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Freud, Ferenczi és a Monarchia világa
An essay on Freud's and Fereczi’s vision and concept of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
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An essay on Freud's and Fereczi’s vision and concept of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
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An essay about the picture of the woman in psychoalalysis, about Freud's conception of gender differences and about women's role in psychoanalytic movement.
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A survey of the deconstructive / deconstructionist interpretation of Freud's theory.
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The study on the interrelations of perspective taking ability in different domains is presented. The theoretical background of the study is the theory of Perspectival Understanding of Mind (PUM; Perner, 2000). According to this theory, the core ability that develops in the 5th year of life and that underlies many tasks that children start to accomplish in that time, is an ability to understand and coordinate different perspectives. 120 children aged 3;6–5;6 participated in the study. The measures used to assess the perspective taking ability were as follows: Flexible Item Selection Task (FIST; Jacques and Zelazo, 2001) in the cognitive domain, Test Wiedzy o Emocjach (TWE; The Test of Emotion Knowledge; Stępień, 2007) in the affective domain and the classical false belief tests in the social domain. The results obtained suggest that after the fourth birthday children start to accomplish different tasks that demand perspective taking ability. However, the interrelations of perspective taking in different domains are differentiated, and they change in the preschool period.
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The article discusses the topic of children’s creativity and its research presented in the book Creative Action in Preschool Children (Kubicka, 2003). The book describes the projective method of measuring creative strategies in symbolic-constructive play. In a 1997 sample, 120 children aged 3 to 6 were tested. 12 years later a second version of the method was worked out, and a group of 18 of both the most and the least creative of the original sample was tested again. The pupils were also interviewed for all facts and questions important for the development of creativity both at preschool age and in adolescence. The results show many determinants of the prognostic value of the proposed method and warn against making conclusions about child’s creativity on the basis of simple paper and pencil tests. At the same time the fi ndings suggest the need for more dynamic complex developmental approach to diagnosis of creativity in children in order to uncover the mechanisms of self-development of these functions.
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The developmental precursors of the “fully functioning person” (Rogers) have not received much systematic attention neither in psychological research nor in theories of personality and its development. Likewise, the developmental conditions for maladaptive personality functioning and the formation of psychological symptoms have not been the primary target of research in clinical psychology during the past decades (Castonguay, 2011). On the basis of a theory of personality that specifies a functional architecture of personality (i.e., personality systems interactions theory: PSI theory) developmental pathways are described that promote successful or impaired development of the integrated self which plays a pivotal role in PSI theory. Adaptive developmental pathways are described in terms of the developmental conditions promoting the ability to initiate unattractive instrumental activities (action control) and the integration of self-alien and painful experiences into an ever growing personal knowledge base (self-development). Maladaptive pathways are proposed to describe the developmental conditions for two major forms of psychological disorders: symptoms related to impaired action control (e.g., procrastination, eating disorders, depression) and symptoms related to impaired self-growth (e.g., rigidity, failure to learn from mistakes, psychosomatic symptoms). Any theory of personality should be able to explain adaptive and maladaptive forms of personality development. However, this issue does not belong to the prime targets of research efforts made in personality, developmental, or clinical psychology. Instead, competing hypotheses are derived from global constructs such as self-efficacy, irrational thinking, poor self-esteem and the like. Typical questions arising from this globalconstruct approach are: Does a man who has problems initiating simple activities at home (despite his efficient performance at his work) suffer from impaired self-efficacy, poor selfesteem, or does he simply have chauvinistic attitudes against his wife? Global constructs are also offered by the two major schools of thinking in psychology: From a psychoanalytic point of view, a woman’s overeating may be caused by an “oral regression” which dictates her behavior to eat as impulsively as oral needs drive baby’s feelings during the oral stage of development? In contrast, behavioristic learning theory would attribute those and other symptoms such as disturbed sleep, impaired immune function and stress-dependent pain like headache or backpain to the acquisition of irrational thinking or maladaptive behaviors that can be remedied by rewarding more appropriate behaviors.
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Publikacja jest zbiorem referatów wygłoszonych podczas konferencji, która jesienią 2006 roku odbyła się w Näsby Castle pod Sztokholmem. Celem tego spotkania było uhonorowanie dotychczasowej pracy prof. Larsa-Görana Nilssona (Stockholm University), wybitnego badacza pamięci, mózgu i procesów starzenia się. Redaktorami książki są dwaj szwedzcy badacze – Lars Bäckman (Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet) i Lars Nyberg (Umeå University), uczniowie Nilssona.
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An important component of the professional development of psychologists is an improvement of professional competencies. The aim of the paper is to present the model of the development of selected diagnostic competencies in the course of professional expierience after academic education. The author uses the competency cube model of Rodolfa et al. (2005) and Fouad et al. (2009) and the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition (1986, in Wolf, 2009). The author analyzes the diagnostic competencies, such as: knowledge of diagnostic methods, nosological diagnosis, case conceptualization and reflection on practice.
