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Vždy a všude se snažila naslouchat, pomáhat, nejen při práci s pacienty, kterými byla velmi vyhledávaná. Spoluzakládala Českou společnost pro psychoanalytickou psychoterapii, Institut skupinové analýzy. Byla ochotná pracovat i ve funkcích, do kterých se kolegům nechtělo, protože často znamenaly časové i pracovní nasazení. [...]
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The review of: Ann Weiser Cornell (2015). Síla Focusingu: Prùvodce k emoènímu sebeuzdravení. Praha, Portál.
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Despite the fact that the “father” of attachment theory John Bowlby referred in the first volume of his seminal trilogy to the work of Czech researchers, the most influential developmental theory of 20th century was in Czech research, education, and psychological praxis almost ignored for a long period. The current situation is much more satisfying, compared to the beginning of the Millennium but the professional community, however, must still work actively to reduce this handicap in all domains of psychology (education, research, and practice). This review aim is to introduce the basic possibilities of attachment theory and empirical results application in adult psychotherapy and then briefly describe the current state of attachment theory information available in the Czech Republic.
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S odchodem druhých si uvědomujeme nevratnost času i naši lidskou konečnost. Vzpomínáním je zpřítomňujeme a prožíváme návaznost nás ještě živých s těmi již mrtvými. Řečeno jazykem romantiků – pozemšťané se setkávají s nebešťany. To se zdá platit i v případě vztahů našeho profesionálního zaměření a života. V minulém roce zemřeli dva opravdu významní evropští psychologové a psychoterapeuti – Reinhard Tausch a Dieter A. Tscheulin. [...]
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The review of: Kunovitz-Vogtová, B. (2013). Tovil: Léčebný rituál jako psychoterapie
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The paper is aimed at presenting the relational psychoanalysis which developed under the influence of feminism, gay and lesbian rights movements, or postmodern critique of psychoanalytic discourse in the U.S.A. in early 1980s. The author deals with the main features of this approach, including dialectical way of thinking, exploration of meaning in the context of the therapeutic situation, and emphasis on the openness, empathy, and mutuality between patient and analyst. The key concepts of the relational psychoanalysis like transference and countertransference, self-disclosure of the analyst, intersubjectivity, analytic third, dissociation, and enactment are described in detail.
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My aim in this paper is to argue that C. Rădulescu-Motru was in his book Puterea sufletească [The Power of Soul] very close to the positivist approach of psychology. I support the thesis that Motru not only had a good understanding of the project developed by Comte and Mill, but he also tried to use and integrate creatively, especially Mill’s ideas, into his own approach. Moreover, I propose the historical interpretation that Motru didn’t leave his own initial positivist methodological framework, but he tried to develop it inside the more complex vision of a methodological pluralism.
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This article gives an overview of various aspects of guilt arising in psychiatry as an interdisciplinary field, where different conceptions of medical ethics and of psychology lead to different practices. The analysis of modern psychiatric phenomena of guilt using a historical approach is based on the concept of guilt expounded by one of the world’s greatest philosophers, Karl Theodor Jaspers, who has made a huge impact on the formation of psychiatric research. The author presents an original distinction in psychiatry between guilt phenomena as they arise in professional groups and those arising in patient groups. His analysis is also based on the history of psychiatry, psychology, and medical developments in the twentieth century. A possible systemic guilt solution in psychiatry is presented, and an example of critical analysis of processes that took place in German psychiatry helps to formulate recommendations for the development of modern psychiatry in Lithuania.
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This article is based on an analysis of Soviet patients’ complaints stored in the archive of Soviet Lithuania’s Ministry of Health Care. The analysis of patients’ complaints aims at interpreting the self-perception of mentally ill persons in Soviet psychiatric hospitals. The complaints are interpreted as a part of public communication that could help us to understand the process of social identification, that is, how a subject represents himself to others and how he defines himself by the social categories. The most significant discourses in the context of Soviet psychiatry are brought out. These discourses had formed the components and sub-components of the perception of the self: the self as a Soviet citizen, as an object of medicine, as a patient, and as mentally ill. The analysis shows how the subjects used the vocabulary of a particular discourse, and in the situations of the conflicts did not reject a discourse but were searching for a way to rationalize their experience. At the same time it is important to emphasize the expectations which these discourses form. These expectations, if not fulfilled, generated the dissatisfaction by which it became possible to recognize the subject as a self defining her/himself, reflecting her/his situation, and seeking to change it. In this way probably for the first time in the history of modern Lithuania it became possible to hear the voices of the patients of psychiatric hospitals who defended their own subjectivity, although they found themselves in the captivity of so-called truth regimes.
