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Profesionalizam u značenju psihoterapijskog pristupa, empatije i razumijevanja transferno-kontratransfernih reakcija

Author(s): Abdulah Kučukalić,Alma Bravo-Mehmedbašić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 77-78/2014

U prikazu profesionalizma u medicini i psihijatriji, značajno mjesto zauzima psihoterapijski pristup na koji je obavezan svaki liječnik, odnosno da doživljava svoga bolesnika kao ličnost koja ima tjelesne, emocionalne i društvene probleme, bez obzira na to koje poteškoće donosi u susretu s liječnikom. Psihoterapijski pristupiti bolesniku znači - s razumijevanjem i povoljnim emocijama prihvatiti njegove emocije. Bolesnik nudi sebe kao ličnost, a osim boli i patnji, donosi i svoje strahove, brige, nezadovoljstva i nemire. Svako bolesno stanje dovodi do poremećaja emocionalne ravnoteže u ličnosti, do brojnih neugodnih emocija, a vodeći je osjećaj strah. Bolesnik se boji dezintegracije, nesposobnosti, teške bolesti i smrti. Bolest dovodi bolesnika u regresivno stanje, što potiče stvaranje transfernih reakcija, prema liječniku sa očekivanjima zaštite, fantazijama o svemoći liječnika, ambivalencijama, otporima, što potiče kod liječnika stvaranje kontratransfernih reakcija. Obrisi transferno-kontratransfernih reakcija se stvaraju u svakoj interakciji bolesnik-liječnik. Uspješan profesionalac mora imati sposobnost razumijevanja i rukovanja sa ovim fenomenima, koji su snažni pokretač terapije, ali i otpor terapiji. Terapijski proces predstavlja stalni rad na transferu i otporu. Osim toga liječnik mora razviti sposobnost za empatiju, identifikaciju sa situacijom bolesnika, ali i njeno razumijevanje kako kognitivno, tako i emocionalno. Svakako da liječnik u taj komplicirani odnos od komunikacije do interakcije i transferno-kontratransfernih zamki ulazi sa svojom ličnošću, svojim konfliktima, obranama i otporima, što postavlja zahtjev pred liječnika da se educira i radi na sebi cijeli život da bi bio uspješan profesionalac.

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Profesionalnost u dječijoj psihijatriji

Author(s): Marija Burgić-Radmanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 77-78/2014

U psihijatriji profesionalnost se izražava u brizi za osobe koje žive s mentalnom bolešću i njihovim porodicama, u našem radu s kolegama i studentima iz različitih područja, u našoj predanosti napredovanja u nauci, u našim nastojanjima unutar zajednice, zdravstvenog sistema i društva u cjelini. Kao i u drugim medicinskim disciplinama, profesionalnost u psihijatriji uključuje stvaranje i primjenu posebnih znanja i vještina. Provođenje ovih uzvišenih ideala u svakodnevnim aktivnostima psihijatra može se činiti da generira više pitanja nego odgovora. Kako ćemo dovoljno brzo riješiti profesionalne dileme koje susrećemo svaki dan? J esu li profesionalna očekivanja psihijatara različita, zavisno o tome da li vršimo određene psihoterapijske intervencije u urbanom okruženju ili provodimo bolničko liječenje u ruralnoj bolnici? Da li se profesionalna očekivanja razlikuju za nas, od ljekara u drugim područjima medicine? Kako neko zna šta je “profesionalno”, kada se standardi na području razvijaju tako brzo?

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Pojavnost akutne dijeralne bolesti uzrokovane toksinom clostridium difficile u Kliničkoj bolnici Mostar - činimo li dovoljno u preventivnom pristupu?

Author(s): Helien Bebek-Ivanković,Ivo Curić,Vesna Antunović-Skelo,Ivona Ljevak,Sanja Šanje-Kukić,Snježana Curić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 77-78/2014

