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In 1970, a psychologist named Dr. David Raskin, a researcher at the University of Utah, began a study of the probable lie comparison question polygraph technique. Raskin and his colleagues systematically studied and refined the elements of polygraphy by determining what aspects of the technique could be scientifically proven to increase validity and reliability (Raskin & Honts 2002). Their efforts culminated in the creation of what is known today as the Utah approach to the Comparison Question Test (CQT) The Utah-CQT is an empirically consistent and unified approach to polygraphy. The Utah-CQT, traditionally employed as a single issue Zone Comparison Test (ZCT), is amenable to other uses as a multi-facet or multiple-issue (mixed-issue) General Question Technique (GQT) and the related family of Modified General Question Technique (MGQT) examination formats. The Utah-CQT and the corresponding Utah Numerical Scoring System (Bell, Raskin, Honts & Kircher, 1999; Handler, 2006) resulted from over 30 years of scientific research and scientific peer-review. The resulting technique provides some of the highest rates of criterion accuracy and interrater reliability of any polygraph examination protocol (Senter, Dollins & Krapohl, 2004; Krapohl, 2006). The authors discuss the Utah-CQT using the Probable Lie Test (PLT) as well as the lesser known Directed Lie Test (DLT) and review some of the possible benefits offered by each method.
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The Behavioral Analysis Interview (BAI) is the only questioning method that has been developed specifically to help investigators sort those who are likely to be ‘guilty’ from those who are not. In its typical application the BAI is a pre-interrogation interview that is used to focus interrogational effort; however, it also can be used independently in order to circumscribe investigative efforts in those cases in which there is a fixed and relatively large number of ‘suspects’. In this paper an overview of the BAI process is provided and the findings and limitations of the extant bodies of field and laboratory research on the BAI are discussed. The paper concludes with suggestions to guide future research on the BAI.
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With the developing technology, individuals have begun to work and carry out all kinds of transactions through digital platforms. In parallel, digital environments have also begun to meet individuals’ entertainment needs, with games becoming digitized and gaming habits evolving in a different direction. This situation has brought with it both the benefits and the online risks of the digital world. Cyber violence, defined as any harmful behavior towards an individual or group through cyberspace, is one of these online risks. As a preliminary study, this paper aims to examine the extent and methods of cyber violence experienced by male and female users in the online game League of Legends, which is one of the most popular online games in Turkey, and to analyze the psychological and legal aspects of cyber violence in digital games. In this experimental, descriptive study with blended research methodology, both male and female users played the game alone and as a team at regular intervals for one month. Participants were asked to use their usernames and behavior in the game, indicating their gender. The reactions received by both participants when playing the game well or poorly were analyzed to examine cyber violence from legal and psychological perspectives. As a preliminary result of the study, it was found that female participants received the most flirtatious offers and were subjected to verbal abuse and insults, even when playing the game well. Male participants, on the other hand, were subjected to verbal abuse and insults when playing the game both well and poorly. When the participants played the game together, it was found that female participants were subjected to cyber violence the most. This violence is most commonly expressed in the form of verbal abuse and insults. It is believed that examining cyber violence in digital games from legal and psychological perspectives will raise awareness about cyber violence.
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Education serves as the cornerstone of society, facilitating its growth and prosperity. Consequently, understanding how leadership perspectives are shaped becomes crucial. Scholars have long been fascinated by uncovering the interconnections among leadership, organizational culture, and emotional intelligence, a discussion spearheaded by Goleman. However, the persistence of traditional educational paradigms poses an additional challenge. Thus, the focus of this manuscript shifts towards leveraging empirical data to explore specific leadership styles in relation to emotional intelligence within a distinct context. Drawing insights from 110 respondents, this research utilizes a questionnaire designed with validated research instruments. Findings reveal a strong correlation between emotional intelligence and leadership styles, particularly highlighting a pronounced inclination towards transformational leadership. Notably, within the educational sector, commanding leadership emerges as the most prevalent style, followed by visionary leadership. Empathy, a key emotional intelligence competence, exhibits the lowest correlation with commanding style but the highest with affiliative leadership. Additionally, the research reveals that emotional self-control is the least developed emotional intelligence skill among educational professionals in the Republic of North Macedonia, indicating a vital area requiring enhancement and growth. This study reaffirms the interdependent relationship between leadership and emotional intelligence within organizational settings.
