POLITICAL ATMOSPHERE IN DORPAT IN EMIL KRAEPELIN’S PERIOD

Author(s): Erki Tammiksaar / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

The period the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) spent in Dorpat (today Tartu) (1886–1891) had a great effect on his further career as a psychiatrist and psychologist and has been studied and written about in detail (Steinberg, Angermeyer 2001, Engstrom, Weber 2005, Engstrom, Engler 2015, Allik 2016, Engstrom 2016). Kraepelin described the life in Dorpat in his memoirs (Kraepelin 1987), where it follows that before going to Dorpat, he did not know that Germans were in a minority in the Baltic provinces of the Russian empire. Nor did he know anything about the local political atmosphere and what attitude to take towards it as a national of the German state. In 2003, a special book, “Emil Kraepelin in Dorpat, 1886–1891” (Burgmair, Engstrom, Hirschmüller, Weber, 2003), based on the sources available in the Estonian archives was published, which is a valuable addition to the personal memories of Kraepelin. However, it was very difficult for the authors of the book, historians of psychiatry, to estimate the role of Dorpat in the life of Kraepelin. The few Baltic German studies they used (Gernet 1902, Tobien 1930) and memoirs (Hoerschelmann 1926, Hueck-Dehio 1953) do not provide an objective picture of the tense situation in Dorpat on the eve of Russification, the more so that the subject of those sources was quite different. The aim of this article is to shed light on the political atmosphere surrounding Kraepelin in Dorpat and his reactions to it.

EMIL KRAEPELIN’S SUCCESSOR PROF. VLADIMIR CHIZH, HIS RESEARCH METHODS AND -OBJECTS

Author(s): Ken Kalling / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

. Professor of psychiatry Vladimir Chizh was a successor of Emil Kraepelin at the University of Tartu (now: Estonia; then: Russian Empire) during the years 1891–1916. The same period witnessed the second and decisive rise in Estonian national movement leading finally to the foundation of Estonian state in 1918. A particular character in Estonian national discourse was its notorious biologisation, i.e. strong presence of eugenical ideology. Professor Chizh’s scientific research supported this tendency. In 1901 Chizh published a study in which he compared the criminal activity of Estonians and Latvians. Chizh’s method derived from an assumption that the two neighbouring Baltic populations possess an extremely similar environmental, cultural and socio-political background. The biological (racial) essence of the two groups he believed to differ – Latvians belonging to Indo-European nations, Estonians being Finnic. Deriving from the previous – if any differences in the criminal behaviour of the two existed, these could be explained by biological factors. In the results of his work Chizh reported on a notorius disbalance in the criminality of the two nations, Estonians exceeding Latvians in a rough ratio 5:3. Chizh, supporting the teaching of Cesare Lombroso, had achieved in such a way his goal, i.e. he believed that he had proved the biological essence of criminal behaviour. For the Estonian community the study by Chizh opened a subsequent field for further discussions on the topic ‘nature versus nurture’.

Prezentacja „Prezentacji”

Author(s): Tomasz Swoboda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2016

Gilles Deleuze believed that Sacher-Masoch had a unique role to play. He recognized Sacher-Masoch as a great writer while masochism was for him a particularly important psychosocial feature of modernity – much more complex than a simple opposite of sadism. Reenacting and exposing his symbolic castration, the masochist subverts the traditional version of cultural identity since he shows that it comes from the Other and the Other gives it meaning. The essay places Deleuze reading Sacher-Masoch in the context of the literature of transgression and the twentieth-century changes in the understanding of masochism and human sexuality in general.

Motywy masochistyczne w prozie i rysunkach Brunona Schulza

Author(s): Henry Węgrocki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2016

The article by Doctor Henry Joseph Wegrocki was published for the first time inPsychoanalytic Review in 1946. It is a psychiatric analysis of masochistic motives thatare present in the short stories and drawings by Bruno Schulz. In the text, one candiscover a rough pencil sketch of a droshky drawn especially for Wegrocki and an excerptfrom Schulz’s letter, in which he writes explanatory comments upon his creativeness and perversion. The paper presents the Polish translation of the text.

Prezentacja Sacher-Masocha

Author(s): Gilles Deleuze / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2016

First polish translation of classic essay by Gilles Deleuze.

Wektory psychiatrii w społeczeństwie współczesnym

Author(s): Daniel Zarewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

W dniach 12-13 listopada 2015 roku na Wydziale Filozofi i i Socjologii Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie odbyło się trzecie Otwarte Seminarium Filozofi czno-Psychiatryczne. Zostało ono zatytułowane „Diagnozy współczesności”. Dwie poprzednie edycje seminarium („Psychiatria i fi lozofi a w poszukiwaniu wspólnego języka” oraz „Norma/Patologia”) miały miejsce w Warszawie w siedzibie Muzeum Sztuki Nowoczesnej.