Akutne i rekurirajuće dijarealne bolesti uzrokovane su toksinom bakterije Clostridium difficile (Cl. diff.) i predstavljaju sve veći javno-zdravstveni problem budući da su u stalnom porastu, produžuju bolničko liječenje i uzrokuju nove, dodatne troškove u zdravstvu. Glavni predisponirajući čimbenici koji doprinose pojavi ovih infekcija (CDI) su: visoka dob, komorbiditet, ekspozicija nekim od lijekova (antibiotiku, antineoplastiku, farmakološkim blokatorima gastričnog aciditeta i nesteroidnim antireumaticima), kao i duži boravak u bolničkom ambijentu. Pojava novih Cl. diff. virulentnih sojeva, tzv. ribotip 027, koji uzrokuju infekcije u prethodno zdravih osoba, težu kliničku sliku bolest i veću smrtnost, daje ovom nozološkom entitetu još veći javno-zdravstveni značaj. Cilj je ove studije pokazati pojavnost CDI-ja u Kliničkoj bolnici Mostar (KB Mostar) i preporučiti preventivne mjere koje bi imale cilj smanjiti incidenciju navedene bolesti. Zbog sumnje na CDI, u KB-u Mostar je, u razdoblju od 1. 1. 2011. do 31. 12. 2012. godine, ukupno opservirano 500 bolesnika, kod kojih je u 40,2% dokazana infekcija, u 49,8% u stolici nije nađeno prisusutvo toksina Cl. diff., dok je u u 10% opserviranih dobiven intermedijaran nalaz. Bolesnici stariji od 65 godina su, u odnosu na bolesnike mlađe od 65 godina, statistički značajno više obolijevali od CDI-ja (p<0,01; RR 4,301: CI 2,313-5,090).

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Ima li razlike u profesionalnom pristupu u psihijatriji i drugim granama medicine?

Author(s): Vlado Jukić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 77-78/2014

Ovo je prikaz o profesionalnom pristupu u psihijatriji i drugim granama medicine, viđenju problema, sličnosti i razlika, esejističko je stručnoga tipa. Ne pristupa mu se, dakle, znanstveno, niti s obzirom na metode rada, niti na cilj koji se njime želi postići. Nikada se, naime, nisam (znanstveno) bavio problemima profesionalizma, kako u psihijatriji, tako i u drugim granama medicine. No, kao profesionalac, i to na (najmanje) tri područja, kao psihijatar - profesionalno se bavim dijagnosticiranjem duševnih poremećaja i liječenjem osoba s duševnim smetnjama, kao sveučilišni profesor - educiram studente medicine (i drugih sveučilišnih studija) i specijalizante i subspecijalizante iz psihijatrije, a kao ravnatelj bolnice (od 1994. godine, gotovo 20 godina, ravnatelj sam psihijatrijske bolnice „Vrapče“ u Zagrebu – koja je 2010. dobila status klinike i zove se Klinika za psihijatriju „Vrapče“) - profesionalno obavljam i poslove menadžera bolnice (uz sve to, ali to se ne može podvesti pod profesionalni rad, bavim se i zanstvenim radom; objavljujem znanstvene i stručne članke u domaćim i svjetskim časopisima – objavio sam više od 200 članaka – pišem i uređujem knjige...), mogu koju progovoriti o profesionalizmu i profesionalcima u psihijatriji i drugim granama medicine. S obzirom na moju „shizofrenu“ profesionalnu poziciju, o ovoj temi mogu progovoriti i s aspekta podijeljenosti („rascijepljenosti“) mojih profesionalnih uloga. Ili ih barem imati u pozadini ovih promišljanja!

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Profesionalizam u ocjeni invalidnosti oboljelih od posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja

Author(s): Ivo Šandrk,Marica Arambašić-Odak,Andrea Vlašić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 77-78/2014

Mentalni poremećaji često kompromitiraju socijalno funkcioniranje i predstavljaju uzrok nastupanja trajne radne nesposobnosti. U zahtjevima za procjenu radne nesposobnosti, uz kardiovaskularne, najučestalije su psihijatrijske bolesti. Više od polovice svih psihijatrijskih bolesnika, procjenjivanih na invalidskoj komisiji, bivaju ocijenjeni nesposobnima za rad. Među nepsihotičnim poremećajima, na vještačenju dominiraju depresivni i posttraumatski stresni poremećaji udruženi s elementima društveno-ekonomske krize. Potrebno je naglasiti da invalidnost kao trajni gubitak radne sposobnosti (opća nesposobnost za rad) postoji kada je radna sposobnost osiguranika „trajno smanjena za više od polovice, prema tjelesno i psihički zdravom osiguraniku iste ili slične naobrazbe“.