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The aim of this study and the related research is to gain kno- wledge about the role of fairy-tale therapy in the social and emotional development disorders of pre-school children. The subject of the presen- ted research are the opinions of pre-school education teachers from the Bełchatów area. The research involved the application of the following methods: a diagnostic survey, a questionnaire survey and an interview.
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Empowerment is defined as a term that has broad application in many scientific and societal fields. For the past several decades, much research has been conducted in the field leading to conceptual clarification and development of both theory and practice in the field of empowerment and social work. Different understandings, applications and tools to assess of empowerment are available. It is defined as a goal, a process and an outcome and a model involving different levels of realization: individual, organizational and community, which are interrelated, dependent and complementary. The theme of empowerment is intensely present in discussions and policies in the social sphere, globally and nationally. Current changes in social legislation are directed and focused on achieving high quality and efficiency of social work. This raises the question of the relationship between the implementation of an empowering approach and the effectiveness of social work. Both concepts are debatable in terms of nature and evaluation. The article presents the results of a theoretical analysis of normative documents and literature on the subject. The aim is to examine the essence of empowerment as a conceptual framework in social work and outline the main characteristics of quality and effectiveness. This directs research inquiry into both the theory and practice of empowerment and the criteria for quality and effectiveness of social work. The results of the study define the empowerment approach in social work as the basis for achieving quality and efficiency. The analysis identifies the principles and conditions for the implementation of quality and effective social support for vulnerable individuals, groups and communities. The application of an empowering approach is based on the fundamental rights of the client in social work, namely to be the subject of his own life and an active participant in the process of planning, providing and evaluating his care. In an organizational and managerial aspect, this determines the need to change the focus - from the quality of care to the quality of life, which is related to overcoming various challenges and requires both a thorough analysis of the specific conditions and the construction of relevant evaluation criteria and measures.
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There is research in the scientific literature on the coping strategies preferred by a particular age group for coping with stress, and comparisons have been made between different age groups on their preferred coping strategies. The focus of the present study is a comparison between Generations X, Y, Z, and Baby Boomers (the paper generation) on their preferred coping strategies. The BEFO26 questionnaire, authored by Heim, Augustiny, Blaser, and Schaffner (1991), was administered to allow for the examination of individual types of coping, grouped into cognitive, emotional, behavioral, adaptive, relatively adaptive, and maladaptive coping. The participants were 313 Bulgarians from Generation Z (approximately between 18 and 26 years old), 143 Bulgarians from Generation Y (approximately between 27 and 41 years old), 186 Bulgarians from Generation X (approximately between 42 and 56 years old), and 46 Bulgarians from the "paper generation" or Baby Boomers (approximately between 57 and 75 years old). It was found that the cognitive adaptive coping strategy Maintaining composure was significantly more preferred for coping with stress by Baby Boomers and Generation X compared to Generation Y and Generation Z, with the tendency for this coping strategy to be increasingly preferred as we grow older. The cognitive adaptive coping strategy Problem analysis was most preferred for coping with stress and difficulties by Generation Y compared to the other three generations. The cognitive relative adaptive coping strategy Making Sense was more preferred by Generation Z and Generation X compared to the other generations. The cognitive adaptive coping strategy Readjusting one’s value was more preferred by Generation Z and Generation Y compared to the other generations. The emotional relative adaptive coping strategy Dilution of Emotions/Emotional Relief was most preferred by the youngest generation among those surveyed, Generation Z. The emotional adaptive coping strategy Optimism was preferred by Generation Y and Generation X. The behavioral maladaptive coping strategy Withdrawal, or social withdrawal, was preferred by the youngest generation among those surveyed, Generation Z. The behavioral adaptive coping strategy Seeking advice was preferred by Generation Y and Generation X. These findings signal that people across generations differed primarily in the different adaptive coping strategies they preferred to use to cope with stress.