Book Reviews

Author(s): Virág Márta,Tamás Kollár / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The review of: -„Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind (International student edition) (4th ed.)“ by Michael S. Gazzaniga, Richard B. Ivry and George R. Mangun; New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2013, 752 pp. ISBN: 978-0-3939-2228-8 -„The Neurobiology of Addiction“ by Trevor W. Robbins, Barry J. Everitt and David J. Nutt; Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010, 318 pp. ISBN: 978-0-1995-6215-2

The Possible Role of the Insula in the Epilepsy and the Gambling Disorder of Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Author(s): Dalma Tényi,Csilla Gyimesi,Norbert Kovács,Tamás Tényi,József Janszky / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

The retrospective diagnosis of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky’s (1821–1881) neurological and psychiatric disease proves to be particularly interesting. Recent neurobiological data suggest a solution to the questions regarding the writer’s retrospective diagnosis, claiming the insular cortex to be the origin of the rare ecstatic seizures. Regarding Dostoyevsky’s pathological gambling, this hypothesis is consistent with another finding from recent neuroscience, namely that the malfunction of the insula could be an important underlying pathology in gambling disorder. Case study: Literary and scientific overview (1928–2015) on the subjects of Dostoyevsky’s epilepsy and gambling disorder. Discussion and conclusion: Taking Dostoyevsky’s neurological (ecstatic seizures) and psychiatric (pathological gambling) disease and the crossroads into consideration, these two disciplines make regarding the underlying pathology, we would like to suggest a speculative theory that these two disorders have a common insular pathomechanism, namely, the malfunctioning of the risk prediction–risk prediction error coding system. Furthermore, based on Dostoyevsky’s case, regarding gambling disorder in general, we would like to hypothesize that the three common gambling-related cognitive distortions (near-miss effect, gambler’s fallacy, and the illusion of control) can be all attributed to the impairment of the anterior insular risk prediction–risk prediction error coding system.

Решението на Лайбниц за връзката душа–тяло през философския ракурс на Димитър Михалчев

Author(s): Georgi Belogashev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 5/2018

The article is focused on Dimitar Mihalchev’s analysis of the solution to the mind-body relationship proposed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. After analyzing the fundamental ontological and epistemological ideas of Leibniz’s philosophy, the Bulgarian thinker indicates the reasons for his conclusions and assessments in the perspective of his own theory. The fact that a philosopher like Mihalchev was interested in Leibniz’s scientific views indicates the importance of the latter’s theory.

C. G. Jung a Hermann Hesse: Umìní, terapie a zdroje tvorby

Author(s): Pavel Kalina / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2015

An intimate relationship of Hermann Hesse to analytical psychology, based on his personal contact with C. G. Jung and his disciple J. B. Lang, belongs to the well-known topics from the history both of literature and of psychotherapy of the past century. The foregoing studies were, however, writte in the time when Jung´s pivotal work, The Red Book, was not available to the public. The Book was written as a medieval manuscript where an important role is played not only by words but also by pictures which were painted by Jung himself. In this article I deal with the question how far it is possible to use Hesse´s texts, especially his novel Demian, for better understanding of Jung´s ideas, in particular his approach to images in the framework of the therapeutic process at the time when The Red Book was written. Besides, I will analyze the hypothetical pictorial sources which could have been used by Jung when writing The Red Book. These sources could have been the works of the Beuron school which could be known to Jung either from his own experience or from photos and postcards. The extensive visual culture of the time of the “print capitalism” could supply the visual inspiration both to Jung, and to Hesse.

Ocenìní významného nìmeckého psychoterapeuta Karlovou univerzitou

Author(s): Jan Vymìtal / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2014

Dne 7. října 2014 byla slavnostně předána emeritnímu profesorovi Univerzity Regensburg Gertu W. Speiererovi pamětní medaile 1. lékařské fakulty Univerzity Karlovy v Praze. Fakulta, potažmo univerzita, tím vyjádřila uznání jeho pedagogické a vědecké činnosti, stejně jako ocenila oslavencovu práci pro fakultu a zásluhy o rozvoj psychoterapie a lékařské psychologie. [...]

Psychoanalýza a neurovědy: Freudova teorie snů ve světle moderního vědeckého výzkumu dle Marka Solmse a perspektivy psychoanalýzy v neurovědeckém světě podle Erica Kandela

Author(s): Radan Březina / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2014

Freud predicted the future integration of psychoanalysis and neurobiological research of the human mind. Some psychoanalysts and neuroscientists think that the time for reintegration is coming now. Neuropsychoanalyst, Mark Solms, tries to verify psychoanalytical theories – here the theory of dreams – by modern neuroscientific methods. Neuroscientist, Eric Kandel, features aims for psychoanalysis, which are unvoidable for integration into neuroscience.