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Profesionalizam u medicini i psihijatriji: dileme i izazovi

Author(s): Miro Jakovljević,Ljerka Ostojić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 77-78/2014

Profesionalizam je u posljednje vrijeme postao vruća i intrigantna tema, kako u medicinskoj edukaciji, tako i u kliničkoj praksi. Profesionalizam odražava odnos između društva i medicine kroz oblikovanje odnosa između liječnika i bolesnika kao i njihovih međusobnih očekivanja. T o je složeni multidimenzionalni koncept koji se različito definirao kroz povijest, a i u različitim kulturama, društvenim i političkim zajednicama. Društvene promjene i duh vremena značajno se odražavaju na naše shvaćanje profesionalizma u medicini koji doživljava ozbiljnu metamorfozu - kako u akademskoj, tako i kliničkoj medicini u susretu s brojnim novim izazovima i dilemama. U radu se daje pregled temeljnih načela medicinskog profesionalizma i profesionalnih odgovornosti i kompetencija u medicini.

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Psichologijos studentų refleksijos naudojimo mokymosi procese ypatumai

Author(s): Albina Kepalaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2008

Mokslinė problema, tikslas. Refleksijos plėtotė tampa vis aktualesnė profesinės veiklos, profesinio rengimo aspektu, tačiau stokojama refleksijos tyrimų mokymosi situacijoje. Šio tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti refleksijos klausimyno tinkamumą, atskleidžiant psichologijos studentų refleksijos ypatumus mokymosi situacijoje amžiaus, lyties bei studijų formos grupėse. Metodai. Tyrime dalyvavo 415 studentų, kurie buvo suskirstyti į grupes pagal amžių, studijų formą bei lytį. Refleksijos lygiams nustatyti buvo naudojamas refleksijos pagal J. Mezirow klausimynas (Kember ir kt., 2000), kurio vidinė konsistencija yra patenkinama, bet tinkama grupiniam tyrimui. Rezultatai ir išvados. Klausimyno struktūra atitinka numatytą keturių lygių refleksijos modelį. Studentams būdinga supratimas bei refleksija, atliekant akademines užduotis, mažiau išnaudojant įprastinių veiksmų bei kritinės refleksijos galimybes. Supratimas ir refleksija bei kritinė refleksija labiau būdingi pirmosios brandos suaugusioms moteriškos lyties atstovėms negu jaunoms suaugusioms. Vyrai pirmosios brandos atstovai mokymosi situacijoje labiau negu jauni suaugę tos pačios lyties atstovai remiasi supratimu. Pirmosios brandos moterys labiau negu tos pačios amžiaus grupės vyrai mokymosi procese remiasi supratimu bei kritine refleksija. Purpose. The competence of reflective thinking should become the major purpose in the field of vocational training. The aim of this research was to indentify the fit between the questionnaire and the reflection model revealing features of reflection among psychology students in the framework of Mezirow’s transformational learning theory. Material and method. 415 students were examined: 199 (48%) fulltime, 216 (52%) part-time; 298 (72%) females, 117 (28%) males. A questionnaire was used to measure the level of reflective thinking (Kember et., 2000). Results. The fit between the structure and the model was revealed. Understanding and reflection is more common than both habitual action and critical reflection among psychology students in academic situations. Older female students use more understanding, reflection and critical reflection in the learning process than younger female students. Learning is based on understanding more among older male students compared to younger male students. Habitual actions are used more by males than females in the younger group. Understanding and critical reflection is used more by females than males in the older group. These distinctions might be caused by the different cognitive development and social situations, so further investigation might be valuable.

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Play and Attention: Social Foundations of Early Language

Author(s): Lori A. Roggman,Lisa A. Newland,Keenan A. Pituch,Andrea D. Hart / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2008