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Offering a toolkit for exploring coping strategies to deal with stress and difficulties is an important source of self-knowledge and knowledge about others. The Berne Coping Forms (BEFO) questionnaire for examining coping strategies, created by Heim, Augustiny, Blaser, and Schaffner (1991), has an original version with 26 items, which we adapt in the present study. Ten items refer to cognitive coping. Eight items describe emotional coping. Also, eight items describe behavioral coping. In each group of coping strategies—cognitive, emotional, or behavioral—the participant chooses only one coping strategy—the one he or she prefers to use habitually to cope with stress and difficulties. These three types of coping, in turn, can also be adaptive, relatively adaptive, or maladaptive. The participants in the study were 688 adults aged 18 to 75 years old, with an average age of about 34 years old. The participants were students or workers with different specialties and professions. The results were processed using jMetrik software. A one-parameter Rasch model was applied to establish the difficulty of the items. The reliability and validity of the sub-scales of the questionnaire were established according to the item response theory. The results allow us to conclude that the questionnaire is a suitable psychological tool for diagnosing different types of coping (both individual types of coping strategies and grouped into cognitive, emotional, behavioral, adaptive, relatively adaptive, and maladaptive coping), which can be used in practice for different social groups to assess coping over different periods of time and in different situations. The establishment of the good psychometric properties of the BEFO26 questionnaire allows the enrichment of psychological practice in Bulgaria with an additional instrument for the study of coping strategies. The use of the item response theory to verify the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire allows to overcome some limitations of the classical test theory related to the establishment of a factor structure of a questionnaire in which, according to the design of its authors, each item examines separate, different, and independent types of coping strategies.
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Old age is a natural stage of the human life cycle that is usually associated with a decline in physical and social functioning and can lead to deterioration in quality of life. The process of population aging and changing social relationships poses challenges to public systems, in particular the social system, to provide effective care and support for this part of the population in order to ensure a dignified and quality life. The article presents the results of a research of scientific literature discussing the challenges facing the elderly, the essence, necessity and benefits of applying an empowering approach in the process of care and support. Individual medico-social aspects of aging and the factors that influence them are examined. The concept of successful aging is identified as an essential element of the framework for effective support of older people. The application of multidisciplinary, complexity, sensitivity to the needs of the individual, focusing on his strengths and individual characteristics, cultural competence and communication skills emerge as basic requirements for effective social work. An empowerment approach is a goal and a fundamental principle. Its application in the process of supporting the elderly ensures quality and efficiency of care and achievement of its main goal - maintaining a good quality of life. Key elements of empowerment in social work are outlined, with the main focus being the implementation of an empowering approach in supporting older people, which places demands on the services provided and the creation of certain conditions. One major barrier to the approach is the old age paradigm and the view of the elderly as frail and dependent. Successful aging requires changing this outcome at different levels of societal organization: individual, family, community, helping professionals and organizations. Changing the perspective of professionals in the social sphere and their focus on the strengths of the elderly person will promote his active role in the process of care, his independence and the preservation of his sense of control over life, which reflect on the quality of life and well-being.
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Today, depression is much more than an ordinary disease and is not only a problem for the individual, but for society in general. Depression is associated with stressful living conditions. As the female population nowadays is highly exposed to a large number of stressogenic factors in the work and living environment, depression represents a serious danger for women. Objectives: to determine the frequency of symptoms of depressive disorder in working women who are employed, to determine the frequency of symptoms of depressive disorder in women who are not employed. Methods: The research was a population-prospective, analytical-descriptive cross-sectional study, based on the analysis of the degree of influence of social-economic and environmental factors, more precisely the employment status on the appearance of depression symptoms in a predetermined observation area, including the female population of the population at the level of the municipality of Bihać. A total of N=200 women between the ages of 18 and 55 were included in the survey. The respondents were divided into two groups, one group consisted of employed women total N=100 and the second group consisted of unemployed women total N=100. The research did not include women who had previously been diagnosed with depression. To determine the occurrence of symptoms of depression, we used the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25), it contains 25 statements, the first part contains 10 statements related to symptoms of anxiety, the second part contains 15 statements related to symptoms of depression, the second subscale was used in this research of this scale that refers to symptoms of depression. Each respondent voluntarily