Lidský jedinec je architektem sebe a svého života

Author(s): Jan Vymìtal / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2014

The review of: Maslow, Abraham H.: O psychologii bytí. 1. vydání, z angličtiny přeložila Hana Antonínová. Praha: Portál, 2014.

Od autystycznej psychopatii do neuroróżnorodności. Definicje słownikowe leksemu autyzm w słownikach ogólnych języka polskiego (1958-2017)

Author(s): Andrzej Kominek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

This article deals with the history of diagnosing and defining autism in contemporarygeneral dictionaries of the Polish language over the years 1958–2017.The word autism belongs to words which in dictionaries belong to the groupdependent on the history of consciousness about this phenomenon, the processof its cognition and diagnosis. Most of the dictionaries examined rightly addressthis phenomenon in the context of the triad of impairments in autism: aloofness,lack of contact with the environment and limited ability to communicatewith others. Unfortunately, some of the dictionaries also contain factual errors,suppositions and even myths, which negatively affects the value of the definition.The latest dictionaries only duplicate the content of former dictionariesand do not take into account modern concepts of autism spectrum disorders.

Petrićev argument o cjelovitosti u kontekstu suvremene psihologije

Author(s): Luka Janeš / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/155/2019

In this paper, I consider Patricius’s argument on integrality laid out in “Pampsychia”, least researched book belonging to Nova de universis philosophia (1591), in comparison with the notions, methodologies and pragmatic reach of the contemporary science of human psyche. I attempted to determine can the argument correspond to the methodological instrument of psychology or the relation is disjunctive, that is, in animosity. I emphasise Patricius’s reflection on the mind-centeredness of the soul while trying to point at the dynamic and dialectical character of the psyche phenomenon as the fundamental determinant of Patricius’s psycho-ontology and the importance of implementing philosophical reflection into the mental health system framework, as a precondition for the holistic, integrative approach to the problem.

Mintea ca obiect al cercetării experimentale și filosofia materialistă

Author(s): Mona Mamulea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 16/2020

Titu Maiorescu had a special relationship with psychology under the influence of both Kant and Herbart. The following study presents Maiorescu’s answers to the main issues raised by the materialism controversy that broke out in Germany in the mid-1850s century, at a time when he was writing and defending his doctoral thesis in Giessen. Most of these issues were related to the mind–body liaison and the capa¬bility of science to explain the mind.

Întâia teză română pentru doctorat în filosofie

Author(s): Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 16/2020

On psychological and war mission of the founder of the Lviv-Qarsaw school

Author(s): Teresa Rzepa / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2021

The double mission, ideally fulfilled by Kazimierz Twardowski, the founder of the Lviv-Warsaw School, is discussed in this article. Twardowski was fulfilling his psychological mission all his life, whereas his war mission lasted three years (1914– 1917) – when he was carrying out the role of the president (rector) of the Lviv University. A short biography of Kazimierz Twardowski precedes descriptions of those missions.

Ако ти самият не приемеш различието, не се идентифицираш с него, не го интегрираш в представата за себе си, тогава ще страдаш много

Author(s): Vladimir Sotirov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 55/2021

Interviews by Galina Goncharova with:Dr. Vladimir Sotirov, psychiatrist, member of the Bulgarian Psychiatric Association, former president of the Sofia Psychiatric Society, co-founder and Director of the Mental Health Centre ‘Adaptacia’.

Why Laughter Heals? A Review on the Use of Humor in Therapy

Author(s): Selda Kanbur,Şule Baştemur / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Humor is an important tool for expressing many emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger and surprise. In recent years, the use of humor has started to gain the quality of a therapy approach. The use of humor in therapy helps clients to express meaningless situations or inconsistencies in their lives in a humorous way by making them entertaining. At this point, it is very important for the counselor to be able to understand the purpose of the clients' arrival and their sense of humor depending on this purpose and to make interventions accordingly. Since the concepts of humor therapy and Laughter Therapy / Laughter Yoga are often used interchangeably in the literature, this study synthesizes both therapy approaches and tries to reveal their elements and importance. In this review, it is aimed to examine all aspects of the emergence of the use of humor in therapy, basic concepts, sub-dimensions of humor, counselor-client relationship using humor in therapy, humor therapy process, laughter therapy / laughter yoga process, laughter therapy / laughter yoga techniques, studies on the use of humor in therapy, why humor should or should not be used in therapy. With these aspects, it is thought that this study will contribute to the literature and help to fill the existing gaps. In addition, it is predicted that the widespread use of humor therapy and the use of humor therapy in different studies will benefit many clients and experts working in this field.