Background, purpose.Language emerges in the context of social interactions that include play. The purpose of the study was to examine how infant language development is related to joint attention, social toy play, and preferences for attention games. Material and methods. To examine how infant language development is related to joint attention, social toy play, and preferences for attention games. We videotaped 153 mothers and their 14-month-olds in a 20-minute laboratory observation that included a high chair task and a free-play session. Joint visual attention and social toy play were coded from the videotapes by trained observers. Mothers rated their own and their infants’ preferences for specific types of play at home. Language items selected from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were used to assess preverbal, receptive, and productive language skills. Results, conclusions. Reciprocal social toy play sequences and preferences for simple and coordinated attention games were related to infant language. Joint attention was related to social toy play interactions and preferences for specific attention games at home, but was not directly related to language skills at 14 months. The results suggest that joint attention skills support coordinated, reciprocal, language rich interactions that foster infant language development. Tyrimo tikslai. Kalba atsiranda socialinės sąveikos, kuri apima žaidimą, kontekste. Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo nustatyti, kaip kūdikių kalbos vystymasis yra susijęs su dėmesiu, socialiniais žaidimais bei pimenybe dėmesio žaidimams. Metodai. Autoriai įrašė 153 mamų ir jų ketuliolikos mėnesių kūdikių 20 minučių trukmės laboratorinius stebėjimus į videojuostą. Stebėjimo metu buvo fiksuojama speciali žaidimo užduotis bei laisvas žaidimas. Apmokyti vertintojai kodavo kompleksinį dėmesį bei socialinį žaidimą, stebimą videoįrašuose. Mamos vertino savo ir kūdikių pomėgius žaisti specialius žaidimus namuose. Kalbos vertinimo teiginiai buvo paimti iš Bayley kūdikių vystymosi vertinimo skalių ir naudojami preverbalinių, recepcinių ir produktyvių kalbos įgūdžių vertinimui. Rezultatai, išvados. Abipusis socialinis žaidimas bei pirmenybės teikimas paprastiems arba sudėtingiems dėmesio žaidimams namie buvo susiję su kūdikių kalba. Kompleksinis dėmesys buvo susijęs su socialinėmis žaidimo sąveikomis bei pirmenybės teikimu specifiniams dėmesio žaidimams namie, tačiau nebuvo tiesiogiai susijęs su 14 mėnesių kūdikių kalbos įgūdžiais. Tyrimo rezultatai leidžia daryti išvadą, jog kompleksiniai dėmesio įgūdžiai pagerina koordinuotas, abipuses kalbines sąveikas, kurios skatina kūdikių kalbos vystymąsi.

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Further Evidence of Oral Reading Fluency’s Utility in Predicting Statewide Student Reading Proficiency

Author(s): Emily Mooney,Gerlinde Grandstaff-Beckers,Darlene Landry,Denny R. Kenton,Gregory J. Benner,Paul Mooney,Kevin S. McCarter,Jill H. Allor,John M. Hintze,Kristin A. Gansle,Jodie Schraven,Terri Colclough / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2008

Background, purpose. Authors replicated and extended research on the relationship between formative and summative reading assessment with a diverse student sample. Material and methods. Participants included all third-grade students (N = 84) in an urban K-5 elementary school in south Louisiana during the 2005-06 school year. Two types of measures were used to examine the relationship between progress monitoring and statewide assessments: (a) ORF benchmark probes from the DIBELS web-based system; and (b) the criterion-referenced reading portion of the third grade integrated Louisiana Educational Assessment Program (iLEAP) [Louisiana Department of Education, (LDE, 2006c)]. Results and conclusions. Test data collected for 84 third grade students from an urban Louisiana elementary school demonstrated: (a) correlations between student scores on the reading portion of the integrated Louisiana Educational Assessment Program (iLEAP; Louisiana Department of Education, 2006b) and the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (Good & Kaminski, 2002) oral reading fluency (ORF) were moderate to strong across multiple ORF scores; (b) cut scores for identifying students at risk of failing the iLEAP met desired levels of diagnostic accuracy; and (c) ORF change score patterns were different from previously reported findings. Implications, limitations, and future research are discussed. Tyrimo tikslai. Autoriai pakartojo ir išplėtė tyrimą, kurio tikslas nustatyti ryšius tarp formalaus ir suminio skaitymo įgūdžių vertinimo būdų skirtingų mokinių imtyje. Metodai. Tyrimo duomenys buvo surinkti iš 84 trečios klasės mokinių, besimokančių vieno Luizianos miesto pradinėje mokykloje. Mokinių skaitymo įgūdžių vertinimui buvo naudojama Luizianos švietimo vertinimo programa bei Dinaminis pagrindinių ankstyvojo raštingumo įgūdžių vertinimas. Rezultatai, išvados Rezultatai atskleidė vidutiniškai ir labai stiprius ryšius tarp Luizianos švietimo vertinimo programos (iLEAP, Luizianos Švietimo Departamentas, 2006b) pagalba gauto mokinių skaitymo įgūdžių integruoto įvertinimo bei Dinaminių pagrindinių ankstyvojo raštingumo įgūdžių įvertinimo, vertinant skaitymo garsiai kokybę (ORF) (Good & Kaminski, 2002). Taip pat buvo nustatyta, kad skiriamieji balai, pagal kuriuos yra identifikuojami mokiniai, galintys neišlaikyti iLEAP, yra tinkamo diagnostinio tikslumo. Skaitymo garsiai įvertinimų pokyčiai šiame tyrime skyrėsi nuo anksčiau publikuojamų tyrimų rezultatų. Aptariami tyrimo trūkumai, išvados bei ateities tyrimų kryptys.