filled out the survey questionnaire, and during the survey, time was taken into account and the respondents' anonymity was guaranteed. The statistical program IBM SPSS Statistics 27 was used for data processing. Results: It was determined that the feeling of hopelessness is statistically the most significant symptom in both employed and unemployed respondents, and factor analysis also determined a statistically significant difference in depression symptoms in employed and unemployed respondents, which is shown in the tables of this paper. Conclusion: Taking into account the results of the research, it can be said that work status can have an impact on the appearance of depression symptoms in women, also the fact that statistically significant symptoms in employed respondents are different compared to statistically significant symptoms in unemployed respondents further confirms that work status can have an impact on the appearance of depression symptoms
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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all countries around the world. The spread of the coronavirus infection has affected all sectors of the world, including the education system. To break the chain of spread of COVID-19 in 2020. higher education institutions have replaced the traditional educational model with a digital learning modality. THE PURPOSE of this report is to examine the impact of online learning on anxiety disorders and nighttime sleep in student physical therapists. Material and methods. The object of research are 50 students from the "Kinesitherapy" specialty of the Faculty of Medicine at the Thrace University - Stara Zagora in the period of February 2022. The main principles of empirical sociological research are observed: voluntariness and anonymity. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Results and Discussion. As a result of the study, it was found that the presence of mental problems during the online training was recognized by 54% of the respondents, which is significantly higher than those without mental problems 30%, (P = 0.0258). Anxiety disorders were significantly more prevalent in women than in men (P<0.0001). The level of depression and anxiety has been shown to be statistically significantly related to sleep problems in physical therapist students. Conclusions. The results of the conducted study proved that as a result of the online training, there are physical and mental disorders in the physical therapist students. Anxiety disorders are more common among females. As a result of the pandemic, it was necessary to switch to an online educational process, and this required a long stay in front of electronic devices, which had an impact on the quality and duration of night's sleep.
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A medical abortion is a procedure in which a pregnancy is terminated for medical reasons that affect the health of the woman or the health of the baby. This type of abortion can cause significant psychological aspects and emotional reactions both in the woman herself and in her relatives. In the following lines, we will look at some of the key psychological aspects related to abortion on medical grounds. Emotional reactions and stress: women who undergo an abortion on medical grounds often experience strong emotional reactions and stress. This can include more or less mood, anxiety, depression, and feelings of loss. It is important to provide support and psychological help to the woman during and after the procedure. Material and methods: conducted own survey for the period January 2021 July 2023 of 37 patients who passed the medical termination of pregnancy committee. Results and discussion: 89.2% of those who applied for termination of pregnancy received a positive opinion from the Commission. Patients with higher education had better outpatient follow up (χ2=12.662, p=0.002). 83.84% of the women who went through the commission were in need of psychological support. After good preparation and clarification of each step and assistance from the patients with the greatest effectiveness is the three fold administration of the drug regimen between 6 12th hour (χ2=74,000, р=0,000) and the gestation period of 12 20 g.w (χ2=38,858, р=0,025), and single Drug Administration during pregnancy 8 13 g.w. (χ2=30.537, р=0.006) and effect up to the 6th hour (χ2=8.133, р=0.004). Conclusion: in conclusion, abortion on medical grounds is a complex and emotional process for women. Psychological support and care are essential to help women cope with the emotional aspects and consequences of their decision. It is also important to ensure awareness and the right of women to make their own decisions about their health and life.Timely medical care is important for the proper course of medical and diagnostic activities, as the role of medical personnel in the healing structures includes communication techniques and building trust between them and the patient, when conducting an abortion procedure on medical indications.
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In the last ten years, burnout syndrome has become a significant psychosocial problem caused by unsuccessfully managed chronic stress in the workplace. Burnout syndrome is increasingly recognized among healthcare professionals, and it is estimated that burnout may affect 10–70% of nurses and 30–50% of doctors and medical assistants. Objective of the research: To assess the degree of burnout syndrome in nurses at the workplace. Material and Methods: The research was conducted on July 15, 2021. until 15.08.2021. by filling out the Maslach Burnout Inventory - MBI for burnout syndrome. The research included 120 nurses of all levels of education from Bosnia and Herzegovina, employed in private and public institutions. The paper presents a comparative cross-sectional study. Results: Research results provide evidence of the potential need for system restructuring to include burnout prevention programs at work and indicate that nurses need greater control over their work, including a greater degree of involvement in clinical decision-making. By analyzing the data obtained from this research, we concluded that 27.5% of respondents suffer from burnout syndrome at work.