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The article’s aim is to present Bolesław Prus’s [Aleksander Głowacki’s] early literary endavours in the light of the reception of Hippolite Taine’s psychological studies at the turn of the sixties and seventies of the nineteenth century. The Author challenges the common conviction of the fact that Taine’s work has not been a strong point of reference for Prus before 1880 and shows how the strategies of gaining knowledge described by the French philosopher are reflected in the structure and peculiar fragments of Prus’s Warsaw sketches. The syncretism of those literary pieces, that join Prus’s column writing style with journalistic interventionism on the one hand and romantic musings of the literary wanderer, a figure at the core of the stories, on the other allows to show writer’s indecisiveness as a sign of positivistic doubt in approachableness of the nature of reality and of every singular experience.
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The article presents an analysis of Freud’s early biography written by Isidor Isaak Sadger, one of his earliest students. The author argues that Sigmund Freud. Persönliche Erinnerungen bonds together different literary genres such as biography, autobiography and pathography, thus allowing for studying the impact of life-writing literature on psychoanalysis. The first part of the article is devoted to the relation between introspection, auto-analysis and everyday writing practices of Freud and his students. In the second part, the author presents unknown facts from Sadger’s history in the psychoanalytic movement and reads his biography as an example of a heterogeneous literary genre where he becomes a writer-biographer and a doctor-autobiographer simultaneously.
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My main objective in this article will be to compare Heidegger’s description of the way we perceive our environment in everyday coping – which is based on the concept of equipment (Zeug) – and James Gibson’s theory of affordance perception. More precisely, I will discuss whether equipment and affordance can be equated. In contrast to some interpretations, I will defend that they cannot: equipment and affordances refer to different ontological kinds and the perceptual or cognitive processes that are implied in each case have nothing in common. In addition, I will defend that distinguishing equipment and affordances is a key step towards a more comprehensive account of the way we perceive and deal with the possibilities offered by our environment, and that Heidegger’s and Gibson’s accounts, far from being mutually exclusive, complement each other. Some work has however to be done in order to articulate them in a coherent theoretical framework.
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While originally the mythological character Narcissus falls in love with his own image refl ected in water, infatuated with the nymph Echo, the post-modern navigator in cyberspace is falling in love with himself as a potentiality. He is captured by the possibility to multiply and enrich his own identity in various improved cyber versions of himself. This postmodern navigator on web is projecting his self-image in various echo chambers’ mirrors, through online narratives which favours the feeling of freedom through self-reinvention. We can even speak of an illusion of the almost chameleonic power of a change of the personal identity of the human being, given that the individual present in the virtual world can playfully alternate his persona (masks of his own identity) in various communicative exchanges on the net (games, social networks, presence on the blogosphere). The algorithmic structures of online communication off er the possibility of declining multiple fi ctitious identities and incite to a process of self-reinvention. But at what psychological and social costs?
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The first three sections of this paper are introductory. Their task is to define basic terms such as corporeality, person, stages, phases, and dimensions of the process of becoming a person. A correct understanding of the concept of God turns out to be of particular importance for understanding the concept of the human person. The thesis about the superiority of Platonic theology over Aristotle’s is justified. The following sections discuss the stages of becoming a human being: childhood, adulthood, and maturity. Each of them is presented from a perspective that combines the bodily dimension with spirituality. In the last section I attempt to express some of Plato’s psychological intuitions in modern language, focusing in particular on his notion of becoming a mature person through spiritual and psychological development. This tends to show Platonism as the basis of modern therapeutic practice.
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This paper lists the problems that philosophical therapy deals with and tries to provide a definition of philosophical therapy. In particular , we find references to Homeric psychology, contemporary therapeutic trends, and examples of the use of philosophical therapy (observation records after individual sessions of philosophical therapy or group work). This article develops the connections between philosophical therapy and the ancient understanding of philosophy (ancient spiritual exercises). The focal point of our considerations concerns the application of philosophical therapy to the process of becoming a person.