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Paauglių probleminio elgesio bei jo kitimo analizė biopsichosocialinio modelio kontekste

Author(s): Liuda Šinkariova / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2008

Laura Šeibokaitė (2008) Save ir kitus žalojančio elgesio kitimai nuo 5 iki 12 klasės ir su šiuo elgesiu susiję psichosocialiniai veiksniai. Daktaro disertacija (Socialiniai mokslai, psichologija (06S). Kaunas, VDU. Laura Šeibokaitė. The Changes of Harmful Behaviour Towards Self and Others From 5th To 12th Grades and Psychosocial Factors Related to this Behavior, doctoral dissertation, social sciences, psychology, 2008, Vytautas Magnus University.

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Assessment of Written Expression by Curriculum Based Measurement and Teachers’ Rating of Identified Critical Quality Writing Components

Author(s): Danelle L. Wallace,Max McFarland / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2008

Background, purpose. The purposes of this study were (a) to identify common factors underlying several Curriculum Based Measurement (CBM) methods of assessing written expression among regular elementary school children, (b) to determine what quality writing components account most for ranking or rating of students’ overall writing competency, and (c) to determine which method(s) of scoring CBM Written Expression probes best predict students’ overall writing competency as rated by grade level (2nd through 5th grades) teachers. Material and methods. Two hundred seventy-four second-to-fifth grade students whose data on CBM written expression probes who were available served as subjects. Their teachers were asked to identify critical components of quality writing and to rate their students’ writing samples. Results, conclusions. Results from factor analysis of CBM scoring metrics, confirming past research, revealed two factors – the production-dependent factor, and the productionindependent factor. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the best CBM predictor of teachers’ holistic rating of student writing for second graders was percent correct letter sequence, but was total words spelled correctly for other grades. Multiple correlation between CBM scoring metrics and teacher rating was 0.67 in second grade, dropped to 0.50 in third grade, and then increased to 0.63 and 0.71 in later grades. Tyrimo tikslai. Straipsnyje analizuojami II-V klasių mokinių rašymo įgūdžiai ir jų vertinimo metodai. Tyrimu buvo siekiama kelių tikslų : nustatyti bendruosius faktorius, kurie sieja keletą praktikoje naudojamų Mokymo programa pagrįstų metodų, rašymo įgūdžiams vertinti (Curriculum-Based Measurement, CBM); atskleisti, kokie rašymo kokybės komponentai yra stipriausiai susiję su mokinių bendrosiomis rašymo kompetencijomis ir nustatyti, kuris Mokymo programa pagrįsto rašymo Max McFarland, Danelle L. Wallace testo kodavimo būdas geriausiai prognozuoja mokytojų vertinamą mokinių rašymo kompetenciją II-V klasėse. Metodai. Straipsnyje analizuojami 274 antrų – penktų klasių mokinių rašymo įgūdžiai, kurie buvo nustatyti analizuojant mokinių rašymo pavyzdžius Mokymo programa pagrįstu vertinimo metodu. Mokinių mokytojai taip pat buvo prašomi įvertinti mokinių rašymo pavyzdžius ir išskirti esminius jų rašymo kokybės komponentus. Rezultatai, išvados. Mokymo programa pagrįstų metodų rašymo įgūdžiams vertinti faktorinė analizė išskyrė du su rašymo kokybe susijusius faktorius: su produkcija susijusį ir su produkcija nesusijusį. Daugialypė regresinė analizė parodė, kad mokytojų holistinį mokinių rašymo kokybės vertinimą antroje klasėje geriausiai prognozuoja teisingų raidžių sekų procentas; aukštesnėse klasėse – bendras teisingai parašytų žodžių skaičius. Daugialypė koreliacija tarp mokytojo vertinimo ir objektyvių, mokymo programa pagrįstų, rašymo rodiklių antroje klasėje buvo 0,67, trečiojoje – 0,50, 0,63 ir 0,71 vėlesnėse klasėse.