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This article describes two researches on relation between parenting and the degree of satisfaction of the basic psychological needs postulated by Self Determination Theory: relatedness, autonomy, competence, standards internalization level and strength of volition. The results of study 1 confirmed that positive, affectionate, and autonomy-promoting relations with parents have positive effect on the degree of satisfaction of the basic psychological needs. Unduly severe demands and inconsistency both have negative effect on this satisfaction. The patterns of results concerning relation between parenting and the degree of satisfaction of the basic psychological needs differed between male and female participants. The data obtained in study 1 also indicate that positive parenting (positive, affectionate, and autonomy-promoting) causes internalization of standards pertain to school activity, and that negative parenting (unduly severe demands and inconsistency) is harmful for this internalization. This conclusion is also confirmed by the results of study 2 with regard to “personal strivings”. Additionally, study 2 proves that acceptance – displaying, and autonomy-promoting parenting both have a positive effect on strength of volition and that inconsistency and severe demands have adverse impact on volition
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„Wiedza o rozwoju w poznawaniu człowieka” – pod takim hasłem przebiegała w dniach 13–16 czerwca 2011 roku XX Jubileuszowa Ogólnopolska Konferencja Psychologii Rozwojowej. Spotkania naukowe poświęcone dyskusjom nad zagadnieniami z zakresu psychologii rozwoju człowieka są corocznie organizowane przez Sekcję Psychologii Rozwojowej Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego. Pierwsza konferencja odbyła się w dniach 8–11 stycznia 1992 roku w Przegorzałach koło Krakowa. Kolejne spotkania psychologów rozwojowych miały miejsce w różnych naukowych ośrodkach w Polsce. Tegoroczna, XX konferencja została zorganizowana w Krakowie przez Sekcję Psychologii Rozwojowej oraz Instytut Psychologii Wydziału Filozoficznego i Instytut Psychologii Stosowanej Wydziału Zarządzania i Komunikacji Społecznej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
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The study was intended to verify the theoretical assumptions of the Job Demands – Resources model (JDR). The authors of the JD-R model argue that job demands lead to deteriorated mental and physical health both directly and indirectly – through increased job burnout. Moreover, job resources buffer negative effects of job demands on health. However, it is not clear what exactly is buffered by job resources – do they only buffer direct effects of job demands on health or do they also buffer effects of job demands on job burnout and effects of job burnout on health? The study sought to investigate (1) the role of the job burnout as a mediator between job demands, depression and somatic complaints; (2) the role of social relations as a moderator of the relationship between job demands and job burnout and between job burnout and depression and somatic complaints. Social relations included supervisors’ support, coworkers’ support and psychological climate at work. Participants were 316 teachers. As predicted by JD-R model, high job demands led to depression and somatic complaints both directly and indirectly – through increased job burnout. Support received from supervisors buffered effects of job demands on job burnout and effects of job burnout on depression but not on somatic complaints. The predicted moderating function of coworkers’ support and of the psychological climate at work was not supported by the data.
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Money Attitude Questionnaire is an original, Polish scale measuring cognitive, emotional and behavioral aspects of attitudes towards money. Because of its considerable length, in this paper I present a new, short version of this scale. The items were selected on the basis of factor loading and discrimination coefficients, based on the data obtained from an adult sample (N = 1447). Internal validity of the short scale was established with confirmatory factor analyses conducted on two representative samples. Comparison of the original and short MAQ scales demonstrated that the short version revealed psychometric characteristics and correlation with other scales similar to the full version. Moreover, using short scale to measure money attitudes as moderator in experimental study led to better results than using full scale. To conclude, the short MAQ scale seems to be a useful tool to measure individual differences revealing money attitudes, and might be a useful tool for future research on social and economic behavior.
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In the contemporary psychological literature there is a growth of research concerning perception of partner’s empathy, considered to be a factor that influences quality of romantic relationships. Referring to social exchange theories and the emotional-cognitive model of empathy, studies were designed in which 185 couples (370 participants), including 100 engaged and 85 married (for a short period of time) couples took part. The main aim of the research was to analyze the association between the perceived empathy of partners and their relational satisfaction and self-empathy. The conducted research allowed for exploration of the role of empathy for relationship satisfaction in rarely analyzed groups of couples that experienced transition to marriage or were in the first stage of family life cycle. Results indicated that the perceived partner’s empathy (especially male empathy), was a significant predictor of relational satisfaction among couples. Women were viewed as more empathic than men. Perception of high empathy was associated with higher self- empathy of both partners – the perceiver and the perceived. Couples displaying comparatively high, mutually perceived empathy, were significantly more satisfied with the relationship than those who differed in this respect or were low empathic.
