = 0.04). The most significant determinants of self-esteem included relations with relatives (the strongest one), followed by partner and intimate relationships, friendships, and work achievements.

Drogos önéletírások

Author(s): József Rácz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2005

An essay on autobiographies by drug addicts.

A puszta analitikusa, avagy egy enfant terrible "a tegnap világából"

Author(s): Csaba Szummer / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2005

A comprehensive review on Ferenc Erős' Kultuszok a pszichoanalízis történetében. Egy Ferenczi-monográfia vázlata (Cults in the History of Psychoanalysis. Outlines of a Monograph on Sándor Ferenczi).

Procesări automate versus controlate, preatenţionale versus postatenţionale; redundanţă terminologică sau realităţi distincte?

Author(s): Marius Corneliu Cioară / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2008

Very frequent in psychological literature, terms as automatic, unconscious and preattentional are used as synonymous. But do these different words have the same meaning? Than why do we use all of them? Or are them different realities? The rows below are a synthetic article that intends to clarify this point by analyzing different perspectives on automaticity. In response, we concluded that the superposition between the mentioned concepts is only partial, depending on the particular type of task in use. Finally, qualitative and quantitative differences between automatic versus controlled processing are argued.

Adaptarea pe populaţie de limbă română a Chestionarului Experienţei Temporale

Author(s): Gabriel Roşeanu ,Ruxandra Răşcanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2008

The Temporal Experience Questionnaire (TEQ) was constructed by Ricks, Epley and Wessman, (1973) in order to asses the way in which people behave in time restricted situations and also measure the attitude people may have towards time. This paper presents the findings of a study undertaken to adapt the TEQ for the Romanian population. A sample of 642 subjects, 321 male and 321 female, were used. Based on exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis a four factor model was obtained. Results show adequate construct, convergent and discriminant validity of the adapted instrument as well as acceptable internal consistency for each scale. Test-retest coefficients (for a three month period) were very high.

Modificări în personalitatea bolnavului de astm bronşic

Author(s): Mirona Ioana Marcu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2008

Bronchial asthma is an inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract, especially of the bronchia. In the last ten years, researches have showed that bronchial asthma is an inflammatory disease of the bronchia which leads to significant changes in the treatment of the illness. The aim of the present study is to reveal the link between different psycho-social factors and the manifestation and evolution of the bronchial asthma. The two samples of the study consisted of 30 people diagnosed with bronchial asthma and 30 healthy people. The subjects were administered two psychological tests: the Freiburg Personality Inventory and the Symptom Check List. Significant differences have been observed between the two samples regarding the prominent features of personality; in addition, psychopathological traits occurred as a consequence of the illness. The psychological factors can also be included in the category of factors which play a role in the adaptation of the asthmatic patient to the chronic character of the illness besides age, the severity of the illness and the complexity of the treatment measures.

Bunăstare naţională şi bunăstare psihologică. O perspectivă interculturală

Author(s): Ana-Maria Pojar,Marius Drugaş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2008

According to the Self-Determination Theory, the negative effects of the extrinsic motivational orientation should be stronger in cultures which emphasize extrinsic aspirations. We used a Romanian sample and a British sample to test whether national well-being has direct effects on psychological well-being. We took measures of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, life satisfaction, affect, and meaning in life. The results were surprising, showing higher levels of intrinsic motivation for the Romanian sample, and lack of differences for well-being components.

Chestionarele ca instrumente de evaluare în anxietate. O analiză critică

Author(s): Bogdan Tudor Tulbure / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2008

Simplicity and ease of administration have made anxiety self-reports one of the most popular assessment method among researchers and practitioners. Yet the fallibility of human memory and judgment has made this methodology the subject of much scrutiny and criticism. The current review aims to highlight both the advantages and limits of self reports in light of newly developed cognitive models of assessment (see Schwarz, 1999). Evidence suggests that, in order to edit their response to a self report question, participants must first understand it, then search their memory for relevant information, and finally translate their answer into a meaningful response. All these processes can be affected in undesirable ways by such factors as question order, question wording and available response options. The present paper thus discuss the processes that underlie self-reports, reviewing the distinct strength and weaknesses of this technique. Though valuable, anxiety self-report must not be view as the default or most desirable assessment method (as some researchers continue to see it), but rather as one assessment option among many others (i.e. behavioural, physiological, or implicit).