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Vaikų gebėjimo atpažinti emocijas ir adaptacijos mokykloje rodiklių sąsajos

Author(s): Šarūnė Magelinskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2008

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti jaunesnio mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų gebėjimo atpažinti emocijas ir adaptacijos mokykloje rodiklių (akademinių pasiekimų bei populiarumo klasėje) sąsajas Lietuvos moksleivių imtyje. Tiriamieji – 67 vienos Kauno vidurinės mokyklos antrų ir trečių klasių moksleiviai, iš jų 31 mergaitė ir 36 berniukai. Tiriamųjų amžius – nuo 7 iki 11 metų. Metodai. Vaikų gebėjimui atpažinti emocijas buvo naudojamas Vaikų emocinių įgūdžių klausimynas (VEĮK), sukurtas, remiantis Schultz, Trentacosta, Izard, Bear (2004) sudaryta ACES ( The Assessment of Children‘s Emotion Skills) emocinių įgūdžių įvertinimo metodika. Vaikų akademinių pasiekimų duomenys buvo surinkti, klasių auklėtojoms užpildžius šio tyrimo duomenims surinkti parengtas akademinių pasiekimų lenteles, jose pateikiant kiekvieno vaiko trimestro pabaigos rezultatus. Populiarumo klasėje įvertinimas buvo atliekamas, prašant tiriamojo iš klasės vaikų sąrašo (sąraše nurodyti tik tyrime dalyvaujantys klasės vaikai) išsirinkti tris vaikus, su kuriais jis labiausiai norėtų draugauti. Rezultatai, išvados. Nustatyta, jog jaunesnio mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų gebėjimas atpažinti emocijas yra susijęs su populiarumu bendraklasių tarpe. Nors geras gebėjimas atpažinti emocijas pats savaime dar negarantuoja populiarumo bendraamžių tarpe, tačiau populiarumui yra būtinas bent jau vidutinis gebėjimas atpažinti emocijas. Vaikai, kurie prastai atpažįsta emocijas iš elgesio ir socialinių situacijų, nebūna populiarūs tarp savo bendraamžių. Taip pat rasta, kad jaunesnio mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų gebėjimas atpažinti emocijas yra susijęs su akademinių pasiekimų viduriu, kuomet gerėjant vaikų gebėjimui atpažinti emocijas gerėja ir jų akademiniai pasiekimai. Purpose of the study was to investigate relationship between ability to recognize emotions and school adjustment indicators (academic achievement and popularity in class) among primary school children in Lithuania. Subjects in the study were 67 (31 girl and 36 boys) pupils attending 2nd and 3rd grade in one of schools in Kaunas. Age of the subjects ranged from 7 to 11 years. Material and methods. Ability to recognize emotions was measured using the Child Emotion Skills Questionnaire (CESQ) developed for the present study on the basis of the ACES questionnaire of Schultz, Trentacosta, Izard, Bear (2004). Information about academic achievement of children was collected from their class teachers. Popularity among classmates was assessed by asking children to indicate 3 classmates with whom they would like to be friends. Results. Results of the study revealed that ability of primary school children to recognize emotions is related to their popularity among peers in a non-linear way: though children, who were good at recognizing emotions, were not necessarily very popular, however, popular children demonstrated at least an average ability to recognize emotions (p = 0,03).

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Studentų dvasingumo ir sveikatingumo sąsajos

Author(s): Valdas Pruskus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2008