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The study sought to investigate psychological characteristics of people working for humanitarian organizations in Afghanistan (who are not Afgans). The research was based on Strelau’s Regulative Theory of Temperament. Level of the experienced threat was measured with four questionnaire items while experienced stress and stimulation-associated risk were indices of the level of stimulation. The study included 110 people (65 women and 45 men). Significant differences between women and men occurred with respect to the level of emotional tension, intrapsychic stress, external stress and stimulation risk. Women were characterized by a higher level of stress whereas males reported a lower level of stimulation risk. There were found significant differences between the studied humanitarian workers in Kabul and the English speaking medical students from the USA, Canada and Europe. Level of stimulation risk did not differentiate these two groups. Level of stress was considerably lower among people working in Afghanistan than among the examined students. By means of confirmatory analysis we tested three models of relations between variables, differing in type of stress. Correlations in those models revealed that the higher the level of internal (intrapsychic) stress, the higher the level of stimulation risk and the higher the level of external stress, the lower the level of stimulation risk. We conclude that for people working in Afghanistan stress is perceived as a challenge with which they have to cope, therefore the higher the number of external challenges, the more people’s adaptation is directed towards lowering of the level of stimulation. In contrast, the intrapsychic stress increased the level of stimulation risk which means that anticipation of threat tends to increase stimulation and thereby the stimulation risk.
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The growing body of research suggests that psychological warmth is closely related to physical warmth, namely temperature. Replicating previous work we show in two studies that merely thinking about personality traits related to communion (but not agency) influences physical experience of warmth. We also extend previous findings by revealing that (a) the influence of communal dimension on temperature perception is not limited to estimates of temperature in Celsius degrees, but is also evident for subjective experience of warmth, (b) the effect is evident not only for ambient temperature but also temperature of perceived object, and (c) the effect is not related to the sex of perceived person nor the participant’s sex. The results are interpreted in terms of embodiment theories.
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In this article we discuss results of an experiment that tested consequences of stigmatizing children with the linguistic label of “euro-orphan”, as contrasted with other labels (e.g., children of parents who temporarily live abroad) The study was grounded in following theoretical approaches: (1) Goffman’s theory of stigma; (2) linguistic determinism and (3) social constructivism. It was assumed that the specific use of language (terms used to describe social reality) may be a cause of stereotyping and stigmatization of people belonging to various social groups. These processes are often automatic, e.g. they trigger cognitive structures (schemata), affects or behaviors that favour or disfavour other people. Experimental findings showed that the stigmatization process of “euro-orphans” was not homogeneous or universal and that it should be evaluated through additional contextual variables.
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This paper compares personal and cultural values in Polish and Vietnamese culture. We conducted a cross-cultural study on two student samples from University of Gdańsk (N = 249) and National Vietnam University (N = 161), analyzing data on the individual and cultural level. We employed Schwartz Profile Value Questionnaire (PVQ IV), fully adapted to Polish and Vietnamese culture (with back translation procedure). The results showed similarities and differences between Polish and Vietnamese students, both, in case of personal and cultural values. The most interesting conclusion concerns the growing individualization among young Vietnamese students (achievement and self-direction on individual level), although on cultural level embededness and harmony were still valued. Our findings are consistent with Wenzel & Inglehart (2010) study, which indicates an incrementation of individualization of the society, as a result of modernization and economic growth. The findings can also contribute to Schwartz database, through including Vietnam into the cultural world map of values.
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To measure effectiveness of recognition of subliminally (33 ms) exposed words we used as target stimuli their synonyms exposed on the conscious level and paired with new, unrelated words. We predicted that recognition of subliminal words will depend not only on lexical factors but also on personality, i.e., development of representation of the Self. In study 1 we used words related to emotions of different origin: automatic (homeostatic and hedonic) vs. reflective (associated with conceptual, evaluative standards). Data (N = 27) show that task performance was on the random level in the group of participants with relatively low level of complexity of the Self, but it was significantly higher in the group with high level of complexity of the Self. Only in the second group – and exclusively in the case of words related to automatic emotions – there was revealed the valence effect: random level of recognition of negative words and significantly better performance for positive words. In study 2 another list of subliminally exposed words was used, and two dispositional variables were measured: Self standards complexity and lexical ability. Data (N = 86) indicated importance of both dispositional variables – regardless of the valence of implicit words.
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There has been limited research on sources of emotional intelligence. The knowledge how it developes is based mainly on theoretical assumptions. Researchers believe that many interacting factors, like environmental and biological, affect development of emotional intelligence (Matthews, Zeidner, Roberts 2002; Zeidner 2008). In this paper the role of temperamental traits in development of emotional intelligence was discussed. The results of presented researches suggest that some temperamental traits may influence the development of emotional intelligence. They can modify intensity of socioemotional practice and processing of emotional signals.
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