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Analytical couple psychotherapy is theoretically based on the concepts of shadow, complexes, and archetypal polarities as a part of individuation development. In practical work with a couple, imaginative and projective techniques are used. During a pair session, it is possible to analyze dreams, imagine, work in the sandbox or with pictures and other visual material. Original drawing projective techniques can be used, for example "Dream tree" and "Tree-house-fire-water-figure". Similarly, DIXIT cards can be used in therapy. The therapist lets the partners interpret each other's images. The images are created during the session and are thus not burdened by past couple conflicts. It can easily address themes or qualities that are common, in which the partners are polar complements, and which are a source of conflict. It is possible to keep the conversation over the drawings in the spirit of mutual understanding. In this way, we provide clients with an insight into their own and their partner's uniqueness and otherness, which is a condition for their acceptance and the search for constructive ways to further build a relationship or to successfully end an unpromising relationship.
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This paper provides a critical analysis and synthesis of the current status and emerging developments in contemporary couple therapy. Its narrative centers on the evolution of couple therapy into a prominent intervention modality and coherent body of practice. The review begins with the consideration of the field's strong empirical underpinnings derived from research on couple therapy and basic relational science. Couple therapy comprises the widely accepted method for reducing relationship distress and enhancing relationship quality. Moreover, both as a stand-alone intervention and in conjunction with other treatment formats, couple-based interventions have garnered considerable empirical support for their effectiveness in addressing a broad spectrum of specific relational dysfunctions as well as individual emotional and physical health problems. We highlight the convergence of methods through common factors, shared strategies, and remarkably similar arrangements across approaches. Our review also points to key differences among approaches, the importance of recognizing respective strengths and limitations linked to these differences, and building on differences across models when selecting and tailoring interventions for a given couple. The discussion concludes with a consideration of recent trends in the field including the impact of telehealth and related digital technologies, the expansion of specific treatments for specific problems and diverse populations, the interface of couple therapy with relationship education, and enduring challenges as well as new opportunities addressing broader systemic and global dynamics.
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The article discusses the challenges and developments in the field of psychotherapy within the Czech healthcare system. The author, a seasoned psychologist and psychotherapist, reflects on his career and the evolving legal and professional landscape of psychotherapy. He highlights the recent proposal for a law on psychological and psychotherapeutic services and changes in the approval of psychotherapeutic training for healthcare. The author criticizes the three-tier model of psychotherapeutic care, arguing that it overlooks the specific needs of child psychotherapy. He also questions the adequacy of current training programs and the segregation between healthcare and non-healthcare psychotherapists. The article underscores the need for a unified and coherent approach to psychotherapy, emphasizing the importance of specialized training for those working with children. The author calls for clear legal definitions and standards for psychotherapy practice to ensure quality care.
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Research background: Generation Z, a consumer base with significant global impact, strongly relies on smart devices, shaping their unique consumption patterns. As this demographic becomes increasingly influential, understanding their shopping behavior is crucial for effective retail marketing strategies.Purpose of the article: This article aims to evaluate the shopping behavior and habits of Generation Z, particularly focusing on the determinants that influence their choices, with a specific emphasis on the role of smart technology. The objective is to uncover insights that explain the relationship between smart device usage and shopping behavior, offering perspectives for retailers aiming to tailor their strategies to the preferences of this demographic.Methods: A survey conducted during the 2019/2020 season involved 1,756 respondents from the Czech Generation Z. To estimate the relationships between smart device usage and shopping behavior, the linear probability and the logit models were employed. Additionally, descriptive statistics provided a comprehensive overview of respondents’ preferences and habits.Findings & value added: The results indicate that while the average time spent on smartphones does not inherently correlate with an increased preference for online shopping, it does enhance the likelihood of engaging in online transactions. Contrary to expectations, brick-and-mortar stores remain competitive and are slightly more preferred than online shops among the Czech young generation. This preference is attributed to the tangible experience of touching products and immersing in the store's ambiance. Furthermore, a relationship emerges between concerns about data security and a reduced frequency of online shopping, emphasizing the need to address such apprehensions in marketing strategies. Overall, these findings provide insights into the nuanced shopping behaviors of Generation Z, with implications that extend beyond regional boundaries, guiding retailers in adapting and optimizing their approaches to meet the needs of this demographic.
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