Tyrimo tikslas. Straipsnyje analizuojamos studentų kasdieninės dvasinės patirties ir sveikatai palankaus gyvenimo būdo sąsajos, aptariamos dvasingumo ir sveikatingumo sąvokos, pristatomas Nedalomojo Aš penkių faktorių sveikatingumo modelis. Metodai. Empirinei dvasingumo ir sveikatingumo ryšių analizei, naudojant kasdieninės dvasinės patirties skalę (DSES, Underwood, Teresi, 2002) ir penkių faktorių sveikatingumo klausimyną (5F-WEL, Myers, Sweeney, 2005), ištirti 136 Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto 1-2 kurso studentai. Rezultatai, išvados. Rezultatai rodo, kad studentiškame amžiuje vyrų dvasingumo rodikliai yra žemesni nei moterų, tačiau tiek vyrų, tiek moterų grupėse dvasingumas buvo reikšmingai teigiamai susijęs su sveikatai palankiu gyvenimo būdu. Vyrų grupėje aukštesnis dvasingumas buvo susijęs su geresniu bendro sveikatingumo vertinimu bei vertybinio sveikatingumo komponento vertinimu. Moterų grupėje didesnis dvasingumas buvo susijęs su geresniu bendro sveikatingumo, taip pat aukštesniu kūrybiškumo, atsparumo, vertybinio ir fizinės sveikatos sveikatingumo komponentų vertinimais. Background, purpose. There is substantial literature that relates spirituality to a better mental and physical health (Hill, Pargament, 2003). However, the nature of this relationship is not clear enough. This study examines the relationship between students’ spirituality and their wellness. Wellness is conceptualized as a way of life, oriented toward optimal health and well-being in which body, mind, and spirit are integrated by the individual to live life more fully within the human and natural community (Myers, Sweeney, 2005). This definition describes wellness as an indicator of a health oriented lifestyle. Because as many as two thirds of all premature deaths are due to lifestyle factors (Myers et al. 2000), the analysis of students’ lifestyles could help to understand the way spirituality is related to better health. Material and methods. The study sample consisted of 136 first and second year bachelor students at Vytautas Magnus University: 55 (40.4%) were males and 81 (59.6%) were females. Religion was identified by 113 (83.1%) students; most of the students described themselves as Christians (92.5%). For assessment of wellness, the Five Factor Wellness Inventory (5F-WEL, Myers, Sweeney, 2005) was used. 5F-WEL is based on the Indivisible Self Model of Wellness (Hattie, et al. 2004). For assessment of spirituality, the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES, Underwood, Teresi, 2002) was used. Results, conclusions. The results showed that male students had reported lower spirituality levels compared to female students. Males and females differed in wellness profiles; females scored higher on the Essential Self and Social Self scales.

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Adult Attachement and Prediction of Close Relationships

Author(s): Tatjana Stefanović Stanojević / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2004

The possibility of predicting the quality of love relationships from adult attachment (acquired through contacts with parents in childhood) is investigated. A predictable love relationship could make prevention in the area much easier. The research study involved a total of 180 adults, grouped according to age and sex. Adult attachments were examined employing the Adult Attachment Interview (Main, Cassidy, & Kaplan, 1985), whilst love relationships were investigated using the test of Experience in Close Relationships (Brenan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998). The results of the study suggest a specific, culture-dependent prevalence of some of the attachment patterns. The general finding reveals that there exists a statistically significant level of predictability of love relationships on the basis of attachment quality. The obtained results have been interpreted within the framework of John Bowlby's (1988) and Mary Ainsworth's (1978) attachment theory.

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Affective Bonding of Adolescents in Partner Rerlationships

Author(s): Biljana Žuvela / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2004

The paper explores affectional bonding of adolescents in emotional partner relationships. The research aimed at identifying the four types of attachment, defined by the four-category attachment model (Kim Bartholomew, 1990) - secure, preoccupied, dismissing and fearful - in intimate partner relationships on a sample of Belgrade adolescents, as well as the relatedness of these types to the variables child-parent relationship, sex, marital status of parents, and an early-childhood separation experience. The sample included 231 adolescents of both sexes, aged 17-19. To assess the types of bonding we used the multi-item scale of self-evaluation - Intimate Relationships Experience Scale (Brennan, Clark and Shaver, 1998) which allows for assessing the type of bonding of the examinee on the basis of general attitudes, beliefs, and expectations from the partner and intimate relationship, the feeling of pleasure or discomfort caused by intimacy, as well as on the basis of usual behaviour towards the intimate partner. The perception of the relationship with the parents was assessed by applying a modified version of the SRDI scale (modified by Opacic and Kos, 1988), while the data on the marital status of the parents and an early-childhood separation experience were assessed by applying a questionnaire specially designed for the purpose of this research. The results confirmed the presence of four main types of bonding in partner relationships on the sample of Belgrade adolescents. The fearful type of bonding is significantly more present in the girls. It was observed that there was a combination of dimensions of the perceived relationship with the parents which accurately discriminates between the four types of adolescent bonding in intimate partner relationships: unrealistic expectations, control and neglect on the part of the father, lack of intimacy with him, unrealistic expectations and control on the part of the mother. There are significant differences between boys and girls with respect to the relatedness of partner bonding to the perceived relationship with the parents: the perceived quality of their relationship with the parents in girls corresponds to the quality of later bonding in partner relationships, while in boys it is not the case. No significant relatedness was determined between the types of bonding in partner relationships of adolescents on one hand and the variables such as the marital status of the parents and an early-childhood separation experience on the other.