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The article is focused on the phenomenon of dialogicality in the letter, which is first discussed in the light of the existing theories (proposed by Stefania Skwarczyńska or Brigitte Diaz) and extended with new aspects of the definition of the letter, proposed in the New Theory of the Letter [Nowa teoria listu] by Anita Całek. In the next part, for the analysis of the dialogical nature of epistolography, a new research perspective is proposed: the dialogical self theory, whose creator and promoter is, above all, Hubert J.M. Hermans. The researcher, inspired by Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept on a polyphonic novel, pointed out how important the phenomenon of internal dialogues with oneself is for identity. The self can be perceived as a multivoiced structure of meanings: every voice is with a relatively autonomous I-position engaging in internal dialogues. This concept is combined and developed in Poland by Małgorzata Puchalska-Wasyl and Piotr K. Oleś, with the communicative approach of Friedemann Schulz von Thun, who proposed a model of the “internal team” containing internalized roles that an individual is able to assume by conducting internal dialogues. Both concepts are used for epistolographic analysis, seeing in the letter a medium of such dialogicality: the sender simultaneously plays his own role and creates in the imagination the figure of the recipient — which is actually the inner voice of his own self — a dialogue with her in the letter. This imaginary conversation is possible because the subject produces two dialogue voices, gives them autonomy, and for the needs of a specific correspondent, creates a epistolary character who represents him in this epistolary conversation. The indicated mechanism, which has its psychological justification in the theory of dialogic self and communicative psychology, allows to explain changes in the subject’s self-image in categories other than those used so far (such as self-presentation or self-creation).
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Kurt Lewin's views and work have had, and continue to have, a fascinating influence on many authors who write about his life's journey and work, based on their own knowledge and the state of research into that work. Kurt Lewin has a permanent place in the history of psychology, but despite this, depending on the author's point of view, images of his work vary. Following in the footsteps of Graumann (1992/2007), this paper examines his view that 20th century psychology was not prepared to receive and understand the works of Kurt Lewin. Graumann's position is justified by the fact that individual biographers limited their focus on Lewin's work to either the „Berlin period” or that in the United States. By doing so, they blurred the complexity and clarity of the picture of his life space, which, however, already began in Mogilno and Poznan.
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As an interdisciplinary field, psycholinguistics in the world revealed at the intersection of psychology and linguistics in the 1950s. The basics of Russian Psycholinguistics were founded in the late 19th and 20th century by the Russian psychologists and linguists. Fundamentals of Russian psycholinguistic theories are based on the studies in Russia. These studies led to the development of their own internal dynamics by separating from similar theories in the West. These internal dynamics are based on psychology and linguistics. These are psychological approaches that state that all human activities such as play, communication, learning, labor and art include the characteristics of being conscious, transforming, productive and social and in the field of linguistics these are the ideas that emphasize the language-thought relationship and argue that language cannot be separated from human psychology. Psycholinguistic in Russia was developed under the name of “The Speech Activity” Theory because of these approaches and ideas. The Speech activitiy, covers all kinds of areas, such as reading, language comprehension, speaking, writing. The Speech Activity Theory examines living language during a conversation. The main subject of study of the Russian psycholinguists is the linguistic consciousness. Association dictionaries, by way of laying cultural differences and similarities into account, helps to communicate correctly. Аssociation dictionaries are needed in language learning, in translation studies and every field in which it is important to decompose the differences linguistic consciousness. In this study, the emergence and basic features of psycholinguistic theories in Russia and the studies of important scientists are mentioned. The aim of the study is to show the features, types and benefits of association experiments used by Russian psycholinguists to reveal linguistic consciousness. In addition, the importance of conducting similar studies in Turkish and the contribution of interlingual comparative studies to linguistics, cultural studies and sociology are explained.
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Seven decades have passed since the "Scientific Session on the Problems of the Physiological Teachings of Academician IP Pavlov" from June 28 to July 4, 1950. Its main direction was the assertion of the leading role of the cerebral cortex with the subordination of all physiological processes reflected in the conditioned reflexes defined by IP Pavlov. JV Stalin's interference in the session is reflected in his comment: "In my opinion, the greatest damage to Pavlov's teachings was caused by Academician Orbeli… The sooner Orbeli is exposed and the more thoroughly his monopoly is eliminated, the better. Beritov and Stern are not so dangerous, because they oppose Pavlov openly and thus facilitate the reprisal of science over these artisan artisans… Now something about the tactics of combating opponents of the theory of Academician Pavlov. We must first secretly gather supporters of Academician Pavlov, organize them, distribute the roles, and only then gather a meeting of physiologists… where it will be necessary to give opponents a general battle.
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This work, inspired by the symbolic “centenary” of Polish psychology has been dedicated to the emergence and development of applied psychology. The main protagonist of applied psychology, and clinical psychology in particular, has been, in the author’s opinion, Lightner Witmer (1867–1956), an American psychologist promoting the clinical method of getting to know the patient through a direct contact of the psychologist with the maladjusted, including contact in their everyday environment. Witmer’s message, supported by the new ideas of the systems theory, environmental psychology and the spreading concepts of social psychology, can be all found in what is currently expected from psychologists. Applied psychology is not only a “bridge” between the theory of psychology and professional practice, but most of all, it remains a science directed towards practice, open to the contemporary challenges; a science that accepts the necessity to adjust the ethos of the profession and the new tasks of environmental work for the improvement of health and the quality of life.
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