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Psychological peculiarities of subjective well-being of residents in geriatric homes

Author(s): Iryna Horbal / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2011

The article is dedicated to the theme of subjective well-being of elderly people living in geriatric homes. Social and psychological peculiarities of life satisfaction of senior people were analysed in the works of Ukrainian and foreign authors. The research found life satisfaction of people who have a lack of social contacts is connected with the value orientations of hedonism and spirituality, hardiness, mental health and low sense of pain. These physiological, social and psychological components were generalized into the structure of subjective well-being

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KODĖL (NE)RŪŠIUOJAME? KOKYBINĖ BUITINIŲ ATLIEKŲ RŪŠIAVIMO ELGSENĄ LEMIANČIŲ VEIKSNIŲ ANALIZĖ

Author(s): Ieva Budraitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1 (77)/2015

A considerable empirical literature has arisen to explain what determines people’s decision to participate in such a pro-environmental behavior as recycling. Summarizing it, explanatory factors could be grouped into three main drivers: an effective and userfriendly infrastructure, information available to the residents, and their values and motivation. Examining the studies carried out in the context of Lithuania, it could be seen that the first two factors are given much attention, while the deep and extensive research of the third one is missing, regardless of how problematic the recycling issue in the country is. For this reason, the aim of the article is to identify the valuable and motivational drivers that influence the Lithuanian population sorting behavior and could help in formulating recommendations for effective interventions to promote or change it. Residents of the Alytus city municipality – population of the most advanced region in the field of waste management – are chosen as the sample of research. The Theory of Planned Behavior provides the tools and analysis model for the research. The qualitative methodological approach and a semi-structured interview as a method are used. The survey was conducted in March and April 2014, using a convenience sampling of 32 people. Content analysis using the Nvivo.10 QSR software package was applied for the data research. On the basis of findings, four prevailing behavioral models were distinguished: (1) “I do sort!” – active and conscious, (2) “I do as needed” – passive but acting, (3) “I will not do!” – frustrated and opposing, (3) “I do not care...” – unthinking and dormant. All of them are determined by the different conjuncture of the factors identified, therefore, organizing interventions to promote household waste sorting, the measures taken should be selected based on the characteristics of each type of behavior.

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Zadowolenie z pracy jako komponent jakości życia współczesnego człowieka

Author(s): Agata Chudzicka-Czupała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 40 (1)/2013

The author of the article presents the results of the studies conducted among the workers of Polish organizations concerned with the conditioning of job satisfaction. The analyses are conducted in the context of such variables as experiencing unethical behavior at work from the perspective of the victim and of the observer, organizational climate, the size and the type of the organization.

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Menopauza a jakość życia

Author(s): Eleonora Bielawska-Batorowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 40 (1)/2013

The paper presents selected issues related to the quality of life after the menopause. First, it gives the short account of theoretical approaches to quality of life and to health related quality of life. Building on that the author discusses quality of life after the menopause, and in particular these options which include the subjective perspective of menopausal women. The results of psychological studies into the menopausal transition are shortly presented. In all these studies the intensity of menopausal symptoms was considered the indicator of quality of life. The findings demonstrate that intensity of symptoms is related to personality (i.e. high neuroticism), temperament (i.e. high reactivity), to the intensive stress and ineffective coping strategies, and to the life situation (i.e. difficulties in family and personal life). Finally, the author brings forward the idea that the quality of life related to menopausal transition should be analyzed in the context of life-span development. The individual concept of menopause should also be considered.

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Źródła ludzkiego zadowolenia z życia z punktu widzenia psychologii ewolucyjnej — wybrane zagadnienia

Author(s): Łukasz Jach / Language(s): Polish Issue: 40 (1)/2013

The topic of the article is evolutionary reflection on human sense of happiness, its causes and determinants. According to evolutionary foundations, emotional and cognitive processes connected with feeling of psychological well-being represent the symptom of functioning of psychic mechanisms developed in response to environmental problems of adaptation. Based on this thesis we present explanations of such phenomena as positive and negative emotionality, commonness of optimistic attitude and general positive inclination and influence of contemporary environmental conditions on our sense of happiness. The last part of the article treats shows some ways of practical employment of evolutionary knowledge to develop human well-being.

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